1、外文翻译原文CORPORATEPHILANTHROPYKARENPAULCORPORATEPHILANTHROPY,INPARTICULARITSIMPACTINSOUTHAFRICA,HASBEENTHETOPICOFMYRESEARCHFORTHEPASTFIVEYEARS,SOMYRESPONSETOSAMUELLIPMANSCOMMENTSWILLBEFRAMEDINTHATCONTEXTUSCOMPANIESCAMETOGETHERINTHELATE1970STODEVELOPAPROGRAMWHICHWOULDDEMONSTRATETHEIRMORALRIGHTEOUSNESSIN
2、MAINTAININGINVESTMENTSANDOPERATIONSINSOUTHAFRICATHEYWEREACCUSEDOFSUPPORTINGAPARTHEIDBYDOINGBUSINESSTHERE,THEDEMANDFORSANCTIONSWASESCALATING,ANDACTIVISTGROUPSWEREBECOMINGORGANIZEDANDMOBILIZEDTOPUTPRESSUREONMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSTOWITHDRAWFROMSOUTHAFRICAMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSWERERELUCTANTTOWITHD
3、RAWFROMSOUTHAFRICATHEREWERESEVERALREASONSFORTHISRELUCTANCESOUTHAFRICA,WITHITSRICHMINERALWEALTHANDITSMODEMINDUSTRIALINFRASTRUCTURE,ANDITSWHITERULERS,WASACOMFORTABLEANDECONOMICALLYREWARDINGPLACETODOBUSINESSMAINTAININGAGOVERNMENTTHATWOULDSUPPORTUSINTERESTSINTHESOUTHERNATLANTICANDTHEINDIANOCEANS,ANDCONT
4、INUETOSUPPLYTHEUNITEDSTATESWITHANUMBEROFSTRATEGICMATERIALS,ANDSERVEASABULWARKAGAINSTCOMMUNISM,SEEMEDOFVITALSTRATEGICIMPORTANCETOMANYGOVERNMENTANDCORPORATEOFFICIALSATTHETIMEANDMANYCORPORATELEADERSSINCERELYBELIEVEDTHATECONOMICGROWTHCREATEDBYMULTINATIONALSWOULDHELPBLACKSTOGROWINSKILLSANDPRODUCTIVITY,AN
5、DWOULDEVENTUALLYHELPTOBREAKDOWNAPARTHEIDTHESULLIVANPRINCIPLESWERECREATEDTODEMONSTRATETHESOCIALRESPONSIBILITYOFUSMULTINATIONALS,TOSHOWTHATTHECOMPANIESWEREDEDICATEDTOELIMINATINGAPARTHEIDINTHEWORKPLACE,TOPROVIDINGINCREASEDOPPORTUNITIESFORBLACKEMPLOYEES,ANDTOIMPROVINGBLACKCOMMUNITIESBYMEANSOFAVARIETYOFP
6、ROJECTSINTHEAREASOFEDUCATION,HEALTH,RECREATION,HOUSING,ANDCIVICPROJECTSOFMANYTYPESOVERTHE13YEARSSINCETHEIRINCEPTION,USCOMPANIESHAVEINVESTEDOVER289MILLIONINTHESEPROGRAMSLIPMANSASSERTIONISTHATCORPORATEPHILANTHROPYISCHARACTERIZEDBYAMARKETINGORIENTATION,INDICATIVEOFALACKOF“INNERDIRECTION“IHEARDASIMILARV
7、IEWPOINTFROMMANYBLACKSINSOUTHAFRICAWHOCOMPLAINEDTHATUSCOMPANIESSTAGEDTHEIRPHILANTHROPICEFFORTSINBLACKCOMMUNITIESMORETOIMPRESSTHEIRCONSTITUENCIESINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHANTOACTUALLYHELPTHEPEOPLEOFTHETOWNSHIPSTHETENDENCYOFUSMULTINATIONALSTOSTARTMOSTPROJECTSWITHABIGFANFAREPRESSRELEASES,RECEPTIONS,CELEBRATIO
8、NS,PROMISESOFOUTCOMESANTICIPATEDALIENATEDMANYSOUTHAFRICANBLACKSDISAPPOINTMENTSWEREMAGNIFIEDBECAUSEEXPECTATIONSAMONGPOSSIBLERECIPIENTSOFCORPORATEBENEFICENCEWEREHEIGHTENEDTHEPERCEPTIONOFBLACKSWASTHATHUSTLERSOFTENMANAGEDTOTRICKTHECORPORATIONSOUTOFLARGESUMSOFMONEYANDTHATSINCERE,AUTHENTICCOMMUNITYLEADERS
9、GOTLEFTOUTOFTHEGAMEWHATSHOULDBEDONETOIMPROVETHEFUNCTIONINGOFCORPORATEPHILANTHROPYPROGRAMSINTHECONTEXTOFSOUTHAFRICA,OROFANYLESSDEVELOPEDCOUNTRYTHEFOLLOWINGIDEASMIGHTALSOPROVEUSEFULIFCORPORATEPHILANTHROPYWERETOFOCUSMOREONTHENEEDSOFPOORPEOPLEANDIMPOVERISHEDCOMMUNITIESINTHEUNITEDSTATESCORPORATEPHILANTHR
10、OPYPROGRAMSNEEDTOBECOMEMOREROOTEDININDIGENOUSCOMMUNITIESPROGRAMOFFICIALSNEEDTODEVELOPTHECAPABILITYTOLISTENANDTOHEARTHEAUTHENTICNEEDSANDDESIRESOFTHERECIPIENTSOFTHEIRLARGESSESKILLSWHICHGOOVERWELLINCORPORATEHEADQUARTERSFLIPCHARTANDPRESENTATIONSKILLS,VERBALSTYLESTHATWORKWELLINTHECORPORATECONTEXTCANBEIND
11、ICATIVEOFAWESTEMORIENTATIONANDGAMESMANSHIPMENTALITYTHATSIGNIFIESSEPARATIONFROMLOCALPEOPLEREPRESENTATIVESOFLOCALCOMMUNITIESWHOWILLDOTHEBESTJOBOFADMINISTERINGAPROGRAMMAYNOTNECESSARILYBETHEMOSTIMPRESSIVEINTHECORPORATECONTEXTBECAUSESINCERITYANDHUMILITYAREVIRTUESHIGHLYPRIZEDINTRADITIONALSOCIETIES,EFFECTI
12、VELEADERSMAYAPPEAREXCESSIVELYDEFERENTIALANDUNIMPRESSIVETOTHEIRWESTERNBENEFACTORSINTHETHIRDWORLDCONTEXT,CORPORATEPHILANTHROPYOFFICERSNEEDTOLEARNTOBEPATIENT,TOBEWILLINGTOWAITQUITESOMETIMEFORACTUALRESULTSRATHERTHANTOPUSHFORSPURIOUSOUTCOMESTIMEDFORQUARTERLYREPORTSCORPORATEPHILANTHROPYOFFICERSNEEDTOBEABL
13、ETOINVESTSMALLSUMSOFMONEYINSMALLSCALEPROJECTSTHATCANBEEFFECTIVELYMANAGEDANDHELDACCOUNTABLE,EVENIFTHISREQUIRESMOREATTENTIONANDGETSLESSPUBLICITYTHANALARGESUMINVESTEDINASINGLEEFFORTCORPORATEPHILANTHROPYOFFICIALSNEEDTOBEPREPAREDTOFOLLOWTHROUGHONCOMMITMENTSMADE,NOMATTERWHATDIFFICULTIESARISEALONGTHEWAYALL
14、CREDIBILITYISLOSTINTHERECIPIENTCOMMUNITYIFAPROJECTISSEENASAFAILUREANYSTATEDGOALMUSTBEACHIEVED,NOMATTERWHATINVESTMENTISULTIMATELYREQUIREDFORTHISREASONPROJECTSCONDUCTEDONALIMITEDSCALE,WITHALONGTIMEPERSPECTIVE,AREBETTERSUITEDTOTHETHIRDWORLDSETTINGTHANLARGESCALE,LOOSELYMANAGEDPROJECTSINTENDEDTOBECOMPLET
15、EDINASHORTTIMEFRAMEPILOTPROJECTSORDEMONSTRATIONEFFORTSAREALMOSTCERTAINLYDOOMEDTOFAILURE,SINCEWITHOUTTHEASSURANCEOFTHECORPORATIONSCONTINUEDCOMMITMENTA“GETITWHILEYOUCAN“MENTALITYISLIKELYTODEVELOPAMONGTHOSEWHOAREINAPOSITIONTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHEEFFORTMRLIPMANCHARGESTHATCORPORATEPHILANTHROPYISCHARACTERIZE
16、DBYMORALLAZINESSANDINTELLECTUALSLACKNESSIHAVEASLIGHTLYDIFFERENTINTERPRETATION,BASEDONINTERVIEWSCONDUCTEDWITHBOTHDISPENSERSANDRECEIVERSOFTHEPHILANTHROPICEFFORTSOFTHESULLIVANSIGNATORIESINSOUTHAFRICATHECORPORATEOFFICERSENGAGEDINTHEPHILANTHROPICEFFORTSEEMTOMETOBEPERSONSOFINTEGRITYWHODESIRETODOGOODWITHTH
17、EIREFFORTSBUTTHEYEMBRACEANUMBEROFCONFLICTINGEXPECTATIONSTHEYWANTTODOGOODFORTHOSEPEOPLEWHOARETHETARGETSOFPROJECTSSUPPORTED,BUTTHEYALSOWANTTODOGOODFORTHECORPORATIONTHEYWANTTOSUPPORTAUTHENTICCOMMUNITYLEADERS,BUTTHEYALSOWANTTOSUPPORTINDIVIDUALSWHOCOMEFROMTHECOMMUNITYBUTWHOWILLCUTADASHINGFIGUREFORVISITIN
18、GCORPORATEOFFICIALSANDINTHEEYESOFTHEMEDIATHEYWANTPROJECTSTOMAKEADIFFERENCEINTHELIVESOFBLACKS,BUTTHEYALSOWANTPROJECTSTHATWOULDSERVECORPORATEINTERESTSTHEYAIMTOCREATELONGTERMSOCIALCHANGE,BUTTHEIREFFECTIVENESSISMEASUREDONTHEBASISOFSHORTTERMRESULTSINPUTTOPROJECTSISOVEREMPHASIZED,ANDOUTPUTTOOOFTENOVERLOOK
19、EDCORPORATIONSDOHAVETHECAPACITYTOMAKEADIFFERENCEWITHTHEIRPHILANTHROPICEFFORTSINLESSDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESINTHESOUTHAFRICANCONTEXTTHEUSMULTINATIONALSHAVEHADCONSIDERABLEIMPACTWITHTHEIRPROJECTS,BUTTHEYCOULDHAVEHADANEVENGREATERIMPACTIFTHEYHADBECOMEMOREFIRMLYROOTEDINLOCALCOMMUNITIESTHISMIGHTHAVEMEANTLESSCORP
20、ORATESUPPORTFORTHESEEFFORTSASTHEPOLITICALSTRUCTUREOFSOUTHAFRICACONTINUESTOEVOLVE,ITBECOMESMOREANDMOREAPPARENTTHATTHECALLFORSANCTIONSWASNOTMISGUIDED,THATTHEECONOMICCOSTSIMPOSEDONTHERULINGREGIMEINRECENTYEARSHAVEBEENANEFFECTIVEFORCEFORSOCIALCHANGE,ANDTHATMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSHAVEBEENBUTONELIMITEDSE
21、TOFPLAYERSINTHEONGOINGDRAMAOFTHEREDISTRIBUTIONOFPOWERTHEPHILANTHROPICEFFORTSOFTHESULLIVANSIGNATORIESHAVEHADSOMEPOSITIVEIMPACTONTHEASPIRATIONS,INTENTIONS,ANDCAPABILITIESOFACONSIDERABLENUMBEROFBLACKSINSOUTHAFRICA,ANDINTHISRESPECTHAVESERVEDTHECORPORATIONSWELLTHEIMPACTOFTHESEPROGRAMSMIGHTHAVEBEENEVENMOR
22、EHELPFULIFTHEYHADBEENADMINISTEREDWITHMORECARE,ANDMOREPATIENCE,ANDMOREROOTEDNESSINTHECOMMUNITIESTHEYAIMEDTOSERVESOCIETY,1989,VOLUME27,NUMBER6,PAGES295305译文企业慈善事业，特别美国企业对南非慈善的影响，已经在过去的五年成为我的研究主题，下面是我对利普曼在这方面的意见看法。美国公司在70年代末一起制定一个计划，将维持在南非的投资和经营，表明自己的道德正义感。大多数跨国公司在开展经营活动中遇到南非种族隔离，人们对这种现象制裁声讨的需求正在不断上涨，激
23、进团体正在把人们动员起来，把跨国公司的压力退出南非。跨国公司不愿意看到来自南非这样的局面。对于这种不情愿有几个原因。南非，其丰富的矿产资源和现代工业的基础设施，是一个舒适，及其适合做生意的地方。美国维护政府将支持在南大西洋和印度洋的利益，并继续提供一些战略材料，并作为反对共产主义的堡垒，似乎具有重要的战略重要性，许多政府和公司官员，企业领导人真诚地认为，经济增长，跨国公司建立将有助于黑人成长的技能及生产力，并最终将有助于打破种族隔离。沙利文原则的建立是为了证明美国跨国公司的社会责任，以证明公司是致力于消除在工作场所的种族隔离政策，在为黑人雇员提供更多的机会，并运用各种手段改善了黑人社区教育，卫
24、生，娱乐，住房领域，多种类型的生活项目。在自成立以来的13年里，美国公司已投资在这些方案中超过289亿美元。李普曼的说法是，企业慈善事业是由市场取向，一个缺乏特色的指示“内的方向。”决定的。我听到很多黑人在南非的美国公司抱怨说，他们在黑人社区的慈善努力还不如他们自己拉选民的热情高。美国跨国公司的这种趋势，开始了大肆宣扬，大多数项目的新闻稿，招待会，庆祝活动，预期成果的承诺，这使得疏远了许多南非的黑人。失望是因为放大了对企业慈善人士的期望。应该怎样做才能改善南非背景下的企业慈善项目的运作，或任何欠发达的国家呢下面的想法也可能是有用的，企业要把慈善事业的重点放在穷人和贫困社区的需要上。企业慈善活动
25、需要在土著社区扎根。项目官员需要发展各种能力，去倾听并且听到他们的真实需要。技能，挂图和表达能力，良好的工作作风不要单单停留在表面上。当地社区代表谁去管理一个方案不一定是最令人印象深刻的在企业范围内最好的工作。有效的领导人由于高度的诚意和谦卑珍贵的美德在传统社会，可能会出现过度恭敬和不起眼。这也是需要注意的。在第三世界的背景下，企业慈善人员需要学会有耐心，愿意等待一段时间的实际结果，而不是换回一个虚假季度报告的结果。企业慈善事业人员必须能够在小规模投资，可有效地管理和负责项目的小额金钱，即使这需要更多的关注，并得到比在单一的努力投入了大量的总和宣传。企业慈善官员需要准备自己所作的承诺，无论在前
26、进的道路上遇到什么困难。在平困社区公信力若是失去了，则一个项目视为失败。任何既定目标必须实现，不管是需要什么投资。为了在有限的范围进行了长时间的角度来看，制定的项目应该更适合规模大，管理松散的第三世界。几乎可以肯定试点项目或示范的努力是注定要失败，因为没有公司会继续致力于保证试点项目的完成。利普曼先生认为慈善事业收费，是有道德和智力懒惰散漫的特点。我在一个稍微不同的解释的基础上，我在沙利文原则在南非签署的慈善活动中进行了采访。在企业从事慈善工作人员对我说是正直的人愿意努力并乐善好施。但是，他们也有冲突矛盾。他们希望为这些受助人是支持自己的项目目标，他们也想为公司做的好。他们想要真正的社区领袖支
27、持，但他们也想支持来自社区的个人，但这将削减企业官员和媒体的目光的关注。他们希望项目能使黑人的生活差异减小，但他们也想项目，将成为企业的利益。他们的目标是建立长期的社会变革，但它们的有效性是建立在短期成果的基础上衡量。投入的项目过分强调，输出也常常被忽视。公司确实有能力来欠发达国家中开展慈善活动。在南部非洲的情况下，美国的跨国公司已经与他们的项目产生相当大的影响，但他们可以有更大的影响，如果他们已经扎根在当地社区并且扎根地更加牢固、，这可能意味着减少当地社区对企业的继续努力支持。由于南非政治体制的不断发展，在政权施加经济成本近年来一直是社会变革的有效力量，这并没有错误。多国公司一直在有限的人力物力下，对权力的重新分配正在努力进行。沙利文签署已经努力取得了一些慈善事业上的愿望，以及在南非对相当数量的黑人产生积极影响，并在这方面有良好服务的企业。这些方案的影响可能是更有益的，如果他们给予更多的关心，更耐心，更好的提供社区服务管理。出自SOCIETY,1989,VOLUME27,NUMBER6,PAGES295305
