1、2018 年考研英语一真题（后附答案详解）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, its a necessary condition _(1) many worthwhile things: child care, frie
2、ndships, etc. On the other hand, putting your _(2)in the wrong place often carries a high _(3)._(4), why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. _(5) people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that _(6) pleasurable feelings and trig
3、gers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _(7) with one another. Swiss Scientists have found that exposure _(8) this hormone puts us in a trusting _(9): In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects we
4、re ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their _(10) who inhaled something else._(11) for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may _(12) us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _(13) a credible person and a d
5、ishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each _(14) to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “Whats in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look _ (15). Half of them found a toy; the other half _ (16)the cont
6、ainer was empty-and realized the tester had _(17) them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were _ (18) to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. _ (19), only five of the 30 children paired with the “_(20)“tester partic
7、ipated in a follow-up activity.1. Aon Blike Cfor Dfrom2. Afaith Bconcern Cattention Dinterest3. Abenefit Bdebt Chope Dprice4. ATherefore B Then CInstead DAgain5. AUntil BUnless C Although DWhen6. Aselects Bproduces Capplies Dmaintains7. Aconsult Bcompete Cconnect Dcompare8. Aat Bby Cof Dto9. Acontex
8、t Bmood Cperiod Dcircle10. Acounterparts Bsubstitutes Ccolleagues Dsupporters11. AFunny B Lucky COdd DIronic12. Amonitor Bprotect Csurprise Ddelight13. Abetween Bwithin Ctoward Dover14. Atransferred Badded Cintroduced Dentrusted15. Aout Bback C around Dinside16. Adiscovered Bproved Cinsisted Drememb
9、ered17. Abetrayed Bwronged Cfooled Dmocked18. Aforced Bwilling Chesitant Dentitled19. AIn contrast BAs a result COn the whole D For instance20. Ainflexible Bincapable Cunreliable DunsuitableSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each t
10、ext by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points ）Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility enti
11、rely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software
12、engineering have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mecha
13、nized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of
14、help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocati
15、onal schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without
16、going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor an
17、d machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on l
18、ow-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be
19、 little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.【题干】Who will be most threatened by automation?ALeading politicians.BLow-wage laborers.CRobo
20、t owners.DMiddle-class workers.22 . 【题干】Which of the following best represent the authors view?AWorries about automation are in fact groundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support.CIssues arising from automation need to be tackledDNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.【题
21、干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_.Acreative potential.Bjob-hunting skills.Cindividual needs.Dcooperative spirit.24.【题干】The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_.Aencouraging the development of automation.Bincreasing the return on capital investment.Ceasing th
22、e hostility between rich and poor.Dpreventing the income gap from widening.25. 【题干】In this text, the author presents a problem with_.Apposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it.Cits alarming impacts.Dits major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young
23、 Americans disapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward al
24、l media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And
25、 a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people betwe
26、en ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out
27、 opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media all
28、ows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason give
29、n by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social mediaIn other words, the choice to share news on social media
30、 may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills and in their
31、choices on when to share on social media.26.【题干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on 【选项】Athe justification of the news-filtering practice.Bpeoples preference for social media platforms.Cthe administrations ability to handle information.Dsocial media was a reliabl
32、e source of news.27.【题干】The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to 【选项】AAsharpenBdefineCboastDshare28.【题干】According to the knight foundation survey, young people 【选项】Atend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.Bverify news by referring to diverse resources.Chave s strong sense of
33、responsibility.Dlike to exchange views on “distributed trust”29.【题干】The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is 【选项】Areaders outdated values.Bjournalists biased reportingCreaders misinterpretationDjournalists made-up stories.30.【题干】Which of the following would be the best t
34、itle for the text?【选项】AA Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineBA Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendCThe Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.DThe Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britains N
35、ational Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of powe
36、r in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement whi
37、ch took far too little account of the patients rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions h
38、ave been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleanedThere are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms. Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “cont
39、rolled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed“ it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy
40、 law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech
41、giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resource
42、s. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future
43、of digital feudalism. Ms. Denhams report is a welcome start.31.【题干】Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?【选项】AIt caused conflicts among tech giants.BIt failed to pay due attention to patients rights.CIt fell short of the latters expectationsDIt put both sides into a dangerous si
44、tuation.32.【题干】The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict with 【选项】Aempty promises.Btough resistance.Cnecessary adjustments.Dsincere apologies.33.【题干】The author argues in Paragraph 2 that 【选项】Aprivacy protection must be secured at all costs.Bleaking patients data is worse than selling it.Cmaking pro
45、fits from patients data is illegal.Dthe value of data comes from the processing of it34.【题干】According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is_【选项】Athe vicious rivalry among big pharmas.Bthe ineffective enforcement of privacy law.Cthe uncontrolled use of new software.Dthe mono
46、poly of big data by tech giants.35.【题干】The authors attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is 【选项】Aambiguous.Bcautious.Cappreciative.Dcontemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight ye
47、ar its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand f
48、or its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPSs ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at
