1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文LONGTERMINCENTIVESCHEMES,EXECUTIVEREMUNERATIONANDCORPORATEPERFORMANCEANEMPIRICALSTUDYINTRODUCTIONIN1995THEGREENBURYCOMMITTEEREPORTWASPUBLISHEDASPARTOFTHEWIDERCONCERNWITHCORPORATEGOVERNANCEISSUESBEGINNINGWITHTHECADBURYCOMMITTEEREPORTIN1992THEGREENBURYREPORTRECOMMENDEDTHATCOMPANIESSHOU
2、LDINTRODUCEMOREDISCLOSUREANDTRANSPARENCYINTHEIRREPORTINGOFEXECUTIVEDIRECTORSREMUNERATIONPACKAGESASARESULTCOMPANIESNOWPROVIDECOMPREHENSIVEDETAILSOFEXECUTIVEPAYINTHEREMUNERATIONCOMMITTEEREPORTCONTAINEDINTHECOMPANYSMAINANNUALREPORTANDACCOUNTSSPECIFICALLY,ABREAKDOWNISGIVENFOREACHEXECUTIVEBYNAMEOFTHEIRSA
3、LARIES,BENEFITSINKIND,ANNUALBONUSAND“OTHER”PAYMENTS,FOREXAMPLE,PROFITSHARE,COMPENSATIONFORLOSSOFOFFICE,TOGETHERWITHDETAILSOFNEWANDOUTSTANDINGGRANTSOFOPTIONSANDLONGTERMINCENTIVEPLANSLTIPGRANTSANDTHEMONEYVALUEOFOPTION/LTIPGRANTSWHICHHAVEBEENEXERCISEDDURINGTHEFINANCIALYEARPREVIOUSLY,COMPANIESTYPICALLYO
4、NLYPUBLISHED“AGGREGATED”DETAILSOFINDIVIDUALSALARIES,BENEFITSINKINDANDANNUALBONUSES,REPORTINGINDIVIDUALSALARIESANONYMOUSLYINPAY“BANDS”WHILEDETAILSOFTHEMONEYVALUEOFOPTION/LTIPEXERCISESWERERARELYDISCLOSEDINADDITIONTOTHEABOVE,GREENBURYRECOMMENDEDTHEMOREWIDESPREADADOPTIONOFPERFORMANCERELATEDINCENTIVESCHE
5、MESOPTIONSANDLTIPSPREVIOUSLYMOSTCOMPANIESHADOPERATEDNONPERFORMANCERELATEDOPTIONSCHEMES,ALTHOUGHANINCREASINGNUMBEROFTHEMHADADOPTEDPERFORMANCECRITERIAINTHERUNUPTOGREENBURYMOREPARTICULARLYTHEDEPLOYMENTOFTHERECENTLYINTRODUCEDLTIPWASGIVENADDEDIMPETUSINTHEMEANTIMETHEUKGOVERNMENTHASRECENTLYBECOMEMOREANDMOR
6、ECONCERNEDATTHESIZEOFPAYINCREASESAWARDEDTOTHEEXECUTIVESOFLARGECOMPANIESAND,INPARTICULAR,THESUBSTANTIALPAYOUTSTHEYHAVEBEENRECEIVINGFROMOPTIONANDLTIPSCHEMES,SEEMINGLYNOTJUSTIFIEDBYEQUIVALENTIMPROVEMENTSINCOMPANYPERFORMANCEINRESPONSETHEGOVERNMENTISNOWCONSIDERINGAMENDMENTSTOTHECOMPANIESACTTOMAKEEXECUTIV
7、EDIRECTORSMORE“ACCOUNTABLE”TOTHEIRSHAREHOLDERSONPAYISSUES,INCLUDINGAREQUIREMENTTHATTHEREMUNERATIONCOMMITTEEREPORTBEVOTEDONBYSHAREHOLDERSSEPARATELYFROMTHEMAINREPORTANDACCOUNTSATTHEANNUALGENERALMEETINGCOMPANIESCOUNTERCLAIMTOTHISCHARGEISTHATBASICSALARIESMUSTREFLECTINTERNATIONALPAYLEVELSINORDERTOATTRACT
8、ANDRETAINTOPCLASSEXECUTIVEDIRECTORSANDTHATTHEWIDESPREADUSEOFLONGTERMINCENTIVESCHEMESPROVIDESAMPLEEVIDENCEOFTHEIRDESIRETOLINKEXECUTIVEPAYREWARDSTOCORPORATEPERFORMANCETHISARTICLEPRESENTSANEMPIRICALSTUDYOFTHEOPTION/LTIPPERFORMANCECRITERIAUSEDBYASAMPLEOFLARGEUKCOMPANIESTOILLUSTRATECURRENTPRACTICEANDPROV
9、IDESDETAILSOFTHEIMPORTANCEOFPERFORMANCERELATEDREMUNERATIONOFEXECUTIVESRELATIVETONONPERFORMANCERELATEDPAYSPECIFICALLY,BASICSALARYANDBENEFITSSUCHASCOMPANYCAREXPENSESGENERALFEATURESOFOPTION/LTIPSCHEMESASUBSTANTIALNUMBEROFCOMPANIESNOWOPERATE“LONGTERMINCENTIVESCHEMES”INADDITIONTOTHETRADITIONAL“ANNUALBONU
10、S”ASAMEANSOFMOTIVATINGTHEEXECUTIVEDIRECTORSOFTHECOMPANYTOIMPROVECORPORATEFINANCIALPERFORMANCEANDTHUSALIGNTHEIRINTERESTSMORECLOSELYWITHTHOSEOFTHECOMPANYSSHAREHOLDERSOPTIONSHAVEBEENTHEMAININSTRUMENTOFLONGTERMFINANCIALREWARDSBUTINMANYCOMPANIESTHEYHAVEBEENAUGMENTEDORINSOMECASESSUPPLANTEDBYLLTIPSANEXECUT
11、IVEOPTIONSCHEMEINVOLVESTHEGRANT/AWARDOFASPECIFIEDNUMBEROFSHARESINACOMPANYTOITSEXECUTIVESOPTIONSAREGRANTEDATTHEDISCRETIONOFTHECOMPANYSREMUNERATIONCOMMITTEEANDTHEYAREUSUALLYPHASEDINOVERANUMBEROFYEARSOPTIONSAREMOSTLYGRANTEDONASALARYRELATEDBASISUNDERINLANDREVENUEPROVISIONSSHAREOPTIONGRANTSUNDER“APPROVED
12、”SCHEMESCANBEAWARDEDUPTOAMAXIMUMVALUEOF30,000ADDITIONALOPTIONSMAYBEAWARDEDUPTOAMAXIMUMOFFOURTIMESCURRENTSALARYLESSTHEOUTSTANDINGVALUEOF“APPROVED”OPTIONSOPTIONSAREGRANTEDATASPECIFIED“EXERCISE”PRICEWHICHISNORMALLYTHEMARKETPRICEOFTHECOMPANYSSHAREATTHEDATEOFGRANTTHEEXERCISE/VESTINGOFOPTIONSTYPICALLYCANO
13、NLYOCCURBETWEENTHREEANDTENYEARSAFTERTHEDATEOFGRANTMOSTOPTIONSCANBEEXERCISEDPROVIDEDTHATCERTAINPREDETERMINEDFINANCIALPERFORMANCE“TARGETS”AREACHIEVEDOVERASPECIFIEDTIMEPERIOD,USUALLYTHREEYEARSTYPICALLY,OPTIONSCHEMESREQUIRETHECOMPANYSEARNINGSPERSHAREEPSTOGROWATARATEGREATERTHANTHEINCREASEINTHERETAILPRICE
14、INDEXRPIOVERTHESAMEPERIODORGROWTHIN“TOTALSHAREHOLDERRETURN”TSRTOEXCEEDTHATOFCOMPANIESCOMPRISING,FOREXAMPLE,THEFTSE100INDEXFOREXAMPLE,ASTRAZENECASOPTIONSCHEMEREQUIRESITSEPSGROWTHTOEXCEEDTHATOFTHEINCREASEINTHERPIBYATLEAST9PERCENTOVERTHREEYEARS,WHILSTHSBCSSCHEMEREQUIRESITSEPSGROWTHTOOUTSTRIPTHATOFTHEIN
15、CREASEINTHERPIBYATLEAST6PERCENTOVERTHREEYEARSALLIEDDOMECQSOPTIONSCHEMEREQUIRESITSTSRGROWTHTOBEGREATERTHANTHEAVERAGETSRGROWTHOFCOMPANIESCOMPRISINGTHEFTSE100INDEXOVERTHREEYEARSEXECUTIVESSECUREAFINANCIALGAINONTHEOPTIONSAWARDEDTOTHEMIFATTHETIMEOFVESTINGTHEMARKETPRICEOFTHECOMPANYSSHAREISGREATERTHANTHEDES
16、IGNATED“EXERCISEPRICE”EXECUTIVELTIPSARESIMILARTOOPTIONSINSOFARASTHEYINVOLVETHEPERIODICGRANTANDVESTINGOFSHARESINTHECOMPANY,AGAINTHEVESTINGOFSHARESBEINGCONDITIONALONTHEATTAINMENTOFSPECIFIEDPERFORMANCE“TARGETS”AGAINUSUALLYOVERATHREEYEARPERIODHOWEVER,THEREARESOMENOTABLEDIFFERENCESSEVERNTRENTSLTIPTARGETS
17、TSRGROWTHRELATIVETOTHETSRGROWTHOF14PEERGROUPCOMPANIESOVERTHREEYEARSMINIMUMVESTINGOCCURSIFTHECOMPANYISRANKEDINSEVENTHPOSITION,RISINGTOMAXIMUMVESTINGIFTHECOMPANYISRANKEDINTHETOPTHREEOPTIONANDLTIPPAYOUTSASINDICATEDEARLIERTHEPURPOSEOFOPTIONANDLTIPSCHEMESISTOMOTIVATEEXECUTIVESTOIMPROVECORPORATEPERFORMANC
18、E,PARTICULARLYASITRELATESTOSHAREHOLDERINTERESTSTOTHISENDMOSTSUCHSCHEMESNOWINCORPORATEPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSTOBEATTAINEDINORDERTOACTIVATEPAYMENTSTOTHEEXECUTIVESOVERTHEPERIODOFTHESURVEY19942001APARTFROMFIVECOMPANIESALLOFTHECOMPANIESHAVEATTAINEDINPARTTHEIRSELFSELECTEDPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSANDTHUSMADE
19、PAYMENTSTOTHEIREXECUTIVESITWILLBEINSTRUCTIVETHEREFORETOEXAMINETHERELATIVEMAGNITUDEOFPERFORMANCERELATEDLONGTERMOPTION/LTIPPAYMENTSCOMPAREDTONONPERFORMANCERELATEDBASICSALARIESANDBENEFITS,TOGETHERWITHTHOSEREWARDSBONUSESRELATEDTOSHORTTERMPERFORMANCEACCRUINGFROMTHEACHIEVEMENTOF,LARGELY,ANNUALPROFITTARGET
20、SCRUDELY,IFTHESIZEOFPAYMENTSUNDEROPTIONANDLTIPARRANGEMENTSANDANNUALBONUSESARELARGERELATIVETOTHATOFBASICSALARIESANDBENEFITS,THENITCOULDBECONSTRUEDTHATATTAININGOPTIONANDLTIPREQUIREMENTSISLIKELYTOACTASAPOWERFULINFLUENCEONEXECUTIVEPRIORITIESONCESOMEONEPRESENTSDETAILSOFCOMPANIESPERFORMANCERELATEDPAYELEME
21、NTSASAPERCENTAGEOFBASICSALARIESANDBENEFITSFORTHEPERIOD19942001ITALSOINCLUDESDETAILSOFPAYMENTSRECEIVEDUNDERNONPERFORMANCERELATEDOPTIONSCHEMESGIVENTHATFORMANYCOMPANIESTHEYHAVEONLYRECENTLYBEENTERMINATEDORPHASEDOUTTOBEREPLACEDBYPERFORMANCERELATEDOPTIONANDLTIPARRANGEMENTSOBVIOUSLYINFUTURETHESEWILLDIMINIS
22、HANDFINALLYDISAPPEAR,BUTFORTHEPERIODUNDERREVIEWTHEYCANBESEENASANIMPORTANTSOURCEOF“EXTRA”INCOMEWITHOUT“STRINGSATTACHED”ATOTALOF28COMPANIES55PERCENTOFTHESAMPLEPAIDANNUALBONUSESEQUIVALENTTOONEQUARTERTOONEHALFOFBASICSALARIES/BENEFITSANDINTHECASEOFAFURTHEREIGHTCOMPANIESANNUALBONUSESAMOUNTEDTOOVERONEHALFO
23、FBASICPAY/BENEFITSGENERALLY,REWARDSTODATEUNDERPERFORMANCERELATEDOPTIONANDLTIPARRANGEMENTSHAVEBEENLOWERREFLECTINGTHEFACTTHATINMANYCASESTHEYHAVEONLYRECENTLYKICKEDINFOREXAMPLE,ALLIEDDOMECQSPERFORMANCERELATEDOPTIONSCHEMEWASINTRODUCEDIN1996BUTAWARDSONLYBECAMEEXERCISABLEIN1999THUS,SUCHPAYMENTSAREEXPECTEDT
24、OINCREASESIGNIFICANTLYINFUTUREYEARSUNDERTHEPERIODUNDERREVIEW,15COMPANIES,PAIDOUTAWARDSEQUIVALENTTOONEQUARTERANDONEHALFOFBASICSALARIES/BENEFITS,ANDSEVENCOMPANIESPAIDOUTAWARDSAMOUNTINGTOBETWEENONEHALFAND100PERCENTOFBASICSALARIES/BENEFITSINTHECASEOFTHREECOMPANIESAWARDSEXCEEDEDTHATOFBASICSALARIES/BENEFI
25、TSWPP111PERCENT,BP187PERCENTANDVODAFONE660PERCENTCLEARLY,THEGOVERNMENTSIMPLICATIONNOTEDINTHEINTRODUCTIONTHATTHEREAPPEARSTOBELITTLELINKAGEBETWEENEXECUTIVEREMUNERATIONANDCORPORATEPERFORMANCECANNOTBESUBSTANTIATEDALLOFTHE51COMPANIESOPERATEEITHERAPERFORMANCERELATEDOPTIONORLTIPARRANGEMENTANDSOMEOPERATEBOT
26、HTHELINKISTHEREALTHOUGHSUBJECTTOTHECAVEATTHATSELFSELECTEDPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSMAYWELLBETOO“EASY”OR“UNDEMANDING”,REWARDING“AVERAGE”RATHERTHAN“EXCEPTIONAL”PERFORMANCECHANGESINOPTIONANDLTIPARRANGEMENTSASWEHAVESEENMOREANDMORECOMPANIESINTRODUCEDPERFORMANCERELATEDOPTIONANDLTIPARRANGEMENTSINTHE1990STHEWH
27、OLEPERIOD,ESPECIALLYSINCETHEPUBLICATIONOFTHEGREENBURYREPORTIN1995CANBECHARACTERIZEDASONEOFEXPERIMENTATIONAUBSTANTIALNUMBEROFTHECOMPANIESINCLUDEDINTHESURVEYHAVEEITHERNETUNEDTHEIRORIGINALSCHEMESORINTRODUCEDNEWONESASAREPLACEMENT,INCLUDING“SWITCHES”FROMOPTIONSTOLTIPS,ANDVICEVERSA,ASWELLASRUNNINGBOTHINTA
28、NDEMTHESECHANGESINPARTREFLECTANATTEMPTBYTHECOMPANIESTHEMSELVESTO“SUCKITANDSEE”,ANDTHENHOPEFULLYPRODUCEA“BETTER”,MOREEFFECTIVEREWARDSYSTEMINPART,HOWEVER,THEYHAVEBEENSUBJECTEDTOOUTSIDEPRESSURE,PARTICULARLYFROMPOWERFULINSTITUTIONALINVESTORINTERESTS,WHOHAVECRITICIZEDMANYOFTHEEARLIERSCHEMESASBEINGTWO“SOF
29、T”ANDUNDEMANDINGOVERHALFOFTHECOMPANIESWHICHORIGINALLYEITHERINTRODUCEDAPERFORMANCERELATEDOPTIONSCHEMEORLTIPHAVESINCEMADEMODIFICATIONSTOTHESESCHEMESORINTRODUCEDNEWONESGENERALLY,PERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSHAVEBEEN“TOUGHENED”FORMANYOFTHEORIGINALOPTIONANDLTIPARRANGEMENTSFOREXAMPLE,INTHECASEOFOPTIONS,BAESYSTE
30、MSREQUIRESEPSGROWTHTOOUTSTRIPTHERPIBY10PERCENTOVERTHREEYEARSPREVIOUSLY6PERCENTANDWHITBREADREQUIRESEPSGROWTHTOEXCEEDTHATOFTHERPIBY12PERCENTOVERTHREEYEARSPREVIOUSLY6PERCENTSIMILARLY,INTHECASEOFLTIPS,BTNOWREQUIRESITSTSRGROWTHCOMPAREDTOTHEFTSE100COMPANIESTOPLACEITINTHETOP50TOTRIGGERMINIMUMAWARDSANDTHETO
31、P25TOTRIGGERMAXIMUMAWARDSPREVIOUSLYTHETOP80ANDTOP40,RESPECTIVELYANDLIKEWISE,REUTERSNOWREQUIRESITSTSRGROWTHCOMPAREDTOTHEFTSE100COMPANIESTOPLACEITINTHETOP50PERCENTTORELEASEMINIMUMAWARDSANDTHETOP26TORELEASEMAXIMUMAWARDSPREVIOUSLY,THETOP75ANDTOP40,RESPECTIVELYASNOTEDANUMBEROFCOMPANIESHAVEINTRODUCEDNEWSC
32、HEMESOFTHEFIVENEWOPTIONSCHEMES,THREEINVOLVEDASWITCHFROMEPSTOTSRASTHE“TARGET”,WHILEOFTHETENNEWLTIPARRANGEMENTS,SIXALSOINVOLVEDASWITCHFROMEPSTOTSRASTHETARGETANDTWOINVOLVEDASWITCHFROMSHAREPRICETOTSRCHANGESIN“COMPARATORS”HAVEBEENVERYLIMITEDTHEREARENOCHANGESINCOMPARATORFORTHEORIGINALOPTIONSCHEMESANDONLYF
33、OURINTHECASEOFTHEORIGINALLTIPARRANGEMENTSALLINVOLVINGASWITCHFROMTHEFTSE100TOASMALLERPEERGROUPASTHEWRITERINDICATESLATER,PEERGROUPSSEEMAMOREREALISTICCOMPARATORTHANTHERPIANDINDICESOFDISSIMILARCOMPANIESINASSESSINGPERFORMANCECONCLUSIONSOPTIONANDLTIPSCHEMESAREAIMEDATALIGNINGTHEOBJECTIVESOFCOMPANYEXECUTIVE
34、SMORECLOSELYWITHTHOSEOFTHESHAREHOLDERSTHERAPIDGROWTHINTHEUSEOFLTIPSONTOPOFESTABLISHEDOPTIONSCHEMESANDTHEPOTENTIALLYLARGEREWARDSTOEXECUTIVESTHESECANGIVERISETO,INDICATEAMORECONSCIOUSEFFORTTOLINKEXECUTIVEPAYTOCORPORATEPERFORMANCETHESURVEYOFCURRENTEXECUTIVEINCENTIVESCHEMESPRESENTEDINTHISARTICLEINDICATES
35、THATTOOMANYCOMPANIESHAVESEEMINGLYADOPTEDRELATIVEUNDEMANDINGFINANCIALTARGETS,REWARDINGAVERAGEPERFORMANCERATHERTHANTRUEEXCELLENCEHENCE,THECASEFORINTRODUCINGSTRONGER“CHECKS”ONPAYSCHEMESREMAINSATTRACTIVEHOWEVER,INTHEWRITERSVIEWCOMPANIESTHEMSELVESSHOULDADOPTAMORESTRINGENTAPPROACHTOTHEREWARDSPOTENTIALLYAV
36、AILABLETHROUGHOPTIONANDLONGTERMINCENTIVEPLANS,LINKINGSUCHREWARDSMORECLOSELYTOEXCELLENTRATHERTHANAVERAGEPERFORMANCESPECIFICALLY,WEWOULDRECOMMENDTHATCOMPANIESSHOULDTAKE“TOTALSHAREHOLDERRETURN”ASTHEAPPROPRIATEBENCHMARKFORCORPORATEPERFORMANCETARGETAPEERGROUPINDEXOFATLEAST20COMPANIESFORCOMPARATIVEPURPOSE
37、SANDAIMASAMINIMUMREQUIREMENTTOBEPLACEDINTHETOPQUARTILEOFTHESELECTEDPEERGROUPSOURCECHRISTOPHERPASSLONGTERMINCENTIVESCHEMES,EXECUTIVEREMUNERATIONANDCORPORATEPERFORMANCEANEMPIRICALSTUDYCORPORATEGOVERNANCEVOL3NO4,,2003P1827译文长期激励方案执行薪酬与公司绩效实证研究引言1995年,格林伯里委员会发表的报告的一部分指出的关于企业管理更广泛关注的问题是吉百利委员会在1992年的报告开始关
38、注的一部分。格林伯里报告建议,企业应在其引进执行董事薪酬报告更多的披露和透明度。因此各公司现在薪酬委员会报告中应全面提供高管薪酬资料(在公司的主要年度报告及帐目中)。具体而言,分给每个高管的薪金、实物上的津贴、年度奖金和“其他”费用名称,例如,利润分享、离职补偿再加上新的选择和出色的细节和赠款、已在本财政年度内行使授予物有所值长期激励计划(LTIP)赠款和股权。在此之前,公司通常只公布了总的详细个人薪金,年度奖金和实物福利,匿名的薪酬附带的报告,而个人工资的货币期权价值的细节/LTIP却很少披露。除上述外,格林伯里建议更广泛地采用与业绩相关的激励计划(股权及长期激励计划)。以前大多数公司的经营
39、都不履行相关股权计划,虽然在格林伯里的运行中为他们制订了越来越多的性能标准。更特别是为最近给予推出的LTIP部署增添了动力。在此期间,英国政府最近已越来越关心颁发给大公司高管薪酬增幅大小,尤其是,他们已经从LTIP计划接收大量支出,表面上看来似乎在公司业绩不能以同等的改善。为响应政府现正考虑修订公司法,使执行董事在更多的“责任”问题上向股东支付,包括对薪酬委员会的报告进行股东主要报告及帐目分开的股东周年大会表决的要求。公司反索赔这一指控是基本工资必须反映国际的薪酬水平,以吸引和留住一流的执行董事,而长期奖励计划的广泛使用提供了他们连接到公司高管薪酬奖励充分的证据性能的愿望。本文介绍了以英国大型
40、公司为样本/LTIP性能来说明目前的做法标准的实证研究,并提供了性能相关的管理人员相对于不履行有关支付报酬的重要细节具体来说,基本工资和福利费用,如公司的车。股权/LTIP的一般特征相当数量的公司现在的经营,除了传统的“年终奖金”激励该公司的执行董事,以改善企业财务业绩的“长期激励计划”手段,从而使彼此的利益更紧密公司的股东更加配合。这一直是长期的经济回报的主要手段,但在很多公司,他们已经增加了LTIP(或在某些情况下取代)。执行股权计划涉及授予/准许股份公司参与奖励指定的人员数量。股权在该公司的薪酬委员会决定的授予下,他们通常分阶段且超过数年。大多授予期权的基础与工资有关。根据税务规定,股权
41、于“被认可的”计划可授予多达30,000英镑的最大值股权。附加选项可能获得不超过四次,目前的工资(减去“被认可的”尚未行使购股权值)的最大值。授出购股权在指定的“运动”的价格通常是在授出日期本公司股份的市场价格。演习/退休的股权归属通常只能发生于授出日期后三至十年。大多数选项提供在特定时间内可行使某些预先确定的财务业绩“目标”的实现,通常为三年。通常情况下,期权计划需要公司在同一期间的每股收益(EPS)的增长速度超过零售物价指数(零售物价指数)或在“总股东回报率”(TSR)超过该公司其中包括,例如,金融时报100指数。例如,阿斯利康的股权计划,要求超过三年其每股盈利增长将超过其中的零售物价指数
42、至少9个百分点增长,而汇丰银行的计划要求其超过三年每股盈利增长,认为在零售物价指数增幅超过了至少6个百分点联盟公司的股权计划,要求其TSR的增长速度将高于包括金融时报100指数成份股公司在三年内平均TSR的增长更大。安全管理人员的选择上获得经济利益归属于该公司的股票的市场价格的时间比指定的“行使价”。LTIP执行类似的选项,只要它们涉到定期补助金及本公司股份,再次被授予股份的归属对指定的性能“目标”的实现一般超过三年时间。不过,也有一些显着的差异。塞文特伦特的LTIPTSR的增长目标相对于14个同行业公司在三年内TSR的增长。如果公司是最低归属发生是排名第七位,如果该公司是在前三名之列,则上升
43、到最高归属。股权与LTIP支出如前所述的选项和LTIP计划的目的是激励高管提高公司绩效,特别是因为它涉及到股东的利益。为此,现在大多数这样的计划纳入要达到的性能要求,以激活对高管的支付。在调查期间(19942001年)除了五家公司的公司都达到(部分),他们的自我选定的性能要求,从而使他们实现管理人员支付。这将是有益的,因此,研究与性能相关的长期选项/LTIP支付相比,相对幅度(不履行相关的)基本工资和福利、奖励那些在一起(红利)与短期表现、主要成就和年利润目标。粗略地,如果选项和LTIP安排和年度奖金支付规模都很大,相对于基本工资和福利的话,那么它可以解释为实现选项,LTIP要求是对行政重点倾
44、向于作为一个强大的影响力。有人在19942001期间曾提出作为一种基本工资和福利的百分比与公司的业绩挂钩的薪酬元素的细节。它还包括在不履行相关的选项给定,许多公司,他们只是在最近被终止或逐步淘汰取代由性能相关的选项和LTIP安排的支付细节。显然,在今后这些将减少并最终消失,但在审查期间,他们可以被看作是“额外”收入、没有“附加条件”的重要来源。共有28家公司(百分之55的样本)支付一季度的年度奖金相当于一个基本工资/福利的一半,在另外8个公司的年度奖金总额超过基本工资/红利一半的情况。一般来说,奖励在性能相关选项,迄今LTIP安排已较低,反映了在许多情况下,他们最近才在实施的事实。例如,联盟公
45、司的业绩相关的股权计划在1996年推出,但仅在1999年就授予实施大奖。因此,这种付款预计将在未来数年内大幅增加。在审查期间,15家企业,发放奖励相当于四分之一的基本工资和一半的福利,并支付了七家公司之间的奖励金额的一半和百分之百基本薪金。超过了三家公司奖励的例子就是基本工资/福利WPP集团(111),英国石油公司(187)和沃达丰(660)。显然,政府的暗示指出,在引入的高管薪酬与企业绩效似乎有不能分开的联系。所有的51家公司无论是经营业绩相关的选项或LTIP安排,两者都有涉及操作。虽然这个链接是有受到告诫,自我选择的性能要求可能是过于“简单”或“要求不高”,奖励“平均”胜过“特殊”的表现。
46、变化的选项,LTIP安排正如我们已经看到越来越多的公司推出性能相关的选项,并在20世纪90年准备LTIP安排。在整个期间,特别是自1995年出版格林伯里报告可以作为实验的标志之一。许多的公司纳入调查要么调整原计划或引入新的作为替代,包括“开关”,从LTIP选项,反之亦然,就像同时运行串联。这些变化在某种程度上反映了公司试图通过自己的“吸收和观望”,然后(希望)产生一个“更好的”、更有效的奖励制度。但是,在某种程度上,他们一直受到外界的压力,尤其是来自于实力雄厚的、被批评很多两个“软”和要求不高较早的计划机构投资者的利益。一半以上引进了LTIP揣测或股权计划其中一种的公司都修改了这些方案或者引进
47、了新的。一般来说,原来的许多选项和LTIP安排已被“钢化”性能要求。例如,在这种情况下,航空系统需要在三年由每股盈利增长超过10(前6)零售价指数和惠特布雷德的要求在三年每股盈利增长将超过该零售物价指数由12(前6)。同样,在LTIP的情况下,英国电信现在需要的最终的增长相比,金融时报100家公司把它在触发前50的最低和最高奖获得和前25至触发最高奖获得(分别为以前的前80名和前40名)同样地,现在要求其路透社最终的增长相比,金融时报100家公司将其放置在前50到最低奖和释放前26最大奖(在此之前,分别为前75和前40名)。正如一些公司已经推出了新计划。五份新购股权计划,涉及三个从每股利润转换
48、到最终利润的为“目标”,而这10个新LTIP安排,涉及的目标也从每股收益转换到最终利润和两个相关的股票价格转换到最终利润的开关。“比较器”的变化已经非常有限。原来是有股权计划没有变化,只有在比较原始LTIP安排的情况下所有涉及从金融时报100切换到一个较小的同行业团体。正如作家指示后,同行业团体似乎比零售物价指数和在不同的公司评估业绩指标的比较更现实。结论股权与LTIP计划的目的是使公司管理人员的目标与股东的利益关系更加紧密。LTIP在高层人员的使用快速发展引起建立股权计划及潜在的巨大回报,使得更加自觉地链接高管薪酬与公司绩效。目前行政激励的这篇文章中提出的计划调查显示,有太多的公司表面上似乎采取相对要求不高的财务指标、平均绩效奖励,但不是真正的最有效措施。因此,对薪酬计划引进更强的“检查”仍然有吸引力。然而,笔者认为公司本身应采取更加严格的办法,通过股权的潜在回报和长期激励计划的使用,把这种奖励以优良的性能更紧密合作,从而高于平均水平。具体来说,我们建议,企业应该以“股东总回报”作为合适企业绩效的基准比较至少20个目的公司同行群指标,并把在前四分之一所选择的对等组作为最低要求的目标。资料来源CHRISTOPHERPASS长期激励方案执行薪酬与公司绩效实证研究CORPORATEGOVERNANCE2003,第3卷第4期P1827