1、外文翻译原文ISMARKETORIENTATIONASOURCEOFSUSTAINABLECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEORSIMPLYTHECOSTOFCOMPETINGASBUSINESSESBECOMEINCREASINGLYCOMPETITIVE,MARKETERSMUSTIDENTIFYROUTESFORIMPROVEDMEASUREMENTOFINVESTMENTSINMARKETINGACTIVITIESSCASE2001,P1DYNAMISMINBUSINESSENVIRONMENTSCAUSEDBYECONOMICSLOWDOWNORGROWTH,COMPETITI
2、VEINTENSITY,GLOBALIZATION,MERGERSANDACQUISITIONS,ANDRAPIDFIREPRODUCTANDTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONSCHALLENGESTOPMANAGERSABILITYTOSENSEANDRESPONDTOMARKETCHANGESACCURATELYTHEINABILITYTOSENSEANDRESPONDTOMARKETCHANGESQUICKLYHASLEDTOTHEDEMISEOFMANYFIRMSWITHHOUSEHOLDNAMES,INCLUDINGKMARTANDCIRCUITCITYTHEREFORE
3、,ITISCRITICALTHATMANAGERIDENTIFYANDUNDERSTANDSTRATEGICORIENTATIONSTHATENABLEAFIRMTOSUSTAINPERFORMANCE,ESPECIALLYINTHEPRESENCEOFRAPIDCHANGESINMARKETCONDITIONSTHEMARKETINGCONCEPTTHATHASEXISTEDFORMANYYEARSWASONEOFTHEFIRSTSTRATEGICFRAMEWORKSTHATPROVIDEDFIRMSWITHASUSTAINABLECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESCAACADEMI
4、CSFIRSTBEGANRECOGNIZINGANDOPERATIONALIZINGTHEMARKETINGCONCEPTAS“MARKETORIENTATION”INTHE1990SKOHLIANDJAWORSKI1990DURINGTHEPAST20YEARS,HUNDREDSOFARTICLESHAVEBEENPUBLISHEDONMARKETORIENTATIONSEFFECTONBUSINESSPERFORMANCEKIRCA,JAYACHANDRAN,ANDBEARDEN2005HOWEVER,FEWSTUDIESHAVEINVESTIGATEDTHELONGERTERMBENEF
5、ITSOFMARKETORIENTATIONFOREXCEPTIONS,SEEGEBHARDT,CARPENTER,ANDSHERRY2006NOBLE,SINHA,ANDKUMAR2002,ANDALMOSTNOTHINGHASBEENPUBLISHEDONTHISRELATIONSHIPUSINGLONGITUDINALDATATHISISANIMPORTANTGAPBECAUSEOBTAININGBUSINESSSUSTAINABILITYREMAINSAKEYCONCERNFORSENIORMANAGERSTHUS,AREPLICATIONANDEXTENSIONOFPRIORWORK
6、ISNEEDED,USINGALONGERHORIZONTOVALIDATETHEFULLEXTENTOFMARKETORIENTATIONSTIMEVARYINGEFFECTONBUSINESSPERFORMANCETHEREFORE,INTHISSTUDY,WEUSEEXISTINGMEASURESFROMTHELITERATURETOASSESSTHEPERFORMANCEOFMARKETORIENTATIONONLONGTERMBUSINESSPERFORMANCEOURTWOSPECIFICQUESTIONSAREASFOLLOWS1DOESMARKETORIENTATIONCREA
7、TEASOURCEOFSCA,ORISITAREQUIREMENTTHATCOMPANIESFACEWHENCOMPETINGINTODAYSBUSINESSENVIRONMENTAND2HOWMUCHISGAINED,ANDHOWLONGCANFIRMSEXPECTTHEADVANTAGESFROMDEVELOPINGAMARKETORIENTATIONTOHOLDTHELITERATURESUGGESTSTHATMARKETORIENTATIONSPRIMARYOBJECTIVEISTODELIVERSUPERIORCUSTOMERVALUE,WHICHISBASEDONKNOWLEDGE
8、DERIVEDFROMCUSTOMERANDCOMPETITORANALYSESANDTHEPROCESSBYWHICHTHISKNOWLEDGEISGAINEDANDDISSEMINATEDTHROUGHOUTTHEORGANIZATIONEG,FELTON1959NARVERANDSLATER1990ASUPERIORUNDERSTANDINGOFCUSTOMERNEEDS,COMPETITIVEACTIONSIE,INDUSTRYSTRUCTUREANDPOSITIONALADVANTAGES,ANDMARKETTRENDSENABLESAMARKETORIENTEDFIRMTOIDEN
9、TIFYANDDEVELOPCAPABILITIESTHATARENECESSARYFORLONGTERMPERFORMANCEDAY1994INVESTMENTSINCAPABILITIES,SUCHASACTIVEINFORMATIONACQUISITIONTHROUGHMULTIPLECHANNELSEG,SALESFORCE,CHANNELPARTNERS,SUPPLIERS,INCORPORATIONOFTHECUSTOMERSVOICEINTOEVERYASPECTOFTHEFIRMSACTIVITIES,ANDRAPIDSHARINGANDDISSEMINATIONOFKNOWL
10、EDGEOFTHEFIRMSCUSTOMERSANDCOMPETITION,TAKETIMETOPROVIDERETURNSFOREXAMPLE,INVESTMENTSINIMPROVINGCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONAFFECTFIRMPERFORMANCETHROUGHIMPROVEDCUSTOMERRETENTIONANDPROFITABILITYHOWEVER,THESEBENEFITSFROMIMPROVINGCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONAREMORELIKELYTOBEOBSERVEDINTHELONGRUNTHANINTHESHORTRUNMARKETOR
11、IENTATIONANDLONGTERMPERFORMANCEMARKETORIENTATIONISACAPABILITYANDTHEPRINCIPALCULTURALFOUNDATIONOFLEARNINGORGANIZATIONSDESHPANDANDFARLEY1998SLATERANDNARVER1995THROUGHCONSTANTACQUISITIONOFINFORMATIONREGARDINGCUSTOMERSANDCOMPETITIONANDTHESHARINGOFTHISINFORMATIONWITHINANORGANIZATION,MARKETORIENTEDFIRMSAR
12、EWELLPOSITIONEDTODEVELOPANORGANIZATIONALMEMORY,AKEYINGREDIENTFORDEVELOPINGALEARNINGORGANIZATIONFURTHERMORE,AMARKETORIENTATIONENCOURAGESACULTUREOFEXPERIMENTATIONANDAFOCUSONCONTINUOUSLYIMPROVINGTHEFIRMSPROCESSANDSYSTEMSTHISIMPLIESTHATDEVELOPINGANDIMPROVINGONAFIRMSMARKETORIENTATIONMAYMAKEAFIRMSCAPABILI
13、TIESBECOMEMOREDISTINCTIVERELATIVETOTHECOMPETITIONOVERTHELONGRUN,RESULTINGINSCATHEREAREALSOREASONSTOBELIEVETHATMARKETORIENTATIONMAYNOTPROVIDEANSCAFIRST,AMARKETORIENTATIONMAYLEADAFIRMTONARROWLYFOCUSITSEFFORTSONCURRENTCUSTOMERSANDTHEIRSTATEDNEEDSIE,ADAPTIVELEARNINGVERSUSGENERATIVELEARNINGHAMELANDPRAHLA
14、D1994SLATERANDNARVER1995SUCHANARROWFOCUSCOULDLEADTOMARKETORIENTEDFIRMSNOTANTICIPATINGTHREATSFROMNONTRADITIONALSOURCES,THUSRESTRICTINGAMARKETORIENTATIONSCAPABILITYTOPROVIDEANSCASECOND,ANDMOSTIMPORTANT,AMARKETORIENTATIONCANPROVIDELONGTERMPERFORMANCEBENEFITSIFITISNOTIMITABLEBYTHECOMPETITIONCAPABILITIES
15、ANDPROCESSESARENOTIMITABLEIFTHEYPROVIDEFIRMSWITHTACITKNOWLEDGETHATENABLESTHEMTOUNDERSTANDCUSTOMERSLATENTNEEDSDAY1994HOWEVER,SUCHATACITKNOWLEDGEBASEISDEVELOPEDONLYIFFIRMSADOPTABROADERANDMOREPROACTIVEAPPROACHTOMARKETORIENTATIONSLATERANDNARVER1998FINALLY,ITISWIDELYACCEPTEDTHATAFIRMSONLYSUSTAINABLEADVAN
16、TAGEISITSABILITYTOLEARNANDANTICIPATEMARKETTRENDSFASTERTHANTHECOMPETITIONDEGEUS1988AGAIN,THEMAJORITYOFTHEPUBLISHEDEMPIRICALSUPPORTFORTHEBENEFITSOFMARKETORIENTATIONISBASEDONCROSSSECTIONALDATABASESTHEREFORE,OURKNOWLEDGEISLIMITEDTOMARKETORIENTATIONSINFLUENCESONSTATICMEASURESOFPERFORMANCECROSSSECTIONALDA
17、TABASESCANNOTCONTROLFORPOTENTIALLYUNOBSERVABLE,FIRMSPECIFICEFFECTSANDCANNOTUNCOVERTHETIMEVARYINGEFFECTSOFMARKETORIENTATIONFOREXAMPLE,GAUZENTE2001SUGGESTSTHATTHEREARETHREEASPECTSOFTIMETHATAFFECTMARKETORIENTATIONANDITSIMPACTONPERFORMANCE1LAGGED,2THRESHOLD,AND3CUMULATIVEEFFECTSTHEREFORE,EMPIRICALSTUDIE
18、SEXAMININGMARKETORIENTATIONSINFLUENCEONBUSINESSPERFORMANCEOVERTIMEWOULDPROVIDEAMORECOMPLETEVIEWOFTHEBENEFITSASSOCIATEDWITHDEVELOPINGANDIMPROVINGAMARKETORIENTATIONTHEFEWLONGITUDINALSTUDIESTHATEXISTSHOWNOLONGTERMRELATIONSHIPBETWEENMARKETORIENTATIONANDRETURNONINVESTMENT,WHICHINDICATESTHATAMARKETORIENTA
19、TIONMAYBETOOCOSTLYANDTHATTHERETURNSARENOTLARGEENOUGHTOJUSTIFYTHECOSTOFIMPLEMENTATIONNARVER,JACOBSON,ANDSLATER1999INSUMMARY,THEABILITYOFMARKETORIENTATIONTOPROVIDEANSCAISSTILLUNRESOLVED,BECAUSETHEEVOLUTIONARYNATUREOFAMARKETORIENTATIONPERFORMANCERELATIONSHIPHASNOTBEENSATISFACTORILYADDRESSEDINTHISSTUDY,
20、WETREATAMARKETORIENTATIONPERFORMANCERELATIONSHIPMOREREALISTICALLYANDMOREFULLYASANUNFOLDINGPROCESSRATHERTHANADISCRETEEVENTOURLONGITUDINALSTUDYDESIGNENABLESUSTOPROVIDEFURTHERINSIGHTSINTOTHEDYNAMICNATUREOFMARKETORIENTATIONSEFFECTONBUSINESSPERFORMANCEEFFECTOFCOMPETITIONPRIORTHEORETICALANDEMPIRICALRESEAR
21、CHHASINVESTIGATEDTHEEFFECTOFMARKETORIENTATIONOFAFIRMINDEPENDENTOFTHEORIENTATIONOFTHECOMPETITORSINTHEINDUSTRYTHUS,AFUNDAMENTALQUESTIONREGARDINGMARKETORIENTATIONSTILLREMAINSUNANSWEREDDOESAMARKETORIENTATIONSTILLPROVIDEACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEIFTHEFIRMSCOMPETITORSAREALSOMARKETORIENTEDINOTHERWORDS,ASMOREFIR
22、MSINANINDUSTRYBECOMEMARKETORIENTED,DOESAFIRMSMARKETORIENTATIONTRANSFORMFROMBEINGASUCCESSPROVIDERTOBEINGAFAILUREPREVENTERTHATIS,DOMODERATEORHIGHLEVELSOFEFFORTTOMAINTAINAMARKETORIENTATIONONLYPREVENTFAILUREANDNOTNECESSARILYIMPROVEPERFORMANCEVARADARAJAN1985RELATEDTOTHIS,FIRMSINVESTINGINDEVELOPINGAMARKET
23、ORIENTATIONWANTTOKNOWTHEADVANTAGESOBTAINEDFROMBEINGTHEFIRSTTOADOPTAMARKETORIENTATIONINANINDUSTRYEARLYADOPTERSOFMARKETORIENTATIONCANOBTAININSIGHTSINTOCUSTOMERNEEDSBEFORETHECOMPETITIONRESPONDINGTOTHESECUSTOMERINSIGHTSTHROUGHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPRODUCTORSERVICEINNOVATIONSCANPROVIDEFIRMSWITHIMPROVEDBUSINESS
24、PERFORMANCEHOWEVER,RARELYISAPRODUCTORSERVICESAFEFROMIMITATIONBYCOMPETITIONFURTHERMORE,COMPETITORSCANDEVELOPTHEIROWNSYSTEMANDCULTUREOFBEINGMARKETORIENTEDANDCANPOTENTIALLYCHANGETHEMARKETSTRUCTUREASWELLFOREXAMPLE,PHARMACEUTICALCOMPANIESDERIVECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESWHILETHEIRPRODUCTSAREUNDEREXCLUSIVEPATEN
25、TS,WHICHPROVIDESTHEMLEADTIMEINDEVELOPINGSCAWHILETHEYRECOUPRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTCOSTSHOWEVER,COMPETITORSOFTENDEVELOPANDPATENT“SIMILAR”FORMULARIES,WHICHCOULDLEADTOINDUSTRYEQUILIBRIUMANEXAMPLEINTHETECHNOLOGYINDUSTRYISTHECOMPETITIONBETWEENIBMANDHEWLETTPACKARDALTHOUGHIBMPIONEEREDTHECONCEPTOFASINGLEFIRMP
26、ROVIDINGHARDWARE,SOFTWARE,ANDSERVICES,WHICHPROVIDEDLEADTIMEINDEVELOPINGANSCA,HEWLETTPACKARDMATCHEDTHISCONCEPTEVENTUALLYANDSURPASSEDIBMINBECOMINGTHELARGESTINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYFIRMINTHEWORLDUSINGAUNIQUEPANELDATASETOBTAINEDFROM1REPEATEDSURVEYSOFTOPMANAGERSREGARDINGTHEIRMARKETORIENTATIONAND2OBJECTIVEME
27、ASURESOFBUSINESSPERFORMANCE,WEPROVIDEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEFORFIRSTADOPTERADVANTAGESWITHREGARDTODEVELOPINGAMARKETORIENTATIONOURSTUDYOFFERSNEWINSIGHTSATACRITICALTIMEINBUSINESSHISTORYBYMOREFULLYEXPLICATINGMARKETORIENTATIONSINFLUENCEONBUSINESSPERFORMANCEWEEXAMINETHEBUSINESSPERFORMANCEMARKETORIENTATIONRELATI
28、ONSHIPANDINVESTIGATEWHETHERITHASCHANGEDOVERTHE19972005PERIODTHISGIVESUSAVIEWOFTHESHORTTERMANDLONGTERMEFFECTSOFHAVINGAMARKETORIENTATIONITALSOENABLESUSTODETERMINEWHETHERTHESEEFFECTSHAVECHANGEDOVERTHENINEYEARSUNDERSTUDYINTHISSTUDY,WEREFERTOTHEEFFECTOFMARKETORIENTATIONINAPARTICULARYEARONBUSINESSPERFORMA
29、NCEINTHATYEARIE,THECURRENTORCONTEMPORANEOUSEFFECTASTHESHORTTERMEFFECTOFMARKETORIENTATIONTHELONGTERMEFFECTREFERSTOTHECUMULATEDEFFECTOFMARKETORIENTATIONFROMTHEPRIORYEARSONBUSINESSPERFORMANCEINAPARTICULARYEARANDINCLUDESTHECURRENTPERIODSEFFECTOFMARKETORIENTATIONTOBECONSISTENTWITHPRIORSTUDIESANDAVOIDMODE
30、LMISSPECIFICATION,WEALSOINCLUDEENVIRONMENTALVARIABLESTURBULENCEANDCOMPETITIVEINTENSITYASMODERATORSOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMARKETORIENTATIONANDBUSINESSPERFORMANCE,ANDWEEXAMINETHESEEFFECTSOVERALONGERPERIODTHANPRIORSTUDIESINCLUDINGTHEENVIRONMENTALMODERATORSENABLESUSTOEVALUATEWHETHERMARKETORIENTATIONISA
31、SOURCEOFSCAWHENRAPIDCHANGESOCCURINMARKETCONDITIONSASFIGURE1ILLUSTRATES,USEOFTHESEPANELDATAPERTAININGTOMARKETORIENTATION,ENVIRONMENTALMODERATORS,ANDBUSINESSPERFORMANCEENABLESUSTOASSESSTHEEVOLVINGNATUREOFMARKETORIENTATIONONBUSINESSPERFORMANCEFIGURE1DEPICTSTHERELATIONSHIPSTHATWETESTINTHISSTUDYOURANALYS
32、ESINDICATETHATMARKETORIENTATIONHADAPOSITIVEEFFECTONBUSINESSPERFORMANCEINBOTHTHESHORTANDTHELONGRUNHOWEVER,THESUSTAINEDADVANTAGEINBUSINESSPERFORMANCEFROMHAVINGAMARKETORIENTATIONWASGREATERFORTHEFIRSTEARLYADOPTERSINANINDUSTRYTHEFIRMSTHATWEREEARLYTODEVELOPAMARKETORIENTATIONGAINEDMOREINSALESANDPROFITTHANF
33、IRMSTHATWERELATETODEVELOPAMARKETORIENTATIONFURTHERMORE,FIRMSTHATADOPTEDAMARKETORIENTATIONEARLYALSOREALIZEDTHEBENEFITOFABONUSINTHEFORMOFALIFTINSALESANDPROFITDUETOACARRYOVEREFFECTTHATLASTEDUPTOTHREEPERIODSBYCOMPUTINGMEASURESOFELASTICITY,ITISPOSSIBLETOASSESSWHETHERMARKETORIENTATIONHASAMOREPRONOUNCEDEFF
34、ECTONAFIRMSPROFITTHANSALESBECAUSEMARKETORIENTATIONFOCUSESAFIRMSEFFORTSONCUSTOMERRETENTIONRATHERTHANONACQUISITION,MARKETORIENTATIONSHOULDGIVEAGREATERLIFTTOPROFITTHANTOSALESENVIRONMENTALTURBULENCEANDCOMPETITIVEINTENSITYMODERATEDTHEMAINEFFECTOFMARKETORIENTATIONONBUSINESSPERFORMANCE,BUTTHEMODERATINGEFFE
35、CTWASGREATERINTHE1990STHANINTHE2000SSOURCEISMARKETORIENTATIONASOURCEOFSUSTAINABLECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEORSIMPLYTHECOSTOFCOMPETINGBYKUMAR,VJONES,ELIVENKATESAN,RAJKUMARLEONE,ROBERTPJOURNALOFMARKETING,JAN2011,VOL75ISSUE1,P1630,15P译文是市场导向来源的可持续竞争优势还是简单的竞争成本随着企业竞争日趋激烈,营销人员必须确定改进的测量路线市场营销活动的投资。商业环境的活力在于经济的增
36、长或减慢,由于竞争的强度,全球化的合并和收购,火速创新的产品和技术,造成高层管理人员的能力意识,能够准确地应对市场变化。由于无法感知和响应迅速,导致了许多为人所知的企业名字,包括KMART和电路城的消亡市场的变化。因此,至关重要的是经理识别和理解,使企业持续发展,特别是在迅速变化的市场条件下存在的表现及战略方向。市场营销的概念,多年来一直是存在的第一,提供了一个可持续的竞争优势(SCA)的企业的战略框架。学术界第一次开始认识和实施,作为1990年代的“市场取向”的营销理念。在过去20年来,以市场导向对企业经营绩效起生效的数百篇文章已发表。然而,很少有研究探讨了以市场为导向的长期福利,美国政府几
37、乎没有就此发表使用纵向数据之间的关系。这是一个重要的差距,因为获得业务的持续发展仍然是高级管理人员主要关注。因此,复制及延伸过往工作是必要的,运用长远目光来看,来验证市场导向的不同时间对企业经营绩效影响的严重程度。因此,在本研究中,我们利用现有的文学措施,以评估市场导向对长期经营绩效的影响。我们的两个具体问题如下(1)是否建立市场导向的SCA源,还是一个要求,即当公司面对当今商业环境中的竞争(2)获得了多少钱,以及如何能长久预期企业从发展市场导向的优势文献表明,通过这种知识的积累,整个组织从客户和竞争对手的分析,市场导向的主要目的是提供卓越的客户价值。客户的需求,(即,行业结构和位置优势)竞争
38、行为,上级的了解和确定以市场为导向的企业开发能力及市场趋势,是长期工作所必需的(DAY1994)。投资如通过积极采集多种渠道的信息(如,销售队伍,渠道合作伙伴,供应商),顾客的声音纳入每一个公司的活动方面,快速共享和该公司的客户和竞争的知识传播能力,需要时间来提供回报。例如,企业的投资通过提高客户满意度影响来提高客户忠诚度和盈利能力。然而,从长期提高客户满意度来看比短期得到的好处更多。市场导向与长期表现市场定位是一种能力和学习型组织的主要文化基础。一个学习型组织发展的关键因素,是通过不断的采集有关客户和竞争的信息,市场导向型的企业完全有能力建立一个组织记忆来实现本组织内的信息共享。此外,企业的
39、流程和系统的重点是鼓励市场导向的文化不断提高。这意味着,发展中国家和对企业的市场定位可能使一个企业的能力变得更加鲜明,从长远来看(相对于竞争),导致SCA改善。还有理由相信,市场导向,可以不提供一个SCA。首先,市场定位可能会导致一个公司目前的重点放在狭隘的客户和他们说需要努力(即与生成学习适应性学习哈梅尔和普拉拉德1994SLATER和NARVER1995年)。这么狭窄的关注,可能导致市场导向型的企业没有预料的非传统来源的威胁,从而限制了市场导向的能力提供一个SCA。第二,也是最重要的,市场为导向,如果它不是由竞争可模仿,可以提供长期的性能优势。如果他们能提供与企业隐性知识,功能和过程不可模
40、仿,使他们了解客户的潜在需求(日1994)。然而,如果企业采取更广泛和更积极的态度,市场定位这样的隐性知识基础就可以开发了(SLATER和NARVER1998年)。最后,它被广泛接受的观点是公司的唯一持久的优势是它的学习能力和预测市场趋势比竞争对手更快(德德赫斯1988)。同样,在出版了市场导向的效益实证支持大多数是基于截面数据库。因此,我们的知识是受到有限的市场导向的影响,对性能没有及时的措施。横断面数据库无法控制潜在的东西,企业所产生的影响,不能揭示市场导向在不同时间所产生不同的影响。例如,GAUZENTE(2001)认为有三个方面影响市场的时间,方向及其对性能的影响(1)滞后,(2)阈值
41、,(3)累积影响。因此,研究市场导向随着时间的推移,对企业绩效影响的实证研究将提供与发展和完善市场导向的好处带来更全面的看法。为数不多的存在纵向研究表明无长期合作关系在市场导向和投资,意味着它是一个市场导向可能过于昂贵的回报,而回报率并不大到足以执行(NARVER,JACOBSON和斯莱特1999年)的费用。总之,市场适应能力提供一个SCA仍未解决,因为一个市场导向绩效的关系的演变性质并没有得到令人满意的解决。在这项研究中,我们把市场导向,绩效的关系确定的更真实,更作为一个展开的过程,而不是一个独立的充分事件。我们的纵向研究设计使我们能够进入市场导向对企业绩效影响的动态性质有进一步的见解。竞争
42、的影响在此之前研究调查了市场的一间公司的理论和实证,在业界的竞争方向是定位效应。因此,一个根本的问题涉及到市场定位仍然没有答案是否仍提供一个市场导向的竞争优势,如果该公司的竞争对手也以市场为导向换句话说,在一个行业越来越多的企业以市场为导向,转变公司的市场导向,正在从成功变成失败的供应商也就是说,努力保持市场取向只能防止失败,并不一定提高性能(瓦拉达拉金1985)要知道从获得的好处来看首先通过在一个行业的市场定位,企业在投资发展与此相关的中度或高度水平的市场导向。市场导向的早期采用者能够获得的见解在客户的需求。通过发展响应的产品或服务的创新,这些企业了解客户可以提供更好的经营业绩。然而,很少模
43、仿是产品或服务的竞争。此外,竞争对手可以开发自己的系统,以市场为导向,有可能改变市场结构以及文化。例如,制药公司获得竞争优势,同时其产品按独家专利,这为他们提供领导开发SCA时间,而他们可以收回研究和开发的成本。然而,竞争对手常常发展和专利“类似的”处方,这可能导致行业的平衡。科技产业中的一个例子是IBM和惠普的竞争。尽管IBM开创了一个提供硬件,软件和服务公司,提供了一个SCA开发所需的时间概念,惠普符合这个概念,并最终超越IBM公司成为世界上最大的信息技术公司。使用独特的面板数据集获得(一)高层管理人员就其市场定位进行反复调查(二)业务绩效目标的措施,我们采用的市场导向优势为发展提供经验证
44、据。在关键时刻为我们研究的市场导向对企业绩效影响提供了一个在商业历史更充分的新见解。我们研究市场导向的经营业绩的关系,探讨是否在19972005年期间改变。这给了我们一个有市场导向的短期和长期影响的看法。它也使我们能够确定这些影响是否拥有所研究的九年改变。在这项研究中,作为市场导向的短期效应,我们指的是市场导向作用在某一年的业务里的表现。长期效应是指以市场为导向,从商业累计在某一年业绩的影响,包括以前年度当期的市场导向作用。为了与以前的研究相一致,避免模型假设错误的,我们研究了一个较长的时间还包括为市场导向与企业绩效间关系的环境变量(动荡和竞争强度)的影响。包括环境,使我们在评估市场定位是SC
45、A的来源,当一个快速变化的市场条件下发生。如图1所示,这些与面板数据有关的市场定位,环境和经营业绩的使用使我们对企业经营绩效评估以市场为导向不断变化的性质。图1描述了关系,我们在本研究的测试。我们的分析表明,市场导向已经在短期和长期对业务绩效有正面影响。然而,表现在商业的优势是市场导向的持续。在一个更大的行业采用,这些公司认为是早期发展市场导向的企业获得了比那些晚的更多的销售和利润。此外,由于后续效应公司还实现在市场导向的早期销售和利润,历时达三个阶段的利益。通过以市场为导向计算弹性措施,以评估是否有对一个公司的销售利润比较明显的效果。由于市场定位侧重于留住客户,而不是收购一家公司的努力,市场定位应给予比销售利润更大的努力。调节心理环境的动荡和竞争强度缓和的市场定位的主要作用,作用是在20世纪90年代大于2000年代。出处是市场导向的可持续竞争优势的来源或简单的竞争成本上传者库马尔,五琼斯,礼卡特桑,RAJKUMAR,塞拉利昂,罗伯特体育营销,JAN2011,硕士论文。75第1期,P16