1、T15 (Typed by 无邪天使)1GWD-TN-12T-4-Q1 TS-7-41Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it is known tha
2、t humans made stone tools.A. when it is known that humans madeB. at which it is known that humans had madeC. at which humans are known to have madeD. that humans are known to be makingE. of humans who were known to makeT-4-Q2Twenty years ago, Balzania put in place regulations requiring operators of
3、surface mines to pay for the reclamation of mined-out land. Since then, reclamation technology has not improved. Yet, the average reclamation cost for a surface coal mine being reclaimed today is only four dollars per ton of coal that the mine produced, less than half what it cost to reclaim surface
4、 mines in the years immediately after the regulations took effect.Which of the following, if true, most helps to account for the drop in reclamation costs described?A. Even after Balzania began requiring surface mine operators to pay reclamation costs, coal mines in Balzania continued to be less exp
5、ensive to operate than coal mines in almost any other country.B. In the twenty years since the regulations took effect, the use of coal as a fuel has declined from the level it was at in the previous twenty years.C. Mine operators have generally ceased surface mining in the mountainous areas of Balz
6、ania because reclamation costs per ton of coal produced are particularly high for mines in such areas.D. Even after Balzania began requiring surface mine operators to pay reclamation costs, surface mines continued to produce coal at a lower total cost than underground mines.E. As compared to twenty
7、years ago, a greater percentage of the coal mined in Balzania today comes from surface mines.T-4-Q3Currently 26 billion barrels a year, world consumption of oil is rising at a rate of 2 percent annually.A. world consumption of oil is rising at a rate ofB. the world is consuming oil at an increasing
8、rate ofC. the worlds oil is being consumed at the increasing rate ofD. the rise in the rate of the worlds oil consumption isE. oil is consumed by the world at an increasing rate ofT-4-Q4Turning away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Swed
9、en, in 1909 Selma Lagerlof was the novelist who became the first woman and was also the first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.T15 (Typed by 无邪天使)2A. Turning away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 Selm
10、a Lagerlof was the novelist who became the first woman and was also the first Swedish writer to winB. She turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, and novelist Selma Lagerlof in 1909 became the first woman as well as the fi
11、rst Swedish writer that wonC. Selma Lagerlof was a novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, and in 1909 she became the first woman in addition to the first Swedish writer winningD. A novelist who turned away fro
12、m literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlof became in 1909 the first woman and also the first Swedish writer to winE. As novelist, Selma Lagerlof turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasant li
13、fe and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 becoming the first woman and also the first Swedish write that wonT15 (Typed by 无邪天使)3T-4-Q5-Q7Although many lines of evidence indicate that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs, some scientists remain unconvinced. They argue that theropo
14、ds appeared too late to have given rise to birds, noting that Archaeopteryx lithographica the oldest known bird appears in the fossil record about 150 million years ago, whereas the fossil remains of various nonavian maniraptor theropods the closest known relatives of birds date only to about 115 mi
15、llion years ago. But investigators have now uncovered bones that evidently belong to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of Archaeopteryx. In any case, failure to find fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out their existence in an undiscovered deposit. Skeptics also argue that the fused cla
16、vicles (the “wishbone”) of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of theropods. This objection was reasonable when only early theropod clavicles had been discovered, but fossilized theropod clavicles that look just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx have now been unearthed. Finally, some scientists
17、 argue that the complex lungs of birds could not have evolved from theropod lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported or falsified at the moment, because no fossil lungs are preserved in the paleontological record.T-4-Q5The primary purpose of the passage is toA. compare the development of two hyp
18、otheses concerning the evolutionary origin of birdsB. suggest revisions to the standard theory of the evolutionary history of birdsC. evaluate the usefulness of fossil evidence in determining the evolutionary history of birdsD. challenge the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod di
19、nosaursE. respond to criticisms of the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaursT-4-Q6In the context of the passage, the phrase “fossils of a predicted kind”(line 16) most likely refers to which of the following?A. Theropod fossils with fused claviclesB. Theropod fossils that
20、 are similar in structure to Archaeopteryx fossilsC. Theropod fossils dating back more than 150 million yearsD. Fossils indicating the structure of theropod lungsE. Fossils indicating the structure of Archaeopteryx lungsT-4-Q7Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an argument made by
21、scientists who are unconvinced that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs?A. There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils dating from a period after the time of Archaeopteryx.B. There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs lungs.C. Theropod dinosaurs ap
22、pear in the fossil record about 150 million years ago.D. Theropod dinosaurs did not have fused clavicles.E. Theropod dinosaurs had certain bones that look just like those of Archaeopteryx.T15 (Typed by 无邪天使)4T-4-811:GWD-13-1619In 1675, Louis XIV established the Parisian seamstresses guild, the first
23、 independent all-female guild created in over 200 years. Guild members could make and sell womens and childrens clothing, but were prohibited from producing mens clothing or dresses for court women. Tailors resented the ascension of seamstresses to guild status; seamstresses, meanwhile, were impatie
24、nt with the remaining restrictions on their right to clothe women.The conflict between the guilds was not purely economic, however. A 1675 police report indicated that since so many seamstresses were already working illegally, the tailors were unlikely to suffer additional economic damage because of
25、 the seamstresses incorporation. Moreover, guild membership held very different meanings for tailors and seamstresses. To the tailors, their status as guild members overlapped with their role as heads of household, and entitled them to employ as seamstresses female family members who did not marry o
26、utside the trade. The seamstresses, however, viewed guild membership as a mark of independenc the patriarchal family. Their guild was composed not of family units but of individual women who enjoyed unusual legal and economic privileges. At the conflicts center was the issue of whether tailors femal
27、e relatives should be identified as family members protected by the tailors guild or as individuals under the jurisdiction of the seamstresses guild.-T-4-8:GWD-13-16:The primary purpose of the passage is toA. outline a scholarly debate over the impact of the Parisian seamstresses guildB. summarize s
28、ources of conflict between the newly created Parisian seamstresses guild and the tailors guildC. describe opposing views concerning the origins of the Parisian seamstresses guildD. explore the underlying reasons for establishing an exclusively female guild in seventeenth-century ParisE. correct a mi
29、sconception about changes in seamstresses economic status that took place in Paris in the late seventeenth century-T-4-9: GWD-13-17:According to the passage, one source of dissatisfaction for Parisian seamstresses after the establishment of the seamstresses guild was thatA. seamstresses were not all
30、owed to make and sell clothing for all womenB. tailors continued to have the exclusive legal right to clothe menC. seamstresses who were relatives of tailors were prevented from becoming members of the seamstresses guildD. rivalry between individual seamstresses increased, thus hindering their abili
31、ty to compete with the tailors for businessE. seamstresses were not allowed to accept male tailors as members of the guild-T-4-10:GWD-13-18:It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of seamstresses employed by relatives who were members of the tailors guild?A. They wer
32、e instrumental in convincing Louis XIV to establish the seamstresses guild.B. They were rarely allowed to assist master tailors in the production of mens clothing.C. They were considered by some tailors to be a threat to the tailors monopoly.D. They did not enjoy the same economic and legal privileg
33、es that members of the seamstresses guild enjoyed.T15 (Typed by 无邪天使)5E. They felt their status as working women gave them a certain degree of independence from the patriarchal family.-T-4-11:GWD-13-19:The author mentions the seamstresses view of guild membership as a “mark of independence from the
34、patriarchal family” (lines 40-41) primarily in order toA. emphasize that the establishment of the seamstresses guild had implications that were not solely economicB. illustrate the conflict that existed between tailors and their female family members over membership in the tailors guildC. imply that
35、 the establishment of the seamstresses guild ushered in a period of increased economic and social freedom for women in FranceD. provide an explanation for the dramatic increase in the number of women working as seamstresses after 1675E. indicate that members of the seamstresses guild were financiall
36、y more successful than were tailors female relatives protected by the tailors guildT15 (Typed by 无邪天使)6T-4-Q12For the farmer who takes care to keep them cool, providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing an average of 2,275 gallons of milk each per ye
37、ar.A. providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producingB. providing them with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, the Holstein cow producesC. provided with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producingD. provided with high-e
38、nergy feed, and milked regularly, the Holstein cow producesE. provided with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, Holstein cows will produceQ13 GWD-24-35（CD-10-35）The milk of many mammals contains cannabinoids, substances that are known to stimulate certain receptors in the brain. To investigate t
39、he function of cannabinoids, researchers injected newborn mice with a chemical that is known to block cannabinoides from reaching their receptors in the brain. The injected mice showed far less interest in feeding than normal newborn mice do. Therefore, cannabinoids probably function to stimulate th
40、e appetite.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?A. Newborn mice do not normally ingest any substance other than their mothers milk.B. Cannabinoids are the only substances in mammals milk that stimulate the appetite.C. The mothers of newborn mice do not normally make
41、any effort to encourage their babies to feed.D. The milk of mammals would be less nutritious if it did not contain cannabinoids.E. The chemical that blocks cannabinoids from stimulating their brain receptors does not independently inhibit the appetite.T-4-Q14 GWD-13-38Frobisher, a sixteenth-century
42、English explorer, had soil samples from Canadas Kodlunarn Island examined for gold content. Because high gold content was reported, Elizabeth I funded two mining expeditions. Neither expedition found any gold there. Modern analysis of the islands soil indicates a very low gold content. Thus the meth
43、ods used to determine the gold content of Frobishers samples must have been inaccurate.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?A. The gold content of the soil on Kodlunarn Island is much lower today than it was in the sixteenth century. B. The two mining expeditions fun
44、ded by Elizabeth I did not mine the same part of Kodlunarn Island.C. The methods used to assess gold content of the soil samples provided by Frobisher were different from those generally used in the sixteenth century.D. Frobisher did not have soil samples from any other Canadian island examined for
45、gold content.E. Gold was not added to the soil samples collected by Frobisher before the samples were examined.T15 (Typed by 无邪天使)7T-4-Q15TrueSave is a mail-order company that ships electronic products from its warehouses to customers worldwide. The companys shipping manager is proposing that custom
46、er orders be packed with newer, more expensive packing materials that virtually eliminate damage during shipping. The manager argues that overall costs would essentially remain unaffected, since the extra cost of the new packing materials roughly equals the current cost of replacing products returne
47、d by customers because they arrived in damaged condition.Which of the following would it be most important to ascertain in determining whether implementing the shipping managers proposal would have the argued-for effect on costs?A. Whether the products shipped by TrueSave are more vulnerable to incu
48、rring damage during shipping than are typical electronic products.B. Whether electronic products are damaged more frequently in transit than are most other products shipped by mail-order companiesC. Whether a sizable proportion of returned items are returned because of damage already present when those items were packed for shippingD. Whether there are cases in which customers blame themselves for product damage that, though present on arrival of the product, is not discovered until laterE. Whether TrueSave continually monitors the performance of the shipping companies it uses to
