1、外文翻译外文2006NURSEPRACTITIONERSALARY94REPORTEDSALARIESMORETHAN95,000,ANDONLY28REPORTEDSALARIESOF35,000ORLESSSALARIESVARIEDBASEDONGEOGRAPHICLOCATION,WITHTHEHIGHESTAVERAGEANNUALSALARIESINURBANAREAS74,510ANDTHEMOUNTAINSTATES77,070,ANDTHELOWESTINRURALAREAS68,370ANDTHEEASTNORTHCENTRALSTATES68,140THEAVERAGEH
2、OURLYRATEFORNPSWORKINGPARTTIMEWAS3510,AND28REPORTEDEARNINGMORETHAN50PERHOUREXPERIENCEWASONLYPARTLYREWARDEDWITHHIGHERCOMPENSATIONTHOSEWHOHADBEENNPSFORMORETHAN20YEARSEARNEDANAVERAGESALARYOF77,460COMPAREDWITH67,850FORTHOSEWITH1TO2YEARSOFEXPERIENCEHOWEVER,THISAMOUNTSTOA“REWARD“OFLESSTHAN10,000FORNEARLYT
3、WODECADESOFEXPERIENCERESPONDENTSFAREDSOMEWHATBETTERWHENITCAMETOEDUCATIONANDCOMPENSATIONTHEREWASMORETHANA30,000DIFFERENCEINAVERAGESALARYBETWEENTHOSEWITHADIPLOMAANDTHOSEWITHADOCTORATEDEGREE47,130AND77,670RESPECTIVELYTHISADVANTAGEWASLESSPRONOUNCEDBETWEENOTHEREDUCATIONALLEVELSTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENABACHEL
4、ORSANDMASTERSDEGREEWASLESSTHAN6,000（66,700AND72,480RESPECTIVELY,ANDTHEGAPNARROWEDTO5,200BETWEENTHOSEWITHAMASTERSDEGREEANDADOCTORATEDEGREE72,480AND77,670,RESPECTIVELYOTHERFACTORSINADDITIONTOEXPERIENCEANDEDUCATIONAFFECTEDEARNINGPOWERACCORDINGTOONENPWHOWORKEDINACUTEPATIENTCARE,MOSTOFHERRNCOLLEAGUESAREE
5、LIGIBLEFORNIGHT/WEEKENDDIFFERENTIALSANDTIMEANDAHALFOVERTIMEPAYASASALARIEDNP,SHEISNOTELIGIBLEFOREITHER,ANDTHERNSFAREBETTERFINANCIALLYWITHTHISARRANGEMENTTHE14OFNPSWHOPRACTICEINTHENEONATALSPECIALTYEARNTHEHIGHESTAVERAGEANNUALSALARY79,000,WHICHISAPPROXIMATELY10,000MORETHANTHATEARNEDBYTHEMAJORITYOFNPSINFA
6、MILYPRACTICE488THESALARYDATAALSOREVEALEDAGENDERGAPALTHOUGHREPRESENTINGONLY87OFSURVEYRESPONDENTS,MENREPORTEDHIGHERFULLTIMESALARIESTHANWOMEN,WITHANAVERAGEANNUALSALARYOF75,310COMPAREDWITH70,550FORWOMENMALEFAMILYNPSEARNEDANAVERAGEANNUALSALARYOF74,800FEMALESEARNED79LESSTHANMALES68,920THISTRENDWASALSOSEEN
7、INACUTECARE,WHEREMALESEARNED82MORETHANTHEIRFEMALECOUNTERPARTS81,860AND75,660,RESPECTIVELYINTERESTINGLY,NOMALESINOURSURVEYSAMPLEWEREEMPLOYEDINTHEMENTALHEALTH,NEONATAL,PEDIATRIC,ORWOMENSHEALTHSPECIALTIESBENEFITSAREAKEYCOMPONENTOFCOMPENSATIONTHETOPBENEFITSTHATEMPLOYERSPROVIDEDWEREHEALTHINSURANCE831,MAL
8、PRACTICEINSURANCE789,ANDCONTINUINGEDUCATION775MORETHANTWOTHIRDSPROVIDEDAPROFITSHARINGORRETIREMENTPLAN658ANDPAIDCONFERENCETRAVEL633NOTETHATRESPONDENTSCOULDCHOOSEMORETHANONEBENEFITDEMOGRAPHICSTHEDEMOGRAPHICSFORNPSFOLLOWEDTHENATIONALPATTERNSFORRNSMOSTRESPONDENTSWEREFEMALES913WITHANAVERAGEAGEOF4727YEARS
9、MORETHAN70WEREBETWEEN41AND60YEARSOLDONLY59WEREYOUNGERTHAN30YEARSOLDETHNICITYRESPONSESWEREASFOLLOWSWHITE921,BLACKORAFRICANAMERICAN39,HISPANIC19,OTHERORNOTSPECIFIED21MEANAGEWAS4727YEARSMORETHAN708WEREBETWEEN41AND60YEARSOLDAND59WEREYOUNGERTHAN30YEARSOLDMORETHANHALF546HADBEENRNSFORMORETHAN20YEARS,WITHAM
10、EANOF1779YEARSALTHOUGHTHEMEANNUMBEROFYEARSASANNPWAS808,ALMOSTHALF48HADBEENANNPFOR5YEARSORLESSNURSEPRACTITIONERSGENERALLYWORKEDINTHEAREAWHERETHEYLIVED,WITHTHELARGESTGROUPLIVING228ANDWORKING221INTHEEASTNORTHCENTRALSTATESOFILLINOIS,INDIANA,MICHIGAN,OHIO,ANDWISCONSINMOREPARTICIPANTS40WORKEDINURBANAREAS3
11、27WORKEDINSUBURBANAREASAND273INRURALAREASITWASENCOURAGINGTOSEETHAT845OFNPSSURVEYEDHADMASTERSDEGREES27HADEARNEDDIPLOMASAND29HELDADOCTORATEDEGREEFOR950,THEHIGHESTDEGREEATTAINEDWASINNURSINGALLSPECIALTIESWEREREPRESENTEDINTHESURVEYFAMILY,488ADULT,201WOMENSHEALTH,78PEDIATRIC,66ACUTECARE,58GERIATRICANDMENT
12、ALHEALTH,EACH4,8ANDNEONATAL,14NURSEPRACTITIONERSWITHMORETHAN20YEARSOFEXPERIENCETENDEDTOSPECIALIZEINWOMENSHEALTH27ORPEDIATRICS20,WHILETHOSEWITH2YEARSEXPERIENCEORLESSWEREMORELIKELYTOSPECIALIZEINACUTECARE345ANDADULT29THISPATTERNMAYPORTENDAFUTURESHORTAGEOFNPSINSOMESPECIALTIESMOSTNPSWEREEMPLOYEDFULLTIME7
13、91ANDMOREWORKEDINAHOSPITAL169THANINAFAMILYPRACTICESETTING147PEDIATRIC,ELEMENTARY/SECONDARYSCHOOL,HEALTHMAINTENANCEORGANIZATION,ANDMENTALHEALTHSETTINGSEACHREPRESENTED2ORLESSALTHOUGHTHESURVEYCHOICESDIDNOTDISTINGUISHBETWEENPRIVATEPRACTICEASOWNEDBYANNPVERSUSAPHYSICIAN,89INDICATEDTHEYWORKEDINPRIVATEPRACT
14、ICESOMENOTEDTHATTHEYOWNAPRIVATEPRACTICENURSEPRACTITIONERSAREAMIXOFSTABILITYANDMOBILITYTHEMAJORITYOFRESPONDENTS689HAVEBEENINTHEIRCURRENTPOSITIONFOR5YEARSORLESS,WHILE389HAVEHELDTHEIRCURRENTPOSITIONFOR1TO2YEARSONLY29HAVEBEENINTHEIRCURRENTPOSITIONFORMORETHAN20YEARSDAILYPRACTICERESPONDENTSSAWANAVERAGEOF1
15、6PATIENTSPERDAYANDSPENTANAVERAGEOF15TO20MINUTESMEAN2166MINUTESWITHEACHPATIENTAPPROXIMATELY289OOFNPSSAWBETWEEN11AND15PATIENTSEACHDAY267SAW10ORFEWERAND9SAWMORETHAN26PATIENTSATTENTIONTOPRODUCTIVITYMATTERSRESPONDENTSCOMMENTEDONPAYFORPERFORMANCEANDBONUSPAY,NEITHEROFWHICHTHESURVEYSPECIFICALLYINQUIREDABOUT
16、ONENPSTATEDTHATSHEDIDNOTRECEIVEASALARYHERINCOMEWASBASEDSOLELYONAPERCENTAGEOFTHECOLLECTIONSFROMPATIENTSSHESAWOTHERSNOTEDTHATTHEYRECEIVEDAQUARTERLYBONUSBASEDONPATIENTNUMBERSORWORKEDWITHINABONUSSYSTEMWORTHUPTO15OFANNUALBASESALARYBASEDONPATIENTSATISFACTION,CODINGPROPERLY,ANDVOLUMEHOWEVER,SOMENPSDIDNOTRE
17、CEIVEANYBONUSES,REGARDLESSOFPRODUCTIVITYAFTERTHEENTRANCEOFWTO,THESMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDMANUFACTURINGENTERPRISESINCHINAFACEMOREEXTENSIVEANDHEATEDCOMPETITIONTHANEVERBEFORETHEMARKETDEMANDBECOMESMOREDIVERSIFIED,PERSONALIZEDANDCHANGESQUICKLYONLYBYPROVIDINGHIGHERQUALITYPRODUCTSWITHLOWERCOST,BETTERADAPTABILIT
18、Y,SHORTERDELIVERYTIMEANDBETTERSERVICES,CANSMIMEWINTHECOMPETITIONTOSATISFYTHECUSTOMERSDEMANDSANDREDUCETHERISKS,FOREIGNANDDOMESTICDEALERSHAVECHANGEDTHEIRORDERINGMODETRADITIONALLY,DEALERSUSUALLYORDERLARGEQUANTITIESOFPRODUCTSPERIODICALLY,BUTNOWTHEYWOULDLIKETOORDERSMALLBATCHESRANDOMLYFORVARIOUSGOODSMANYT
19、IMESFORADAPTINGTOTHEDEMANDMODE,THEENTERPRISEPRODUCTIONMODEHASCHANGEDFROMTHETRADITIONALMAKETOSTOREMODETOTHEMAKETOORDERMODETHEDIVERSIFIEDVARIETIES,VARIABLEBATCHANDRANDOMORDERINGMODEHAVEBROUGHTMANYNEWCHALLENGESTOSMME,FOREXAMPLE,THELOGISTICCONTROL,QUALITYSTANDARDIZATIONANDCONTROL,PRODUCTIONPLANANDSCHEDU
20、LE,DELIVERYTIMEGUARANTEEANDPRODUCTIONCOSTWITHTHEFREQUENTCHANGESOFTASKS,HOWTODETERMINEANDADJUSTTHEPIECERATEWILLDETERMINE,TOALARGEEXTENT,WHETHERTHEENTERPRISECANNORMALLYDEVELOPANDWINTHEMARKETCOMPETITIONSWORKPIECEQUOTAMANAGEMENTISTHEBASEOFMANUFACTUREENTERPRISESWORKPIECEQUOTALEVELAFFECTSACOMPANYSPRODUCTI
21、ONPLAN,DUEDATE,STAFFING,WORKERSWAGES,PRODUCTIONCOSTSANDOTHERIMPORTANTISSUES2FORMAKETOORDERENTERPRISES,BECAUSETHEVARIETYOFPRODUCTSANDQUANTITYORDEREDVARYFREQUENTLY,ITSDIFFICULTTODETERMINECORRECTLYTHEWORKPIECEQUOTA,THUSITISHARDTOGUARANTEETHEFAIRNESSOFTHEWORKERSWAGELEVELTRADITIONALLY,WORKERSWAGESARECALC
22、ULATEDONTHEBASISOFHOURLYRATEORPIECERATEINHOURLYRATESYSTEM,WORKINGHOURSANDHOURLYRATEDETERMINETHEWORKERSWAGESTHISMETHODISEASYTOMANAGE,BUTITCANNOTINSPIRITTHEWORKERSINPRACTICE,ITHASBEENFOUNDTHATWORKHOURRATEBASEDONPAYSYSTEMALWAYSRESULTSINSLOWDOWNOFWORKEFFICIENCYANDDECREASEINPRODUCTIVITYWHILEINPIECERATESY
23、STEM,WORKERSWAGESHAVETOBEDECIDEDBYPRODUCTQUANTITYPRODUCEDANDTHEPIECERATETHISPAYSYSTEMWILLENCOURAGEWORKERSTOIMPROVEPRODUCTIVITY,BUTWORKERSTENDTOFOCUSMOREONQUANTITYTHANONQUALITYINADDITION,STATISTICALWORKANDMANAGEMENTAREHARDTOCONTROLWITHTHEFREQUENTCHANGESOFPRODUCTVARIETIES,QUANTITYANDWORKACTIVITY,HOWTO
24、ENSURETHERATIONALITYANDTHEACCURACYOFTHEQUOTA,AND,FROMWHICH,TODETERMINETHEREASONABLEWORKERSWAGELEVEL,ALLTHESEWILLHAVEDIRECTIMPACTONTHEWORKPRODUCTIVITY,DUEDATE,COST,QUALITYANDOTHERISSUESTHESURVEYALSOASKEDABOUTPATIENTSMEANSOFPAYINGFORBILLSBYTYPEOFINSURANCECOVERAGESELFPAY,PRIVATEINSURANCE,FEDERALORSTATE
25、INSURANCE,ANDOTHERANDWHETHERNPSBILLEDPATIENTSUNDERTHEIROWNPROVIDERNUMBERMOST589NPSHADTHEIROWNPROVIDERNUMBERFORBILLINGWITH702ISSUEDBYMEDICAREINADDITION,342HELDPROVIDERNUMBERSISSUEDBYMEDICAID,AND291BYANINSURANCECOMPANYNEARLY10OFNPPRACTICESDIDNOTHAVEANYSELFPAYPATIENTSLESSTHAN1WASINAPRACTICEWHERE100OFTH
26、EPATIENTSWERESELFPAYINGSOME28DIDNOTHAVEANYPATIENTSWITHPRIVATEINSURANCE22HAD100OFPATIENTSINSUREDPRIVATELYONLY32OFNPPRACTICESDIDNOTHAVEANYPATIENTSINSUREDTHROUGHEITHERFEDERALORSTATEINSURANCEPLANS69HAD100OFPATIENTSINSUREDTHROUGHAGOVERNMENTPLANAND116OFNPPRACTICESHADPATIENTSWHOMANAGEDTHEIRMEDICALBILLSTHRO
27、UGH“OTHER“MEANSTHESURVEYDIDNOTASKFOREXPLANATIONOFWHAT“OTHER“INCLUDEDDATAINDICATETHEREWASAMIXOFPATIENTSINDIFFERENTSITUATIONSPRESCRIBINGPATTERNSNURSEPRACTITIONERSWHOCANPRESCRIBETYPICALLYHAVETHEIROWNDRUGENFORCEMENTADMINISTRATIONDEANUMBER703REASONSFORNOTUSINGONESOWNDEANUMBERWERENOTCOLLECTEDINTHISSURVEYO
28、FTHECUMULATIVE2,939PRESCRIPTIONSWRITTENINAGIVENWEEKBYALLSURVEYPARTICIPANTS,THEGREATESTNUMBERWEREFORINFECTIOUSDISEASES400ALMOSTHALFOFNPS433PRESCRIBEBETWEEN1AND5MEDICATIONSPERWEEK,WITH663OFTHESEPRESCRIPTIONSFORDERMATOLOGICCONDITIONSNEARLYONEQUARTER227PRESCRIBE6TO10MEDICATIONSPERWEEK,WITH311FORGASTROIN
29、TESTINALDISORDERSNURSEPRACTITIONERSWHOWRITEBETWEEN11AND15139AND16AND2094PRESCRIPTIONSPERWEEKMOSTCOMMONLYPRESCRIBEMEDICATIONSFORINFECTIOUSDISEASESTHE106WHOWRITEMORETHAN20PRESCRIPTIONSAWEEKMOSTOFTENPRESCRIBEMEDICATIONFORCONDITIONSOTHERTHANTHOSECLASSIFIEDINTHESURVEYCHOICESLOOKINGFORWARDITWASENCOURAGING
30、TOSEETHATMOSTNPSAREWELLEDUCATED,COMPENSATEDFAIRLYWELL,ANDPRESCRIBINGINDEPENDENTLYAGOODPATIENTPROVIDERRELATIONSHIPHASALWAYSBEENTHEGOALOFTHENPANDEVENWITHFINANCIALPRESSURETOLIMITTHEAMOUNTOFTIMESPENTWITHPATIENTS,MOSTAREABLETOALLOTATLEAST15TO20MINUTESPERPATIENTTHATBODESWELLFOROURPROFESSIONAREASOFIMPROVEM
31、ENTINCLUDEELIMINATINGTHEGENDERGAP,INCREASINGDIVERSITY,ANDPROVIDINGBETTERFINANCIALREWARDSFOREXPERIENCEANDEDUCATIONWEWILLHESURETOREPORTONTHESESUBJECTSINAFUTURESURVEYR译文2006年护士执业薪酬与实践调查詹姆斯埃塔纽兰博士APRN，不列颠哥伦比亚省，FNP，FAANP，FNAP主编主编，护士执业从2006年的薪酬与实践调查的由护士执业赞助商的结果是，超过500英寸（549更准确）护士执业（源）回应了调查，其中对教育，地理位置，实践模式和
32、规范要求，并当然，目前薪金。接受调查的2005年八月至十二月。除了回答我们的调查问题，许多粒子进入行业提供自己的见解。他们的评论表明在实践中，特别是赔偿若干领域都取得成功和挫折。薪酬问题引发了意见绝大多数来自这些谁看到一个提供作为的就业岗位数量，增加和工资提高到一个谁夺去了她的时薪范围为800比她可以赚到少医院重症监护护士。一个刚毕业的大学生，谁在她的收视率最高的FNP在美国PROGRAM类之首，是这样说的“这是不可能的旁边，我在城里找到工作，我住镎的支付足以让我支付我的生活费和学生贷款。“补偿和就业仍然是许多粒子最关注的问题。工资，教育和性别差距全职工作的平均时间粒子年薪为七万零九百六十美元
33、94的工资人数超过95000美元，只有28，报35,000元或以下的工资。薪金根据不同的地理位置，具有最高平均（七十四点五一美元）和山区各州（七万七千零七十美元），并在（六万八千三百七十美元）和东北中部各州（68140美元）农村地区的城镇最低年薪。兼职工作的平均时间粒子每小时率3510，28的收入超过每小时50美元。仅部分奖励的经验是具有较高的补偿。这些谁已超过20年赚了纳米七七四六零美元与美元相比，1至2年的67850经验的平均工资。然而，近二十年的经验这相当于“奖励“少于10,000元有些受访者表现更好的时候，来教育和赔偿。有超过一间那些证书和单位的平均年薪30000博士学位（四万七千一百
34、三十美元和七七六七美元分别）的区别更多。这种优势是其他教育之间的不太明显的水平。之间的学士和硕士学位的差异小于6,000元（66700美元和72480美元分别），而且差距拉近了硕士学位和博士学位（七十二点四八零美元和七万七千六百七十美元，分别）那些5,200元。除了经验和教育等因素的影响盈利能力。据一位镎谁在急性病人护理工作，她的护士的同事大部分是夜间/周末差别和时间和半加班费的资格。作为一个工薪镎，她就不能进行任何符合资格，而且这项安排注册护士票价更好的经济。14的核动力源谁在新生儿专业实习赚取最高的平均年薪（79000美元），大约是10,000元以上，到家庭实际核动力源（488）均收入。数
35、据还显示的工资性别差距。虽然仅占87的受访者，男性高于女性报道全职薪金，平均年薪的七万五千三百一美元相比，女性70550美元。男性家庭收入是粒子的平均年薪74800美元收入79的女性比男性（六八九二美元）。这一趋势也出现在急性护理，其中男性的收入比他们（八一八六美元和75660美元，分别）82的女性同行。有趣的是，在我们的调查样本中没有男性就业的心理健康，新生儿，儿科，或妇女的健康菜肴。各专业均派代表参与调查家庭，488，成人，201，妇女的健康，78儿科，占66急性护理，58，老人科和心理健康，每4，8及新生儿，14。拥有超过20年的经验护士执业往往专注于妇女的健康（27）或儿科（20），而
36、2年经验或更少，比较可能专注于急性护理（345）和成人（29）。这种模式可能预示着，在一些专业纳米未来短缺。大多数粒子被雇用全职（791）和更多的家庭比在实践中（147），医院人（169）工作。儿科，小学/中学，健康维护组织，每一代表所代表的精神卫生机构2或更少。虽然调查的选择并没有区分私人执业的一个NP作为拥有与医生，89表示他们在私人执业的工作人员，一些代表指出，他们是私人执业。护士执业是一种稳定性和灵活性组合。受访者（689），大多数已在5年或更短的当前位置，而389的人举行了1至2年的当前位置。只有29已在其当前位置超过20年。随着中国加入WTO，中国的中小型生产企业将面临更广泛，更激
37、烈的竞争。市场需求变得更加多样化，个性化和瞬息化。只有提供高质量，低产耗，高服务的产品，并缩短交货时间，才能在SMME中赢得竞争力。为了满足客户的需求，降低风险，国外和国内经销商也改变了他们的订购模式。为了满足客户的需求，降低风险，国外和国内经销商也改变了他们的订购模式。传统上，经销商通常以周期性购置大量产品，但现在他们更愿意多次为多种产品下小批量随机订单。为适应需求模式，企业的生产模式已经从传统的“生产存储”模式转向“生产订单”模式。多样性，变批量性和随机性对SMME带来了许多新的挑战。例如，物流控制，质量标准化和控制化，生产计划和进度，保证交货时间和生产成本。随着任务的频繁变化，如何确定和
38、调整计件将在相当大程度上决定企业是否能正常发展，赢得市场竞争。工件配额管理是生产型企业的根本。工件配额管理水平影响着一个公司的生产计划，交货期，人员编制，职工工资，生产成本及其他重要问题2。对于“生产订单”，由于产品的多样性和数量的不确定性，很难确定正确的工件配额，因此很难保证职工工资水平的公平性。传统上，工人的工资是按小时计酬或按件计酬。在时薪制，工作时间和每小时工资率决定工人的工资。此方法易于管理，但它不能激励工人。在实践中，这通常导致工作效率和产品质量的下降在计件工资中，工人的工资由生产产品的数量和计件工资率决定，这种支付模式能激励工人提高生产率，但是的工人更关注数量而非质量。随着产品品
39、种，数量的频繁变化，如何确保配额的合理性和准确性，并根据它确定合理的职工工资水平。所有这些都会对工作效率，成本，质量和其他问题有直接影响。处方型态护士执业谁可以拥有自己的处方通常缉毒局（DEA）的数量（703）（不使用自己的原因没有DEA的数量在本次调查收集）。的累计2,939给定的一周中，所有参与调查的书面处方，最大的号码分别为（400）传染病。粒子几乎一半（433）订明1至每周5次的药物，对皮肤病有663情况下，这些处方。近四分之一（227），6至10个药物处方每周WITH311为胃肠功能紊乱。护士执业谁在11和15（139），16和20（94），每周写最常用的处方规定的传染病的药物。谁写的106，超过20个处方最常开一个星期的条件比在调查中选择分类的其他药物。展望令人鼓舞的是看到，大部分粒子都是受过良好教育，补偿还算不错，和处方独立。一个好病人提供者的关系，始终是新党的目标，甚至与财政压力，限制了病人所花费的时间，大多数都能够配发至少15至20分钟，每名患者。这预示着我们的职业。有待改善之处包括消除性别差距，日益多样化，并提供更好的金融经验和教育奖励。我们将确保他在未来的报告调查这些问题。（注册商标）
