1、本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译原文STRATEGIESARISINGFROMACASEOFRURALENTERPRISEDEVELOPMENTTHEAUTHORSANDREWATHERTON,UNIVERSITYOFLINCOLN,LINCOLN,UKPAULDHANNON,NATIONALCOUNCILFORGRADUATEENTREPRENEURSHIP,BIRMINGHAM,UKABSTRACTPURPOSETOGENERATEANDTESTACOHERENTFRAMEWORKOFINCUBATIONSTRATEGIESANDINTERVENTIONSTHATCANBEDEPLOYEDTO
2、ENCOURAGEENTERPRISEDEVELOPMENTTHROUGHNEWVENTURECREATIONINLOCALECONOMIESDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACHPOSTALQUESTIONNAIRETONEWVENTURES,COMBINEDWITHONGOINGENGAGEMENTOFANDCONSULTATIONWITHINCUBATIONPRACTITIONERSANDLOCALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPROFESSIONALSFINDINGSSEVENGENERICINCUBATIONSTRATEGIESWEREIDENTIFIEDAN
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4、EDTOTESTTHESTRATEGIESINOTHERCONTEXTS,TODETERMINETHEIRWIDERRELEVANCEPRACTICALIMPLICATIONSTHESEVENINCUBATIONSTRATEGIESCANBEUSEDTODEVELOPTAILOREDAPPROACHESTOINCUBATION,WITHINACOMPREHENSIVEFRAMEWORKOFINCUBATION“OPTIONS”THEAUTHORSSUGGESTTHATACOMBINATIONOFAPPROACHESISDEVELOPEDASTHEBASISFOREFFECTIVELOCALIN
5、CUBATIONPRACTICEORIGINALITY/VALUETHEPAPERPROVIDESAFRAMEWORKFORDEVELOPINGINCUBATIONSTRATEGIESTHATOFFERSCOHERENCEANDTHEOPPORTUNITYFOR“BOTTOMUP”YETINTEGRATEDAPPROACHESTHECHALLENGESOFINCUBATIONINRURALSUBREGIONALLOCATIONSDEVELOPINGSUCCESSFULRURALINCUBATIONPRESENTSARANGEOFCHALLENGESWHENSEEKINGTOAPPLYTHECO
6、NCEPTTOTACKLETHESOCIOECONOMICPROBLEMSANDOPPORTUNITIESOFRURALCOMMUNITIESLALKAKA1997IDENTIFIEDANEEDTO“TAILORINGINCUBATIONPROGRAMMESFORSPECIFICNEEDSANDOPPORTUNITIESTOCATERFOREARLYSTAGEENTREPRENEURSINRURALSETTINGS”,BUTQUESTIONEDWHETHERTHE“CONVENTIONALBUSINESSINCUBATIONCONCEPTCANBEADAPTEDANDSUCCESSFULLYA
7、PPLIEDWITHINTHECONTEXTOFADISADVANTAGEDRURALCOMMUNITY”EDELMAN1997EXPRESSEDDOUBTSOVERTHEEXTENTTOWHICH“RURALCOMMUNITIESCANBEBUSINESSINCUBATORS”ANNBIASURVEYINTHEUSANOTEDTHAT32PERCENTOFINCUBATORSWERELOCATEDINRURALSETTINGS,WITH51PERCENTSERVING“AFFILIATE”CLIENTS,IETHOSEFIRMSLOCATEDINTHEREGIONORCOMMUNITYAND
8、ENGAGEDTHROUGHOUTREACHEFFORTSAMORERECENTNBIAREPORT2001SUGGESTEDTHATTHEREWEREARANGEOFOBSTACLESTOSUCCESSFULRURALINCUBATION,INCLUDINGALACKOFAVAILABLEANDAPPROPRIATEPREMISES,ORREALESTATEANDALACKOFFUNDINGTOSUSTAININCUBATIONPROGRAMMESA1998NBIASURVEYCONCLUDEDTHATTHEREWEREFUNDAMENTALCHALLENGESASSOCIATEDWITHR
9、URALINCUBATORS,INCLUDING“SIGNIFICANTLYFEWERCLIENTSANDGRADUATES”“MANAGERSRECEIVELOWERAVERAGESALARIES”ANDA“LACKOFMEMBERSHIPOFNATIONALASSOCIATIONS”THESTUDYCONTRASTEDHIGHPERFORMINGANDLOWPERFORMINGRURALINCUBATORS,ANDFOUNDTHATRURALINCUBATORSTHATUNDERPERFORMEDDIDSOBECAUSEOFALACKOFLOCALCRITICALMASSINTERMSOF
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12、ETHEIRIDEAS,LABOURANDENERGYTOOTHERAREAS,LEAVINGTHEIRNATIVEREGIONSDEVOIDOFBOTHTHETALENTEDWORKERSANDBUSINESSLEADERSNEEDEDTOLAUNCHNEWVENTURES”SEYMOUR,2001APPALACHIANREGIONALCOMMISSION,2000LYONSNDSUGGESTEDTHATTHE“KEYTOSUCCESS”FORRURALINCUBATORSLIESINTHE“BUILDINGOFSOCIALCAPITALFORENTERPRISEDEVELOPMENTINR
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15、S”LYONS,NDSYNTHESISOFRESEARCHONINCUBATIONGOODPRACTICEIDENTIFIESEIGHTKEYPRINCIPLESFORDEPLOYINGINCUBATIONASANECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYANDINTERVENTION1INCUBATORSTHATDECIDETOFOCUSONINCUBATIONNEEDTOBEDESIGNEDANDSTRUCTUREDINWAYSTHATSPECIFICALLYFACILITATETHATPROVIDINGPREMISESANDSTANDARDSERVICESMAYNOTBEEN
16、OUGH2INCUBATIONPROJECTSPASSTHROUGHDIFFERENTPHASESANDTHEPRESSURESONBOARDS,MANAGEMENTANDTENANTFIRMSNEEDTOBERECOGNISED3TENANTFIRMSAREUNIQUETOTHEIROWNERSANDTHEYREQUIREINPUTSTOMEETSPECIFICNEEDSATPARTICULARTIMESINTHEIRDEVELOPMENT4THEINCUBATIONSERVICEPORTFOLIONEEDSTOCHANGEANDGROWWITHTHEREQUIREMENTSFORBUILD
17、INGSUCCESSFULGROWINGBUSINESSES5SELECTIONPOLICIESNEEDTOCONSIDERHOWINDIVIDUALBUSINESSESFITWITHTHENOTIONOFANINCUBATIONPROJECT6SUCCESSFULINCUBATORSAPPEARTOACTASACATALYSTORANODEINANETWORKANDAREEMBEDDEDINTHEIRENVIRONMENT7INCUBATORDEVELOPMENTISALONGTERMPROJECTFIVETOTENYEARSMAYBENECESSARYTOACHIEVEAREGIONALI
18、MPACTINCUBATORPRACTICESHOULDACTASAROLEMODELOFBESTPRACTICEFORTENANTFIRMS译文源于农村企业发展的战略目标测试及生成一个连贯的培育策略计划和措施框架,用它来鼓励企业通过新的风险创造发展当地经济。方法有关新投资项目的邮政调查问卷与培育计划的实践者和当地经济发展的专业人员正在进行的义务相结合。调查结果确定并制定了七项普通的培育策略。其中四项侧重于驱动前提的方法来培育,而另外三项更基于过程的方法。所有的这七项策略意味着确定方案为培育中心和培育服务的发展提供了机遇。研究影响这个研究集中在英格兰一个乡郡。需要在别的环境检验这些策略,以确定
19、它们更广泛的关联性。实际影响在培育“选项”的综合结构内,这七个培育策略能被用来发展培育方法。作者建议综合方法发展成为当地非常起作用的培育实践的基础。创意这篇论文提供了一个框架,用于发展为自下而上且综合的方法提供连贯性和机会培育策略。农村次区域地区的培育计划的挑战当试图用培育这一概念来解决社会经济的问题和机遇,发展成功的农村培育提出了一系列挑战。LALKAKA1997发现了一个需要“量身ING孵化计划具体需求和机会迎合初期创业者在农村设置”,但质疑“保守的企业培育概念能否并适合在其职权范围内在农村社区弱势群体中得到了成功的应用”。埃德尔曼1997表示对“农村社区成为企业培育中心”持怀疑态度。美国
20、一项NBIA调查表明32的育成中心坐落于农村,51为隶属机构的客户服务。例如,位于这个区域或社区的这些公司致力于拓展。一项较新的NBIA报告(2001)表明一系列的障碍对于成功的农业培育起阻碍作用,包括缺乏适当的可利用的经营场址或房产和维持培育计划的提供资金。NBIA一项1998年的调查推断存在着与农村培育者有关的根本性挑战,包括“客户和毕业生更少”、“经理平均收入更低”、“国家组织成员不足”。这个研究高效和低效的农村培育中心作比较,并且发现正在运行的农村培育中心就是这么做的,因为它在公司和人口方面缺乏临界物质。这个报告总结得出低效的农村培育中心“用微薄的资金运作,客户不合作,设施不足,社区支
21、持和对他们作用的理解不够”。里昂斯和其他的评论员一样,观察到农村企业发展面临“主要挑战”是因为“规模经济”、“临界物质”、商业服务的提供和资金的不足,以及第一产业起主导作用。处于衰退中的部门关闭分厂和改变结构,例如矿业和工业,增加了“经济的巨变和不稳定性,且被人才外流混淆,如更年轻的人把他们的想法、劳动力和精力放到了别的地方,任由他们的国家缺少有天赋的工人和开展新企业的生意领袖”。西摩,2001年阿巴拉契亚地区委员会,2000年。里昂ND指出农村培育中心的成功秘诀在于农村社区企业发展社会资本的建立,它被定义为“社会网络中个人以及个人间关系的系统”,也被称为“企业社会基础设施”(弗洛拉等,199
22、7)。然而,研究发现很可能在农村环境这样做时遇到障碍(弗洛拉等,1997)。里昂的研究总结说“新旧经济发展战略的主要不同是它不是基于新结构的建立,例如企业培育中心或者循环贷款基金”。恰恰相反,新范式集中于在经济发展社区实施新工艺或系统动力,使它持续不断地做出反应并提高”(里昂ND)。综合养成良好做法的研究鉴定了八项原则,部署培育计划作为一个经济发展战略和干预1、培育中心决定要将焦点放在培育上,需要设计和组织的具体方法,便于(提供设备和标准的服务可能没有足够的。2、培育项目通过不同的阶段,需要辨认董事会、管理人员和承租人公司的压力。3、承租人公司对他们的拥有者来说很独特,它们需要投入来满足特殊时期特定的发展需求。4、培育服务组合需要改变和发长,需要打造正在成长的成功企业。5、政策选择需要考虑个体工商户如何符合培育项目的概念。6、成功的培育中心似乎作为催化剂或一个网络节点,被嵌入在环境中。7、培育中心开发是一个长期的项目。5到10年内可能需要实现区域的影响。培育中心实行应该作为“最佳实践的承租公司的榜样。