1、外文翻译原文GREENLOGISTICSSTRATEGIESANANALYSISOFUSAGEPATTERNSABSTRACTENVIRONMENTALISSUESAFFECTNUMEROUSLOGISTICALDECISIONSTHROUGHOUTTHEVALUECHAINTHISRESEARCHIDENTIFIESSTRATEGIESTHATAREMOSTANDLEASTPOPULARFORMANAGINGANDRESPONDINGTOSUCHISSUES,ANDPROVIDESEVIDENCEOFRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSELECTCOMPANYCHARACTERISTI
2、CSANDTHEPARTICULARTYPESOFSTRATEGIESEMPLOYEDINMANAGINGLOGISTICSRELATEDENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSDATASOURCESINCLUDEDCOMPANIESINTHEUNITEDSTATES,CANADA,ANDTHEEUROPEANUNIONSTUDYRESULTSSUGGESTTHATTHEGREENLOGISTICSSTRATEGIESOFRECYCLINGMATERIALS,REDUCINGCONSUMPTION,ANDREUSINGMATERIALSAREUNIVERSALLYPOPULARAMONGWES
3、TERNINDUSTRIALIZEDNATIONSFIRMSTHATEXHIBITMOREINTENSECOMMITMENTTOENVIRONMENTALISMTHANTHEIRPEERSAUGMENTUSEOFTHESEUNIVERSALSTRATEGIESWITHVARIOUSSPECIALIZEDTHRUSTS,SUCHASENVIRONMENTALAUDITSTHEREISLITTLEQUESTIONTHATENVIRONMENTALISSUESHAVEBECOMEANIMPORTANTCONSIDERATIONFORMANYBUSINESSDECISIONMAKERSINRECENT
4、YEARS,WITHSOMECORPORATEEXECUTIVESHAVINGREFERREDTOTHE1990SASTHE“DECADEOFTHEENVIRONMENT“MANYCOMPANIESAREDESIGNINGTHEIRPRODUCTSTOBEMOREENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY,ANDMANYAREUSINGMOREENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYPACKAGINGMATERIALSESTIMATESOFTHECURRENTENVIRONMENTAL,ORGREEN,MARKETRANGEUPWARDSOF200BILLIONWHILETHEREI
5、SABURGEONINGBODYOFLITERATUREINVOLVINGENVIRONMENTALISSUESINOTHERBUSINESSDISCIPLINESSUCHASMARKETING,THECORRESPONDINGLITERATUREINVOLVINGLOGISTICSHASBEENCHARACTERIZEDAS“SMALLBUTEXPANDING“SPURRINGTHISEXPANSIONISTHERECOGNITIONBYANUMBEROFWRITERS,SUCHASLAMBERTANDSTOCKASWELLASHANDFIELDANDNICHOLS,THATRESPONDI
6、NGTOENVIRONMENTALISSUESWILLBEONEOFTHEMAJORCHALLENGESFACINGLOGISTICSANDSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTINTHEFORESEEABLEFUTURESUCHRECOGNITIONTENDSTOCONFIRMTHEVIEWTHATENVIRONMENTALISMHAS“COMEOFAGE“ASAMAJORTOPICINLOGISTICSANDNOLONGERCANBEREGARDEDASSIMPLYAPERIPHERALCONCERNORFADINDEED,WUANDDUNNDEMONSTRATETHATENVIRON
7、MENTALISSUESCANIMPACTNUMEROUSLOGISTICALDECISIONS,INCLUDINGTHEACQUISITIONOFRAWMATERIALS,INBOUNDLOGISTICS,ANDOUTBOUNDLOGISTICS,THROUGHOUTTHEVALUECHAINWITHRESPECTTOTHEACQUISITIONOFRAWMATERIALS,FOREXAMPLE,SOMEORGANIZATIONSARESPECIFYINGTHATTHEIRVENDORSMEETCERTAINTYPESOFENVIRONMENTALQUALIFICATIONSINFACT,T
8、HEINTERNATIONALSTANDARDSORGANIZATIONISOHASDEVELOPEDANINTERNATIONALENVIRONMENTALSTANDARDKNOWNASISO14000,WHICHISTOBEAPPLIEDTOVENDORSWORLDWIDENOTSURPRISINGLY,THEREARENUMEROUSENVIRONMENTALCONSIDERATIONSWITHRESPECTTOINBOUNDLOGISTICSONESUCHCONSIDERATION,EFFICIENTWAREHOUSEDESIGN,CANREDUCETHENUMBEROFEMPTYOR
9、PARTIALLYEMPTYFORKLIFTTRIPS,WHICHISENVIRONMENTALLYBENEFICIALDUETOIMPROVEDVEHICLEUTILIZATIONLIKEWISE,FREIGHTCONSOLIDATIONOFINBOUNDLOADSCANREDUCETHENUMBEROFPARTIALLYLOADEDTRANSPORTVEHICLES,THUSIMPROVINGFUELEFFICIENCYWUANDDUNNALSOPOINTOUTTHATMANYOFTHEENVIRONMENTALISSUESASSOCIATEDWITHINBOUNDLOGISTICSEG,
10、WAREHOUSING,TRANSPORTATIONMODEDECISIONSAREAPPLICABLETOOUTBOUNDLOGISTICSASWELLNEVERTHELESS,SOMEDIFFERENCESDOEXISTINPARTICULAR,ORGANIZATIONSAREFACEDWITHDIFFICULTDECISIONSREGARDINGTHETRADEOFFSINVOLVINGINVENTORYPOLICIESANDENVIRONMENTALLYRESPONSIBLELOGISTICSPROGRAMSTHECONTEMPORARYEMPHASISONCYCLETIMECOMPR
11、ESSION,FOREXAMPLE,MAYRESULTINAMULTITUDEOFSMALLERSHIPMENTSMOVINGBYFAST,FUELINEFFICIENTFORMSOFTRANSPORTATIONENVIRONMENTALLYRESPONSIBLELOGISTICSPROGRAMS,BYCONTRAST,AREMORECOMFORTABLEWITHFEWER,LARGERSHIPMENTSMOVINGBYSLOW,FUELEFFICIENTFORMSOFTRANSPORTATIONMOREOVER,MCINTYREANDCOLLEAGUESSUGGESTTHATTHEREMAY
12、BEABASICDICHOTOMYBETWEENMEASURINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFSUPPLYCHAINSANDTHEGREENINGOFSUPPLYCHAINSTHATIS,SUPPLYCHAINPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTTENDSTOFOCUSONSHORTTERMMETRICSEG,PROFITABILITYASWELLASTHEINTERESTSOFCORPORATESHAREHOLDERSTHEEVALUATIONOFENVIRONMENTALISSUES,BYCONTRAST,TENDSTOINVOLVELONGERTIMEHORIZONSANDS
13、HOULDACCOMMODATETHECONCERNSOFAVARIETYOFSTAKEHOLDERSEG,SUPPLIERS,CUSTOMERS,THELOCALCOMMUNITYANOTHERENVIRONMENTALTOPICTHATHASBEENRECEIVINGINCREASEDATTENTIONINRECENTYEARSISREVERSELOGISTICSRLACCORDINGTOKOPICKIANDOTHERS,RLREFERSTOTHEPROCESS“INVOLVEDINREDUCING,MANAGING,ANDDISPOSINGOFHAZARDOUSANDNONHAZARDO
14、USWASTEFROMPACKAGINGANDPRODUCTS“THEGROWTHANDINTERESTINRLISVERYLIKELYTOCONTINUEINTHEFUTUREASFIRMSRECOGNIZETHATREVERSELOGISTICSISAKEYCOMPONENTOFTHETOTALLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTPROCESSINMUCHTHESAMEWAYASISTRUEFORINBOUNDANDOUTBOUNDLOGISTICSINFACT,STOCKCHARACTERIZESTHECURRENTSTATEOFDEVELOPMENTOFRLASBEINGANALOG
15、OUSTOINBOUNDLOGISTICSTENTOTWENTYYEARSAGOHECITESASACRITICALSUCCESSFACTORTHATREVERSELOGISTICSPROGRAMSANDENVIRONMENTALINITIATIVESBEGIVENPRIORITYANDHAVESUFFICIENTRESOURCESIE,TIME,MONEY,PERSONNELCOMMITTEDTOTHEMTODAYCOMPANIESSUCHASXEROX,EASTMANKODAK,MOBIL,HEWLETTPACKARD,SEARS,ANDHOMEDEPOTARETAKINGAPROACTI
16、VEVALUESEEKINGAPPROACHTORL,RATHERTHANSIMPLYAREACTIVEONETHEYHAVELAUNCHEDREVERSELOGISTICSPROGRAMS,WHICHOFFERBENEFITSSUCHASTIGHTENEDINVENTORYMANAGEMENT,REDUCEDCOSTSANDBETTERCOSTCONTROL,ENHANCEDREVENUESANDCUSTOMERSERVICE,BETTERDATAREGARDINGTHERLPROCESS,ANDIMPROVEDPUBLICIMAGEMOREOVER,MARIENMAINTAINSTHATA
17、REVERSELOGISTICSPROGRAMCOMBINEDWITHSOURCEREDUCTIONPRACTICESCANBEUSEDTOINCREASECOMPETITIVENESSANDGAINACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINDEED,ROGERSANDTIBBENLEMBKECONTENDTHATRLCANBEVIEWEDASA“STRATEGICWEAPON“THATHASPOTENTIALLONGTERMBOTTOMLINEIMPACTSIMILARLY,BLUMBERGESTIMATESTHECURRENTWORLDWIDEMARKETFORRLTOBEGREATE
18、RTHAN20BILLION,ANDFURTHERSUGGESTSTHATRL“WILLBECOMEAMAJORBUSINESSOPPORTUNITYINTHE21STCENTURY“CARTERANDELLRAMHAVEFURTHEREDUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISSTRATEGICROLEBYDEVELOPINGAMODELOFTHEDRIVERSANDCONSTRAINTSTOREVERSELOGISTICSPROGRAMSANDHOWTHESEFACTORSINTERACTRESEARCHPURPOSEANDQUESTIONSADDITIONALENVIRONMENTALTO
19、PICSCOULDBECITEDRELATINGTOOTHERASPECTSOFLOGISTICSSUFFICEITTOSAYTHATMUCHREMAINSTOBELEARNEDABOUTHOWCOMPANIESMANAGEANDRESPONDTOENVIRONMENTALISSUESINLOGISTICSTOTHISEND,THISARTICLEWILLANALYZETHECURRENTUSAGEOFSELECTSTRATEGIESFORMANAGINGANDRESPONDINGTOENVIRONMENTALISSUESINLOGISTICMANAGEMENTTHESTRATEGIESUSE
20、DTOMANAGEANDRESPONDTOENVIRONMENTALISSUESINLOGISTICSWEREDERIVEDFROMANEXTENSIVESEARCHOFTHELITERATUREASWELLASFROMDISCUSSIONSWITHCURRENTLOGISTICSMANAGERSTWELVEPROMINENTLYMENTIONEDSTRATEGIESWERESELECTEDFORINCLUSIONINTHESTUDYTHESETWELVE“GENERAL“STRATEGIESWERESELECTEDINPARTBECAUSETHEPURPOSEWASTOINVESTIGATE
21、ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTACROSSINDUSTRIESASAWHOLE,RATHERTHANWITHINASPECIFICINDUSTRYORWITHINSPECIFICLOGISTICSFUNCTIONALAREASMOREOVER,MOSTOFTHETWELVESTRATEGIESHAVEBEENCITEDASA“BESTPRACTICE“INTHEMANAGEMENTOFREVERSELOGISTICS/ENVIRONMENTALPROGRAMSFORPURPOSESOFTHISARTICLE,THESESTRATEGIESWILLBEREFERREDTOAS“G
22、REENLOGISTICSSTRATEGIES“THISARTICLEWILLALSOINVESTIGATEPOSSIBLERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSIXDISTINCTCOMPANYCHARACTERISTICSANDTHETWELVEENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGIESTHESIXCHARACTERISTICSAREGEOGRAPHICLOCATIONOFTHEORGANIZATIONTYPEOFFIRMSIZEOFFIRMIMPORTANCEOFENVIRONMENTALISSUESFORMALNESSOFENVIRONMENTALPOLICYANDLOGIST
23、ICSDEGREEOFINVOLVEMENTINIMPLEMENTINGENVIRONMENTALPOLICYTHREEOFTHESIXGEOGRAPHICLOCATION,FIRMTYPE,ANDFIRMSIZEAREDEMOGRAPHICVARIABLES,WHILETHEREMAININGTHREECANBEVIEWEDASEXAMPLESOF,ORSURROGATESFOR,THEINTENSITYOFANORGANIZATIONSCOMMITMENTTOENVIRONMENTALISMTOSUMMARIZE,THEFOLLOWINGRESEARCHQUESTIONSWILLBEINV
24、ESTIGATED1WHATARETHEMOST,ANDLEAST,POPULARSTRATEGIESCURRENTLYBEINGUSEDTOMANAGEANDRESPONDTOENVIRONMENTALISSUESINLOGISTICS2WHATRELATIONSHIPS,IFANY,EXISTBETWEENSELECTCOMPANYCHARACTERISTICSANDTHESTRATEGIESFORMANAGINGANDRESPONDINGTOENVIRONMENTALISSUESMETHODOLOGYTHEINFORMATIONTOBEANALYZEDCOMESFROMMAILSURVE
25、YSSENTTOUS,CANADIAN,ANDEUROPEANUNIONMEMBERSOFTHECOUNCILOFLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTCLMBECAUSETHECOMPANYPERSONNELMOSTKNOWLEDGEABLEABOUTENVIRONMENTALISSUESINLOGISTICSARELIKELYTOBEINPOSITIONSOFMIDDLEANDUPPERMANAGEMENT,THESTUDYFOCUSEDONTHOSEMEMBERSWITHJOBTITLESATTHEDIRECTORLEVELORABOVEALSO,ONLYMEMBERSFROMMANUF
26、ACTURINGANDMERCHANDISINGWHOLESALERSANDRETAILERSFIRMSWEREINCLUDEDPREVIOUSRESEARCHHASIDENTIFIEDMANUFACTURERSANDMERCHANDISERSAS“PRIMARYCHANNELPARTICIPANTS“THATIS,KEYPLAYERSINDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSSURVEYSWEREMAILEDTO450RANDOMLYSELECTEDCLMMANUFACTURERSANDMERCHANDISERSINTHEUSASWELLASANONUSGROUPOFMANUFACTURE
27、RSANDMERCHANDISERSCOMPRISING130CANADIANAND101EUROPEANUNIONCLMMEMBERSMEETINGTHESELECTIONCRITERIAEACHSAMPLINGFRAMEMEMBERRECEIVEDANINITIALSURVEYPACKETCONSISTINGOFACOVERLETTER,ACOPYOFTHESURVEY,ANDASELFADDRESSEDENVELOPEUSRESPONDENTSRECEIVEDAPOSTAGEPAIDRETURNENVELOPEAFOLLOWUPMAILING,CONSISTINGOFACOVERLETT
28、ER,ACOPYOFTHESURVEY,ANDASELFADDRESSEDENVELOPE,WASSENTAPPROXIMATELYONEMONTHAFTERTHEINITIALMAILINGTWOOFTHEUS,THREEOFTHECANADIAN,ANDFOUROFTHEEUROPEANSURVEYSWERERETURNEDASUNDELIVERABLE,REDUCINGTHESAMPLINGFRAMESTO448,127,AND97,RESPECTIVELYATOTALOF133USABLESURVEYSWERERECEIVEDFROMUSORGANIZATIONS,FORARESPON
29、SERATEOF297PERCENT31USABLERESPONSESCAMEFROMCANADIANORGANIZATIONS,FORA246PERCENTRESPONSERATEAND24USABLERESPONSESCAMEFROMTHEEUROPEANFIRMS,REPRESENTINGA247PERCENTRESPONSERATETHEOVERALLRESPONSERATEWASAPPROXIMATELY28PERCENT188USABLESURVEYS/672ELIGIBLERESPONDENTSNONRESPONSEBIASWASEXAMINEDBYCOMPARINGEARLYA
30、NDLATERESPONDENTS,APROCEDURETHATISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATLATERRESPONDENTSTENDTOBEMORELIKENONRESPONDENTSTHANLIKEEARLIERRESPONDENTSFORTHISSTUDY,RESPONSESRECEIVEDWITHINTWENTYFIVEDAYSOFTHEFIRSTMAILINGWERECOMPAREDTOTHOSERECEIVEDAFTERTWENTYFIVEDAYSTHESETESTSREVEALEDNEGLIGIBLEDIFFERENCESBETWEENEARLYANDLAT
31、ERESPONDENTS,SUGGESTINGTHATNONRESPONSEBIASISNOTAMAJORPROBLEMINTHISSTUDYTHEREARESEVERALLIMITATIONSTOTHEPRESENTSTUDYTHATSHOULDBEDISCUSSEDBEFOREPROCEEDINGFIRST,THENUMBEROFCANADIANANDEUROPEANRESPONDENTSISRELATIVELYSMALLWHILEOTHERPROFESSIONALORGANIZATIONSEG,THECANADIANASSOCIATIONOFLOGISTICSMANAGEMENT,THE
32、EUROPEANLOGISTICSASSOCIATIONCOULDHAVEOFFEREDLARGERSAMPLESIZES,SOMEPOTENTIALPROBLEMSINCROSSBORDERRESEARCHCALLBEREDUCEDIFPARTICIPANTSHAVESOMEDEGREEOFCOMMONALITYFORTHISSTUDY,SUCHCOMMONALITYWASOPERATIONALIZEDBYMEMBERSHIPINTHESAMEPROFESSIONALORGANIZATIONIE,CLMTHECLMISONEOFTHEFEWPROFESSIONALLOGISTICSORGAN
33、IZATIONSWITHAMULTINATIONALMEMBERSHIP,ANDITSOFFICIALCORRESPONDENCELANGUAGEISENGLISH,MEANINGTHATOURSURVEYSCOULDBEDEVELOPEDILLENGLISHTHISISSIGNIFICANTBECAUSEITALLOWEDUSTOAVOIDVARIOUSLANGUAGEISSUESEG,TRANSLATIONANDBACKTRANSLATIONFORSOMEOFTHECANADIANANDEUROPEANPARTICIPANTSLANGUAGECONSIDERATIONSAREFREQUEN
34、TLYIDENTIFIEDASONEOFTHEMAJORCHALLENGESTOCONDUCTINGEFFECTIVECROSSCULTURALRESEARCHASECONDLIMITATIONOFTHEPRESENTSTUDYISTHATTHECLMMEMBERSHIPISSKEWEDTOWARDHIGHERREVENUEFIRMSWHOOFTENTENDTOBEONTHELEADINGEDGEOFLOGISTICALPRACTICESWHILETHESECOMPANIESCERTAINLYPROVIDEANIMPORTANTPERSPECTIVE,WERECOGNIZETHATSMALLE
35、RFIRMSMAYHAVEDIFFERENTVIEWSWITHRESPECTTOMANAGINGANDRESPONDINGTOENVIRONMENTALISSUESINLOGISTICSRESULTS1WHATARETHEMOST,ANDLEAST,POPULARSTRATEGIESCURRENTLYBEINGUSEDTOMANAGEANDRESPONDTOENVIRONMENTALISSUESINLOGISTICSTHERESULTSFORTHEMOST,ANDLEAST,POPULARSTRATEGIESAREPRESENTEDINTABLE1ANDARELISTEDINDECREASIN
36、GORDEROFCURRENTUSAGEBOTHRECYCLINGMATERIALSANDREDUCINGCONSUMPTIONARESTRATEGIESCURRENTLYBEINGUSEDBYOVER80PERCENTOFTHERESPONDENTS,WITHREUSINGMATERIALSBEINGUTILIZEDBYNEARLY75PERCENTTHEPOPULARITYOFRECYCLING,REDUCTION,ANDREUSESHOULDNOTBESURPRISING,ASTHEYTENDTOBETHREEOFTHEBETTERKNOWNSTRATEGIESFORMANAGINGAN
37、DRESPONDINGTOENVIRONMENTALISSUESINLOGISTICSMOREOVER,THEHEAVYUSEOFRECYCLINGSUPPORTSWORKBYMINANDGALLE,WHOFOUNDRECYCLINGTOBETHEMOSTFREQUENTLYUSEDSTRATEGYAMONGPURCHASINGMANAGERSASSHOWNINTABLE1,THELEASTPOPULARSTRATEGY,ENCOURAGINGGREATERGOVERNMENTINVOLVEMENT/REGULATION,ISCURRENTLYUSEDBYSLIGHTLYMORETHAN15P
38、ERCENTOFTHERESPONDENTSTHISISANINTERESTINGFINDING,GIVENSUGGESTIONSTHATENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONSCANACTUALLYBENEFITAFIRMSPERFORMANCEANDMARKETCOMPETITIVENESSFOREXAMPLE,JAPANESEANDGERMANCARMANUFACTURERSRESPONDEDTOMORESTRINGENTFUELCONSUMPTIONSTANDARDSBYPRODUCINGLIGHTERANDMOREFUELEFFICIENTAUTOMOBILESUSCARMA
39、NUFACTURERS,BYCONTRAST,AGGRESSIVELYOPPOSEDTHESEFUELCONSUMPTIONSTANDARDSASTANCETHATULTIMATELYWASTEDBILLIONSOFDOLLARSANDWEAKENEDTHEIRCOMPETITIVEPOSITIONTHEINFORMATIONINTABLE1ALSOINDICATESTHATTHREESTRATEGIESTHEREDESIGNOFLOGISTICALSYSTEMS,INCREASEDEDUCATIONANDTRAINING,ANDREJECTINGSUPPLIERSLACKINGENVIRON
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41、JOURNAL,00411612,WINTER2000,VOL40,ISSUE2译文绿色物流策略分析使用模式摘要环境问题影响无数的物流决策体现在整个价值链上。这项研究确定了战略是最大、最不受欢迎的管理和回应这种问题,并提供了证据，选择公司之间的关系的特点和特殊类型的策略管理后勤有关环境的影响。数据来源包括公司在美国、加拿大和欧洲联盟。研究结果表明，绿色物流战略的减少回收材料中的原料消耗，普遍深受西方工业化国家欢迎。公司展览更激烈承诺环保比同龄人增加使用这些普遍战略与各专业特点，如环境审计。毫无疑问，环境问题对于许多企业决策者已成为一个重要的考虑，在最近几年，有一些公司的经理提到90年代为“十年
42、的环境”。很多公司的产品设计更环保，很多人使用更环保的包装材料。当前的环境估计，或者绿色的，市场范围在2000亿美元以上。只要有一个新兴文献涉及环境问题在其他业务领域诸如销售、相应的文学涉及物流已被称为“小而扩大”。扩展助长了这种识别有许多作家，如兰伯特和股票以及德和尼科尔斯，这对环境问题将是一个重大挑战，物流和供应链管理在可预见的未来。这种认识往往证实为环保已“成年了”作为一个主要议题在物流和不再可以视为只是一个边缘关切或流行。事实上,吴仪和邓恩表明，环境问题可能影响无数的后勤决定，其中包括原料收购、入境物流、出库物流和整个价值链上。就原料收购，例如，一些组织规定其供应商满足某些类型的环境资
43、格。事实上，国际标准组织（ISO）已制定了一个国际环境标准称为ISO14000，是应适用于全球供应商的。毫无奇怪的是，入境物流有许多环境因素方面的问题。一种这样的考虑，有效的仓库设计，可以减少空地或部分空叉车人次，这样改善车辆使用对环境有利。同样地，货运巩固入境负荷可以减少部分装运输车辆，从而提高燃料的效率。吴邦国和邓恩还指出，许多环境相关的问题（例如，仓储、运输模式决定）适用于出境物流，但是，一些差异是存在的。特别是组织面临困难的决定，取舍涉及库存政策和对环境负责后勤程序时。以当代强调周期时间压缩为例，可能导致大量的较小的货物快速移动，燃油效率低形式的运输。对环境负责的物流项目，相比之下，更
44、能适应更少的、更大的货物由移动缓慢向燃油效率形式的运输转变。此外，麦和同事们建议可能会有一个基本的二分法侧量业绩的性能绿色化的供应链和供应链。供应链性能测量往往注重短期度量（如盈利能力）以及法人股东的利益。环境问题的评价，相比之下，往往涉及较长的时间、范围和应满足的关注，及各种利益相关者（如供应商、顾客、当地社区）。另一个环保话题，在最近几年已经越来越受注意是逆向物流RL。据科普克和学者，逆向物流指的是参与减少、管理和处置危险和非危险废物的包装和产品。在未来，企业认识到逆向物流在总物流管理过程中是一个重要组成部分，成长和兴趣很有可能继续，对于进出口物流是同样的道理。事实上，股票的现状特点，主要
45、表现在发展现实生活中的想象成类似于10到20年前的入境物流。他引用的关键成功因素，逆向物流项目和环保措施应优先考虑，致力于是他们有足够的资源（如时间、金钱和人力）。今天，如施乐、柯达、美孚、惠普、西尔斯和家得宝正在以一种积极价值寻求办法，而不是一种简单的反应。他们已经开展了逆向物流计划，这些计划带来了福利，例如收紧库存管理、降低成本和更好地控制成本，提高了收入和客户服务，在逆向物流过程中提供更好的数据和改善公众形象。此外，马里恩认为，逆向物流实践结合减少原程序可以提高竞争力和获取竞争优势。事实上，罗杰斯和堂本伦布克认为逆向物流可以被视为“战略性武器”，有可能带来承诺过期的底线影响。同样的，布隆
46、伯格估计，目前逆向物流自全球市场上价值超过200亿美元，进一步说明逆向物流将在21世纪成为一个主要的商业机会。卡特和艾伦有进一步了解这一战略性的作用，通过开发一种模式的驱动程序和限制条件对逆向物流的程序和如何将这些因素的相互作用。研究目的和问题更多的环境问题可以引用其他方面相关的物流，可以说大部分尚待了解公司在物流方面如何管理和应对环境的问题。为此，本文分析了我国选择策略的使用管理和应对环境问题在物流管理等方面的工作。在物流使用的战略管理和应对环境问题是从一个广泛的搜索相关文献的分析，以及与当前的物流管理人员讨论。在研究中包含十二个突出选择策略，这些十二个“一般”策略选择，部分原因是选择目的是
47、调查环境管理在整个行业中成为一个整体，而不是在某一特定行业或在特定物流功能区。而且，大部分十二策略已被称为“最佳做法”的逆向物流的管理环境计划。这篇文章的目的是为了能使这些策略能被称为“绿色物流战略”。这篇文章还将调查可能六种不同公司之间的关系特点和十二个环境战略。六大特性是指地理环境、公司类型、公司规模、环境问题的重要性、环境政策和物流的参与实施环保政策。六中的三样（地理位置、公司类型和公司规模）是人口统计变量，而其余三样可以归结为例，或代理商，或一个组织的强度对拨付更多资金。总之，以下几个研究回答的问题将会被调查1、目前是在物流用于管理和应对环境问题上最受和最不受欢迎的流行策略2、关系是什
48、么，如果有的话，选择公司之间存在着战略特点管理和应对环境问题吗方法进行分析的信息资料来自被送到美国、加拿大、和欧盟议会议员的物流管理的邮件调查。由于该更年公司人员最了解环境问题在物流管理中层和高层的位置，这项研究的重点是那些职位在主任级或以上的。此外，只有从制造和销售（批发商和零售商）的企业。以前的研究已经确定了制造商和销售商为“主要渠道参与者”，也就是，经销渠道的主要角色。调查邮寄到450个随机选择的在美国以及非美国的制造商和采购商，包括130个加拿大的和101个欧盟的CLM会议成员的选择标准。每个成员收到抽样框架的初步调查数据包，包括信、一份调查显示和一个有邮票的回邮信封（美国受访者收到邮
49、资已付回邮信封）。一个后续邮件，包括一个信、一份调查显示和自邮信封，一个月后初步邮寄。美国的两个，加拿大的三个和欧洲的四个的调查被退回来了，减少抽样的帧分别是448个、127个和97个。共有133个可用的调查是来自美国组织收到的，组织答复率是297；31个可用反应来自加拿大组织，有246的反应率；24个可用反应来自欧洲公司，占247的响应率。整体响应率大约为28（188个可用调查/672个资格受访者）。无反应偏见检查早期和晚期的调查,调查对象比较过程是基于一个假设,后来受访者更倾向于晚些时候像无反应而不是早些时候,在这项研究中,反应二十五天内收到的第一个邮件和二十五天后收到做比较。这些测试表明了微不足道的早期和晚期的受访者之间的差异,这表明在本研究中无反应偏见不是一个主要问题。有一些限制在目前的研究之前应该讨论下第一，许多加拿大的和欧洲的受访者是相对小的。而其他专业组织例如，加拿大协会的物流管理、欧洲物流协会，可以提供样本规模较大，一些潜在的问题在跨界研究中呼吁减少，如果与会者有一定程度的共同点。这项研究中，这种共同点是实施成员在同一专业组织即CLM。这是一些专业物流组织的会员，其官方通讯语言是英语，这意味着我们的调查可能发展不受英语影响。这是重要，因为它允许我们避免各种语言的问题例如翻译和反向翻译的一些加拿大和欧洲的参与者。语言因素往往在进行有效的跨文化研究中是一个重大挑战
