1、GWD-TN-19: Verbal Section-1. GWD28-Q1:Scientists claim that the discovery of the first authenticated mammal bones in amber could provide important clues of determining, in addition to how, when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies.A. of determining, in addition to how, when mammals colon
2、ized the islands of the West IndiesB. in the determination of how and when the islands of the West Indies were colonized by mammalsC. to determine how mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies and when they didD. for determining when the islands of the West Indies were colonized by mammals an
3、d how they wereE. for determining how and when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies-2. GWD-28-Q2:Although womens wages are improving, Department of Labor statistics show that the ratio of their earnings with that of men have been roughly static since 1960.A. with that of men have beenB.
4、to that of men areC. to those of men have beenD. with those of men isE. to those of men has been-GWD28-Q3 to Q6:Social learning in animals is said to occur when direct or indirect social interaction facilitates the acquisition of a novel behavior. It usually takes the form of an experienced animal (
5、the demonstrator) performing a behavior such that the nave animal (the observer) subsequently expresses the same behavior sooner, or more completely, than it would have otherwise. One example of social learning is the acquisition of preferences for novel foods.Some experiments have suggested that am
6、ong mammals, social learning facilitates the identification of beneficial food items, but that among birds, social learning helps animals avoid toxic substances. For example, one study showed that when red-wing blackbirds observed others consuming a colored food or a food in a distinctly marked cont
7、ainer and then becoming ill, they subsequently avoided food associated with that color or container. Another experiment showed that house sparrows consumed less red food after they observed others eating red food that was treated so as to be noxious. Studies on nonavian species have not produced sim
8、ilar results, leading researchers to speculate that avian social learning may be fundamentally different from that of mammals.But Sherwins recent experiments with domestic hens do not support the notion that avian social learning necessarily facilitates aversion to novel foods that are noxious or to
9、xic. Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head shaking and bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating that food. Sherwins research team speculated that ecological or social constraints during the evolution of thi
10、s species might have resulted in there being little benefit from the social learning of unpalatability, for instance, selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such food, or if the consequenc
11、es of ingestion were minimal. In a related experiment, the same researchers showed that if observer hens watched demonstrator hens react favorably to food of a particular color, then observer hens ate more food of that color than they ate of food of other colors. These results confirmed that avian s
12、pecies can develop preferences for palatable food through social learning.Q3:The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss theA. techniques used in certain experiments on social learning in birdsB. reasons for the differences between social learning in birds and in mammalsC. question of how socia
13、l learning manifests itself in birdsD. basis for a widespread belief about a difference in behavior between birds and mammalsE. possible reasons why birds may or may not learn from each other in a particular way-Q4:According to the passage, which of the following is true of the experiments on domest
14、ic hens conducted by Sherwins research team?A. Only a small number of observer hens appeared to learn to avoid food that was demonstrated by other hens to be noxious.B. Observer hens ingested food preferentially only after numerous instances of witnessing demonstrator hens preferentially ingest that
15、 type of food.C. Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable.D. Demonstrator hens reacted adversely to ingesting certain novel foods.E. Demonstrator hens altered their behavior less obviously in response to noxious foods than in resp
16、onse to highly palatable foods.- Q5:It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the results of the recent experiments conducted by Sherwins research team?A. The experiments demonstrate that social learning in avian
17、species facilitates the identification of noxious or toxic foods.B. The experiments suggest that social learning has made avian species less adept than nonavian species at learning to prefer beneficial foods and avoid noxious and toxic foods.C. The experiments undermine the notion that most avian sp
18、ecies have evolved in environments where there is little benefit to the social learning of unpalatability.D. The experiments suggest that the acquisition of food preferences in avian species is largely unaffected by social learning.E. The experiments show that social learning in avian species can pr
19、omote the preferential consumption of beneficial foods but do not support the claim that social learning in avian species promotes the avoidance of noxious or toxic foods.-Q6 :TT-GWD 2-34.NASAs methodical approach to the exploration of Mars has not yet answered the questions of whether biological li
20、fe forms ever emerged on Mars and whether, presuming such life forms having left fossil traces to begin with, those traces can still exist in some moist recesses of the cold and arid planet. A. and whether, presuming such life forms having left fossil traces to begin with, those traces can B. and wh
21、ether, if it is presumed that such life forms left some fossil traces to begin with, can those traces C. and whether, presuming such life forms left fossil traces to begin with, those traces D. and, presuming such life forms did leave some fossil traces to begin with, if they can E. and, presuming s
22、uch life forms to have left fossil traces to begin with, if they-7. GWD28-Q7:In 1960s studies of rats, scientists found that crowding increases the number of attacks among the animals significantly. But in recent experiments in which rhesus monkeys were placed in crowded conditions, although there w
23、as an increase in instances of “coping” behaviorsuch as submissive gestures and avoidance of dominant individualsattacks did not become any more frequent. Therefore it is not likely that, for any species of monkey, crowding increases aggression as significantly as was seen in rats.Which of the follo
24、wing, if true, most strengthens the argument?A. All the observed forms of coping behavior can be found among rhesus monkeys living in uncrowded conditions.B. In the studies of rats, nondominant individuals were found to increasingly avoid dominant individuals when the animals were in crowded conditi
25、ons.C. Rhesus monkeys respond with aggression to a wider range of stimuli than any other monkeys do.D. Some individual monkeys in the experiment were involved in significantly more attacks than the other monkeys were.E. Some of the coping behavior displayed by rhesus monkeys is similar to behavior r
26、hesus monkeys use to bring to an end an attack that has begun.-8. GWD28-Q8:In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, which more than doubled the countrys size and that brought its western border within reach of the Pacific Ocean.
27、A. In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, which more than doubled the countrys size and that broughtB. For about four cents an acre the United States acquired, in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, 828,000 square miles, more than
28、 doubling the countrys size and it broughtC. With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, more than doubling its size and bringingD. The United States, in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, for about four cents an acre, acquired 828,
29、000 square miles, more than doubling the countrys size, bringingE. Acquiring 828,000 square miles in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States bought it for about four cents an acre, more than doubling the countrys size and bringing-9. GWD28-Q9:Early in the twentieth century, Lake Konfa beca
30、me very polluted. Recently fish populations have recovered as release of industrial pollutants has declined and the lakes waters have become cleaner. Fears are now being voiced that the planned construction of an oil pipeline across the lakes bottom might revive pollution and cause the fish populati
31、on to decline again. However, a technology for preventing leaks is being installed. Therefore, provided this technology is effective, those fears are groundless.The argument depends on assuming which of the following?A. Apart from development related to the pipeline, there will be no new industrial
32、development around the lake that will create renewed pollution in its waters.B. Other than the possibility of a leak, there is no realistic pollution threat posed to the lake by the pipelines construction.C. There is no reason to believe that the leak-preventing technology would be ineffective when
33、installed in the pipeline in Lake Konfa.D. Damage to the lakes fish populations would be the only harm that a leak of oil from the pipeline would cause.E. The species of fish that are present in Lake Konfa now are the same as those that were in the lake before it was affected by pollution.-10. GWD28
34、-Q10:In an attempt to attract more tourists, the Swiss government commissioned several life-size fiberglass cow statues, having them decorated by local artists, and set them up on the streets of Zurich.A. the Swiss government commissioned several life-size fiberglass cow statues, having them decorat
35、ed by local artists, andB. the Swiss government commissioned several life-size fiberglass cow statues, they were decorated by local artists, and thenC. the Swiss government commissioned several life-size fiberglass cow statues, had them decorated by local artists, andD. several life-size fiberglass
36、cow statues were commissioned by the Swiss government, decorated by local artists, and thenE. several life-size fiberglass cow statues, commissioned by the Swiss government, were decorated by local artists, and they-11. GWD28-Q11:Trancorp currently transports all its goods to Burland Island by truck
37、. The only bridge over the channel separating Burland from the mainland is congested, and trucks typically spend hours in traffic. Trains can reach the channel more quickly than trucks, and freight cars can be transported to Burland by barges that typically cross the channel in an hour. Therefore, t
38、o reduce shipping time, Trancorp plans to switch to trains and barges to transport goods to Burland.Which of the following would be most important to know in determining whether Trancorps plan, if implemented, is likely to achieve its goal?A Whether transportation by train and barge would be substan
39、tially less expensive than transportation by truck.B. Whether there are boats that can make the trip between the mainland and Burland faster than barges canC. Whether loading the freight cars onto barges is very time consumingD. Whether the average number of vehicles traveling over the bridge into B
40、urland has been relatively constant in recent yearsE. Whether most trucks transporting goods into Burland return to the mainland empty-12. GWD28-Q12:Over the next few years, increasing demands on the Chattahoochee River, which flows into the Apalachicola River, could alter the saline content of Apal
41、achicola Bay, which would rob the oysters there of their flavor, and to make them decrease in size, less distinctive, and less in demand.A. which would rob the oysters there of their flavor, and to make them decrease in sizeB. and it would rob the oysters there of their flavor, make them smallerC. a
42、nd rob the oysters there of their flavor, making them decrease in sizeD. robbing the oysters there of their flavor and making them smallerE. robbing the oysters there of their flavor, and making them decrease in size-GWD28-Q13 to Q15:Carotenoids, a family of natural pigments, form an important art o
43、f the colorful signals used by many animals. Animals acquire carotenoids either directly (from the plants and algae that produce them) or indirectly (by eating insects) and store them in a variety of tissues. Studies of several animal species have shown that when choosing mates, females prefer males
44、 with brighter carotenoid-based coloration. Owens and Olson hypothesize that the presence of carotenoids, as signaled by coloration, would be meaningful in the context of mate selection if carotenoids were either rare or required for health. The conventional view is that carotenoids are meaningful b
45、ecause they are rare: healthier males can forage for more of the pigments than can their inferior counterparts. Although this may be true, there is growing evidence that carotenoids are meaningful also because they are required: they are used by the immune system and for detoxification processes that are important for maintaining health. It may be that males can use scarce carotenoids either for immune defense and detoxification or for attracting females. Males that are more susceptible to disease and parasites w
