1、外文翻译原文ASSESSINGCHANGESTOWARDSLEANPRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONTHEPURPOSEOFTHISARTICLEISTODEVELOPANOPERATIONALIZEDMODELWHICHCANBEUSEDTOASSESSTHECHANGESTAKINGPLACEINANEFFORTTOINTRODUCELEANPRODUCTIONINKEEPINGWITHTHETHEMEOFTHISSPECIALISSUE,WEHAVELIMITEDOURSELVESTOTHEFACTORSTHATCONCERNTHEWORKORGANIZATIONINTHEMA
2、NUFACTURINGPARTOFACOMPANYTHISMODELHASBEENDEVELOPEDUSINGAVAILABLETHEORY,ANDHASALSOBENEFITEDFROMANEMPIRICALTESTANDCONCURRENTDEVELOPMENTINALONGITUDINALFIELDSTUDYTOBEABLETOSTUDYACHANGEPROCESS,ITISIMPORTANTTOHAVETHEANCHOROFANOUTCOME,ORPUTANOTHERWAYTHECONTENTOFTHECHANGEISIMPORTANT1THISMEANSTHATIFWELOOKATL
3、EANPRODUCTIONASCONSTITUTINGADETERMINANTOFPERFORMANCE,WENEEDTOOPERATIONALIZEITINDETAILINORDERTOSTUDYTHECHANGEPROCESSESPROPERLYWENEEDAWAYTOMEASUREPROGRESSMADEINANEFFORTTOBECOMELEANTHECHOICEOFTHEWORD“PROGRESS”ISIMPORTANT,SINCELEANCANBESEENASANINTENDEDDIRECTION,NOTASASTATEORASANANSWERTOASPECIFICPROBLEM2
4、THERESEARCHINTOPROCESSESINFIRMSHASTHEPOTENTIALOFDEVELOPINGKNOWLEDGEWHICHISOFVALUETOPRACTITIONERS3INTHISVEIN,ANOPERATIONALIZEDMODELOFLEANPRODUCTIONCANBEUSEDBYMANAGERSASATOOLTOFOLLOWPROGRESSINANEFFORTTOINTRODUCELEANPRODUCTIONITCANPROVIDEANSWERSTOQUESTIONSSUCHASARETHEACTIONSTAKENINTHEDIRECTIONOFLEANPRO
5、DUCTIONWHATPROGRESSAREWEMAKINGONDIFFERENTVARIABLESMETHODOLOGYINORDERTODEVELOPANOPERATIONALIZEDMODELOFLEANPRODUCTION,WEHAVETAKENTHEDESCRIPTIONINTHEMACHINETHATCHANGEDTHEWORLDASASTARTINGPOINT4WITHTHATASABASISWEHAVEDEVELOPEDAMODELWHICHSUMMARIZESTHEIMPORTANTPRINCIPLESCONTAINEDWITHINLEANPRODUCTIONTHESEDIF
6、FERENTPRINCIPLESHAVETHENBEENELABORATEDUSINGAVAILABLETHEORYBEHINDALEANPRODUCTIONSYSTEMTHEPURPOSEISTOFINDMEASURABLEDETERMINANTSOFWHATCONSTITUTESSUCHASYSTEMINAMANUFACTURINGCOMPANYTHEMODELDEVELOPEDHASBEENTESTEDANDCONCURRENTLYDEVELOPEDINACLINICALRESEARCHPROJECT5INWHATWILLHENCEFORTHBETERMEDA“TRYOUT”THETES
7、TINGOFTHEMODELHASBEENPERFORMEDINANINTERNATIONALMANUFACTURINGFIRMPRODUCINGMECHANICALANDELECTRONICOFFICEEQUIPMENT,MOSTLYFOREXPORTINLATE1991,THECOMPANYDECIDEDTORESTRUCTURETHEIROPERATIONS,USINGLEANPRODUCTIONASTHEMODELFORTHISENDEAVOURTHEFIRSTYEARWASSPENTONPLANNINGANDPREPARATION,ANDTHEPHYSICALANDORGANIZAT
8、IONALCHANGESSTARTEDIN1993SINCETHEN,THERESEARCHERSHAVESPENTTWOTOTHREEDAYSPERWEEKINTHECOMPANY,OVERAPERIODOFTWOANDAHALFYEARSOURROLEINTHECHANGEPROCESSWASTOINTRODUCEACADEMICKNOWLEDGEANDTHEORIESABOUTPRODUCTIONORGANIZATIONINTOTHECOMPANY,MAINLYINTHEFORMOFSEMINARS,BUTALSOTHROUGHDAILYINTERACTIONLEANPRODUCTION
9、EVERSINCEITSINTRODUCTION,THECONCEPTOFLEANPRODUCTIONHASGAINEDWIDESPREADATTENTION,BOTHINTHELITERATUREANDINPRACTICEITISPROBABLYFAIRTOSAYTHATITHASBECOMEADOMINANTSTRATEGYFORORGANIZINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSASTEPINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECONCEPTWASTAKENWHENTHERESULTSOFTHEINTERNATIONALMOTORVEHICLEPROGRAMWEREPUBLISHED
10、INTHEBOOKTHEMACHINETHATCHANGEDTHEWORLD4ANIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTIONMADEBYTHISBOOKWASTHATITTIEDTOGETHERMANYOFTHESEEMINGLYDISPARATEPRINCIPLESTHATHADCAUGHTTHEATTENTIONOFRESEARCHERSANDPRACTITIONERSALIKELEANPRODUCTIONISNOTCONFINEDTOTHEACTIVITIESTHATTAKEPLACEINTHEMANUFACTURINGFUNCTIONOFACOMPANY,RATHERITRELATES
11、TOACTIVITIESRANGINGFROMPRODUCTDEVELOPMENT,PROCUREMENTANDMANUFACTURINGOVERTODISTRIBUTIONTHEBOOKEVENDISCUSSESSTRATEGIESFORALEANCOMPANYINASSESSINGCHANGESTOWARDSLEANPRODUCTIONWEFEELTHATITISIMPORTANTTOMAKEADISTINCTIONBETWEENTHEDETERMINANTSANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFALEANPRODUCTIONSYSTEMTHEULTIMATEGOALOFIMPLEMENT
12、INGLEANPRODUCTIONINANOPERATIONISTOINCREASEPRODUCTIVITY,ENHANCEQUALITY,SHORTENLEADTIMES,REDUCECOSTETCTHESEAREFACTORSINDICATINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFALEANPRODUCTIONSYSTEMTHEDETERMINANTSOFALEANPRODUCTIONSYSTEMARETHEACTIONSTAKEN,THEPRINCIPLESIMPLEMENTED,ANDTHECHANGESMADETOTHEORGANIZATIONTOACHIEVETHEDESIREDPER
13、FORMANCETHEMODELDEVELOPEDINTHISARTICLEOPERATIONALIZESTHEDETERMINANTSOFALEANPRODUCTIONSYSTEMIMPLICITINTHISISTHENOTIONTHATBYINTRODUCINGLEANPRODUCTION,PERFORMANCECANBEENHANCEDITISALSOIMPORTANTTOREPEATATTHISSTAGETHATWEAREINTERESTEDINASSESSINGTHECHANGESTAKINGPLACEINTHEDETERMINANTS,NOTINTHEIRABSOLUTEVALUE
14、SWHAT,THEN,ARETHEDETERMINANTSOFLEANPRODUCTIONWEFEELTHATITISADVISABLETOSTARTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFOURMODELBYUSINGTHESOURCEOFTHECONCEPT4FROMTHESEFINDINGSWEHAVEBASEDOUROWNSTUDIESONACONCEPTUALIZATIONOFLEANPRODUCTIONASCONSISTINGOFANUMBEROFPRINCIPLESCHARACTERIZINGDIFFERENTFUNCTIONALAREASANDTHEOVERALLSTRATEGYOFT
15、HELEANCOMPANY6THESEFUNCTIONALAREASANDFACTORSARESUMMARIZEDINTHEMODELINFIGURE1OURINTERPRETATIONOFTHEFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESOFLEAN,WHICHGOTHROUGHALLFUNCTIONS,ISFOUNDATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEMODELALTHOUGHTHEMODELSPANSOVERDIFFERENTFUNCTIONALAREAS,WEARECONCERNEDHEREWITHTHECONSEQUENCESOFLEANPRODUCTIONFORTHEWORKORGANI
16、ZATIONTHESECONSEQUENCESAREPREDOMINANTLYFOUNDINWHATISTERMED“LEANMANUFACTURING”INTHEMODEL,ANDTOSOMEEXTENTALSOWITHINPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTTHEFOCUSINTHISARTICLEWILLTHEREFOREBEONTHEMANUFACTURINGFUNCTIONOFACOMPANYASSESSINGCHANGESTOWARDSLEANPRODUCTIONTHUSFAR,WEHAVEESTABLISHEDTHEUNDERPINNINGSOFTHEMODELOFLEANPRO
17、DUCTIONWEWILLNOWPROCEEDBYTAKINGTHEPRINCIPLESOFLEANPRODUCTION,ASDESCRIBEDINTHEMODEL,ANDDEVELOPINGEACHPRINCIPLEBYUSINGAVAILABLETHEORYTHEPURPOSEISTOFINDWHATDETERMINESALEANPRACTICEWITHINEACHPRINCIPLETHEIMPORTANTPOINTHEREISTOFINDTHEDETERMINANTSTHATAREABLETOREFLECTCHANGESINANEFFORTTOBECOMELEANTHESEDETERMI
18、NANTSARETHENOPERATIONALIZEDINTOAMEASURABLEFORMATASPREVIOUSLYMENTIONED,THEMODELHASBEENTRIEDOUTINACLINICALFIELDSTUDY,ASARESULTOFWHICHMANYOFTHETHEORETICALLYDEVELOPEDMEASUREMENTSHAVEHADTOBEREVISEDANOUTLINEOFTHEMODELISSHOWNINTABLEIANDTHERESULTINGMEASUREMENTSAREDISPLAYEDINTABLESIIXTHESTRUCTUREISTHATWEFIRS
19、TMAKETHETHEORETICALELABORATIONOFTHEDETERMINANTS,AFTERWHICHFOLLOWSANEXPLANATIONOFTHEMEASUREMENTSTHATWERESIGNIFICANTLYREVISEDASACONSEQUENCEOFTHECLINICALTRYOUTITSHOULDALSOBEKEPTINMINDTHATWEHADTOFINDABALANCEBETWEENDETAILANDSIMPLICITY,INORDERFORTHEOPERATIONALIZEDMODELTOBEUSABLESEEALSO3ELIMINATIONOFWASTET
20、HEPURPOSEOFTHELEANPRODUCTIONPHILOSOPHYTHATWASDEVELOPEDATTOYOTAMOTORCOMPANYFOLLOWINGTHESECONDWORLDWAR,ISTOLOWERCOSTSTHISISDONETHROUGHTHEELIMINATIONOFWASTEEVERYTHINGTHATDOESNOTADDVALUETOTHEPRODUCT7WASTEISSOMETHINGTHATTHECUSTOMERISNOTWILLINGTOPAYFORANDITSHOULDTHEREFOREBEELIMINATEDSEETABLEIIPERHAPSTHEMO
21、STIMPORTANTSOURCEOFWASTEISINVENTORYKEEPINGPARTSANDPRODUCTSINSTOCKDOESNOTADDVALUETOTHEM,ANDSHOULDBEELIMINATEDINMANUFACTURING,INVENTORYINTHEFORMOFWORKINPROGRESSISESPECIALLYWASTEFUL,ANDSHOULDTHEREFOREBEREDUCEDAPARTFROMBEINGWASTEFULINITSELF,INVENTORYALSOHIDESOTHERPROBLEMS,PREVENTINGTHEIRSOLUTION8THEEFFE
22、CTSOFREDUCINGWORKINPROGRESS,THEREFORE,GOBEYONDTHATOFREDUCINGCAPITALEMPLOYED9HOWEVER,ITISNOTADVISABLETOELIMINATEINVENTORYMINDLESSLYINSTEAD,THEREASONSFORTHEEXISTENCEOFINVENTORYMUSTFIRSTBEREMOVEDONEIMPORTANTWAYOFDOINGTHISISBYMINIMIZINGDOWNTIMEINMACHINES10THISISACCOMPLISHEDTHROUGHPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEAN
23、OTHEREFFICIENTWAYOFKEEPINGINVENTORYDOWNISTHROUGHREDUCINGLOTSIZESAREDUCTIONOFLOTSIZESALSOHASOTHERPOSITIVEEFFECTSSUCHASINCREASINGFLEXIBILITY,SINCEITISPOSSIBLETOSWITCHBETWEENDIFFERENTPARTSMOREOFTENHOWEVER,GIVENTHATLOTSIZESAREREDUCED,TOFOLLOWTHEFAMILIARFORMULAONECONOMICORDERQUANTITIES,SETUPTIMESALSOHAVE
24、TOBEREDUCEDFORCOSTPERUNITTOBECONSTANTAREDUCTIONINSETUPTIMESISTHEREFOREESSENTIALIMPORTANTWORKINTHISAREAWASDONEATTOYOTAFOLLOWINGTHESECONDWORLDWARTHROUGHANINGENIOUSMETHODSMED,DEVELOPEDBYSHINGO11,SETUPTIMESINLARGEPUNCHPRESSESCOULDBEREDUCEDFROMSEVERALHOURSTOUNDERTENMINUTESTHISHADDRAMATICCONSEQUENCESONLOT
25、SIZESTHUS,AREDUCTIONINSETUPTIMESISANIMPORTANTWAYOFELIMINATINGWASTEANOTHERSOURCEOFWASTEISTHETRANSPORTATIONOFPARTSTRANSPORTINGPARTSFROMONELOCATIONINTHEFACTORYTOANOTHERDOESNOTADDANYVALUETOTHEPRODUCTITALSOADDSTOMANUFACTURINGLEADTIMEITISTHEREFOREESSENTIALTOREDUCETRANSPORTATIONINTHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSHER
26、EITISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHBETWEENRATIONALIZATIONOFTRANSPORTATIONANDAREMOVALOFTHENEEDFORTRANSPORT10AUTOMATINGTRANSPORTISFINE,BUTELIMINATINGTHENEEDFORTRANSPORTISFARBETTERFORINSTANCE,IFMACHINESCANBEGROUPEDTOGETHERINACELLBASEDLAYOUT,THEPHYSICALCONNECTIONOFTHEFLOWOFPRODUCTSRENDERSAFASTERTRUCKUSELESSLACK
27、OFQUALITYISAFURTHERSOURCEOFWASTEMANUFACTURINGPARTSANDPRODUCTSTHATAREDEFECTIVEANDTHEREFORENEEDTOBEREWORKEDISWASTEFULPERHAPSEVENWORSEISTHESCRAPPINGOFPARTSTHEYCERTAINLYDONOTADDANYVALUETOTHECUSTOMERTHEREFORE,ELIMINATINGSCRAPANDREWORKISTHELASTDETERMINANTOFTHEELIMINATIONOFWASTEMANUFACTURINGPARTSWHICHAREFA
28、ULTFREEFROMTHEBEGINNINGHASPROFOUNDCONSEQUENCESFORPRODUCTIVITY9MOSTOFTHEDETERMINANTSANDTHEIRMEASUREMENTHEREAREFAIRLYCOMMONANDEASYTOUNDERSTAND,ASWASCONFIRMEDINTHECLINICALTRYOUTHOWEVER,ONEMEASUREMENTWHICHWASREVISEDASACONSEQUENCEOFTHISTRYOUTWASTHETRANSPORTATIONOFPARTSITWASFOUNDTOBEUSEFULTODIVIDETHEMEASU
29、REMENTINTOTWOFIRST,WEMEASUREDTHENUMBEROFTIMESPARTSWERETRANSPORTEDTHISGAVEANINDICATIONOFTHEREDUCTIONINTHEAMOUNTOFADMINISTRATIVEWORKTHATHADTOBECARRIEDOUTASACONSEQUENCEOFHAVINGPHYSICALLYSEPARATEDPROCESSESSECOND,WEFOUNDITUSEFULTOMEASURETHETOTALPHYSICALDISTANCEOFTHETRANSPORTATIONOFPARTSTHEREASONFORTHISWA
30、STWOFOLDFIRSTOFALL,ITWASMOREEASILYACCESSIBLETHANLENGTHINTERMSOFTIMEAND,SECONDITGIVES,TOGETHERWITHREDUCEDLOTSIZES,AFAIRAPPROXIMATIONOFTHETIMESPENTINTRANSPORTINGPARTSTOGETHER,THETWOMEASUREMENTSOFTRANSPORTATIONWEREFOUNDTOREFLECTTHEPHYSICALCOUPLINGOFPRODUCTIONSTAGESTHATISIMPORTANTINLEANPRODUCTIONSOURCEINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFOPERATIONS第二，它与减少批量，在运送的部分所花费的时间公平联系在一起。总之，经过两次测量发现，反映了生产阶段的物理融合，是精益生产的重要部分。来源经营与生产管理国际期刊卷16期1996年2
