1、which that 就近与跳跃修饰which 的用法1、 WHICH非限1.which 指代主句宾语：s+verb+o,which 指代 0（svo,which 指代 s 一定错！）2.which 指代主句主语 s:s+verb,which（1） 介词+which=连词1.s+verb(+o)+prep+which2.s+verb(+o),prep+which区别 介词+that=名词I will buy this book because from that I study a lot.(有 because作为连接词，不用“介词+which”结构连接)I will buy this boo
2、k from which I study a lot.（无连接词，需要用“介词+which”结构连接）which 指代的三种情况：1、 紧邻修饰一般情况下， “名词，which”中的 which 是就近修饰紧邻的名词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“A of B, which”（注：这里的 of 表示从属关系）1，The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, be obtain
3、ed through a local bond issue.2,Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles. Flavian
4、Amphitheatre： 福雷维安圆形剧场 3，In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.thromboxane 生化凝血噁烷，凝栓质，血栓素。阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶烷
5、prostacyclin n.【 生物化学、药物 】环前列腺素，前列腺环素,4，The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but al
6、so by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.,5，In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently
7、 from smaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.,这些例子都能说明从属关系“A of B，which” 中的 which 就近修饰紧邻的名词 B。但是需要注意的是，在“SVO,which”句型中，如果 which指代 S 一定错误， which 如果指代主语，这样使用:s+verb,which2、 跳跃修饰在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构 ”或者插入语的情况下， which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。下面是几个例子：Fro
8、m the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.(A) baggage so light(B
9、) baggage being so light(C) baggage, yet being so light(D) baggage, and so light(E) baggage yet was so light答案：E这句话的 which 离其所应该修饰的核心词 canoe 很远，中间隔了一个插入语，还隔了个介词结构 about，但只要知道核心词是 canoe 就能一目了然找到 which 应该指的是什么。这里不能修饰紧邻的名词cedar。OG12-26 Emily Dickinsons letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written
10、 over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.A,Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ending shortly before Emilys
11、 death in 1886, outnumberingB,Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ended shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumberC,Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and that ends
12、shortly before Emilys death in 1886and outnumberingD,Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother, ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, and outnumberingE,Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susa
13、ns marriage to Emilys brother and ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumber这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词 Susan Huntington Dickinson，必须跳过介词结构 to，修饰核心词 letter。Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies service areas, the
14、 merger of the nations leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词 utility industry，必须跳过介词结构 in，修饰核心词 merger。In order to protect English manufac
15、turers of woolen goods against both American and Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colonys borders.这里的 which 不能修饰紧邻的 1698，必须跳过介词结构 of 1968 修饰前面的核心词 act。One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in
16、 the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut Glut n. （商品）供过于求；大量The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which no commoner or foreigner could enter without
17、permission, on pain of death.有人这里会说这不是 A of B，which 吗？which 应该紧邻修饰啊？其实不然，因为 of 1968 和前面的那些 A of B 实际上用法不一样，这里是表示时间而不是“从属关系”。这个时间应该归在介词结构一类，所以要跳过。on pain of 违者以论处OG12SC107Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the
18、 chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology. (A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substanc
19、e without destroying it, (B) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission (C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, calle
20、d proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, (D) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost an
21、y substance quickly and without destroying it, (E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton- induced X-ray emission,答案（A）答案中 which 发生
22、跳跃指代，而且 emission 不处于介词短语中，这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词 emission，必须跳过分词修饰结构called ，修饰核心词 technique。注意这不是 SVO,which 指代 S 了而是 called proton-induced X-ray emission 分词形式做后置修饰定语。GWD-10-Q2: GWD-11-10Marconis conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, i
23、t is precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.A,Marconis conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it isB,Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversa
24、tion, but which isC,Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has becomeD,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for private conversation, a substitute for the telephone, which has becomeE,Marconi conceived of the radi
25、o to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is,答案为 C。 B 为啥不好？ 因为选 B 会有 which 修饰 telephone 的错误，which 应该修饰 radio 的。虽然 which 可以跳跃，但是逻辑上都可以完成从句动作的时候，应该是就近优先的，即使逻辑上完成不了从句的动作，跳跃也难保不会被判错，所以尽可能不跳跃修饰。GMAT 题干中曾经用到可以跳跃的 which，which 跳跃是可以接受的，但是正确选项中很少出现过 which 跳跃修
26、饰的情况，几乎都被其他结构替代了，这说明如果有可以替代的正确选项，那么尽量不要选跳跃修饰的 which，因为可能有歧义。C 可以避免歧义，it 一般不指代介词短语中的名词，优先指代主语，如果主语是人或者复数不能指代，则指代宾语，我不知道这题的 radio 还算不算宾语，但是至少你读出这个句子的时候，它确实相当于一个宾语，至少算一个核心词。目前只见过 A of B/A in B，which 可以指代 A，主要都发生在介词短语中。A 选项可以我理解是因为CALLED 从句表达的只是 tech 的另一个名字而已，本质上是同一东西，指代谁逻辑上都没有歧义。目前我找到的 which 强悍地跳跃，无视前面
27、的名词的非常少，而且基本都不出现在选项中，都是未画线部分。但是，可以跳跃不是意味着必定跳跃，当 which 前面有很多个名词的时候，不是只要有一个正确，which 就会自动地正确地指代到那个词的。相反，GMAT 会优先判断这是修饰混乱。所以，最好不要有跳跃指代，如果非跳不可，最好是使用单复数区分 which 的指代词。归纳一下，会发现 which 之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为 which 的内容太长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以把 which 结构后置了。3、 特别情况 A and B, which这个 which 到底修饰谁呢？是 A？是 B？还
28、是 A and B？我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个：没有歧义。如果 A and B 中的 B 为复数（Bs） ，which 后面动词也是复数，which指代会有歧义，让人不知道 which 到底指的是什么。As and Bs, which are (which 指 Bs? 或 which 指 As and Bs？)A and Bs, which are (which 指 Bs？或 which 指 A and Bs？)下面情况没有歧义：如果 A 和 B 都是单数，which 后面动词复数，没有歧义，which 修饰 A and B。如果 B 是单数（不管 A 是单数还是复数） ，which
29、 后面动词也是单数，没有歧义，which 修饰 B。如果 B 是复数（不管 A 是单数还是复数）则必须要用 which together，没有歧义，这时 which 修饰 A and Bs。举两个例子：The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of its neural pathways co
30、nverge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of central exchange. Unlike the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own elec
31、tricity.其实 which 的指代问题肯定不会只有这些，而且最准确判断 which 指代的方法是通过句子的逻辑意思，但是在实战中有个别 GMAT 题目的很难判断本意，所以准备写大方向性的小结还是必要的。OG12-SC10 10. Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-exchange network which kept the brain from getting too hot.(A) which kept(B
32、) that keeps(C) which has kept(D) that has been keeping(E) having kept答案 B， In (A) and (C), which introduces a restrictive clause. Some writers follow the convention that which can only be used for nonrestrictive clauses, but insistence on this rule is controversial, and both (A) and (C) can be reje
33、cted on other grounds.Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity
34、 there(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area(E) se
35、diments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there波罗的海答案 D 为啥 A 不对？ which 是可以跳过介词短语或者插入语的，但是不能跳过谓语动词。“svo,which 指代 s 一定错！”但这题中 which 跳跃多远都不对，这里 WHICH 是指代前面整个句子的意思，而这在 GMAT 中是一定错的。sediments are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there 逻辑意思有错误，只有 findin
36、g，result ，means，forms 之类的抽象名词才能 be consistent with , 某个具体的东西不行。that 用法：适用范围（1）不定代词为先行词（2）any , all, each, every, little, few, no, much, many 为先行词（3） “人+物”为先行词序数词为先行词最高级为先行词例句：The boy and the bike that are in the room（4）the only, the very, the most 为先行词（注意，the 不可省略）1.定语从句：a. subject+verb.+object+that
37、+verb.+object，that 就近指代修饰离 that 最近的名词2.定语从句中出现后置定语（介词短语分词） S+verb+O+(prep+C)+that+verb.+objectS+verb+O+that+verb+O+(prep+c)3.that 不能指代“人物”4,sth that and that(that 不可省略)OG85. Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.(A) that flurished at the same time as the civilizations(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations(C) that flourished at the same time those had
