1、读你千遍也不厌倦万法之宗之 RC 宪法 OG 总纲如果说 mindfree 的 active 阅读法是民法通则,可以放之四海而皆准,那么小安阅读法则是一个司法考试复习系统,二者是相辅相承,无法割裂以及不可替代的。active 阅读法虽然具有相当高的普遍有效性,但并不是对不同阶段不同底子的所有考生都完全适用。同时由于对大牛们的仰视,也造就了大家对开发最适合自己的方法缺乏足够的勇气和力量的局面。这两天研读了 ETS 关于 RC 的解释,我谓之为 RC 宪法,所获甚多,特别向大家推荐,希望大家可以有所悟,能够找到最适合自己的方法。最好可以出现“百法其放”“ 百法争鸣”的繁荣景象!万法同宗,而宪法是万
2、法之母。之所以把它称为宪法,是因为这就是 ETS 的出题宗旨,它解释了 ETS 要考查的题型,每种题型的内涵和外延,每种题型要考查的能力,每种题型的解题思路。我把它翻译成了中文,在翻译过程中我更进一步地领会了 ETS 的意图,翻译力求意译而非直译,尽管经过三遍修改,由于水平有限以及中英文本身的概念差异,仍然有多处感觉不爽,请大家指正!强烈建议大家反复研读,尤其是遇到困惑和障碍的时候!内容简介:一、考试题型分类,考察的能力,解题思路1.关于文章的中心思想(主题题)2.关于文中的论点(观点题)3.关于基于文中给出信息的推论(推导题)4. 关于文中的信息如何适用于文章以外的环境(类比题)5.关于文章
3、的逻辑结构(结构题)6.关于文章的风格和基调(态度题)二、应试策略如果你觉得有帮助,请顶此帖,可以帮助更多人,谢谢!There are six kinds of reading comprehension questions, each of which tests a different reading skill. The following pages include descriptions of the various question types, test-taking strategies, sample question, and detailed explanations
4、for all the questions. The explanations further illustrate the ways in which reading comprehension questions evaluate basic reading skills.Reading comprehension questions include:阅读题一共有六种问题,每一种问题测试一种不同的阅读技能。下面的内容包括了对各种不同类型的问题的描述,应试策略,样题以及所有样题的具体解释。这些解释进一步说明了阅读题目的问题是如何评估基本的阅读技能的。阅读理解的问题有以下六种:1. Quest
5、ions that ask about the main idea of a passageEach reading comprehension passage in the GMAT is a unified wholethat is, the individual sentences and paragraphs support and develop one main idea or central point. Sometimes you will be told the central point in the passage itself, and sometimes it wil
6、l be necessary for you to determine the central point from the overall organization or development of the passage. You may be asked in this kind of question to recognize a correct restatement, or paraphrase, of the main idea of the passage; or to identify the authors primary purpose, or objective, i
7、n writing the passage; or to assign a title that summarizes briefly and pointedly the main idea developed in the passage.1. 关于文章的中心思想(主题题)GMAT 中的每一篇阅读文章都是浑然一体的,也就是说,每一个句子和段落都支持或者展开同一个主题,或者叫一个中心思想。有时文章会告诉你主题是什么,有时则需要你从整篇文章的组织和铺陈去推定中心思想。主题题可能会要求你识别有关文章主题的一个正确陈述或者解释,也可能要求你鉴别作者写这篇文章的主要意图或者目的,还可能要求你给文章冠一
8、个简明扼要地概括了文章所演绎内容的中心思想的标题。2. Questions that ask about the supporting ideas presented in a passageThese questions measure your ability to comprehend the supporting ideas in a passage and to differentiate those supporting ideas from the main idea. The question also measure your ability to differentiate
9、 ideas that are explicitly stated in a passage from ideas that are implied by the author but are not explicitly stated. You may be asked about facts cited in a passage, or about the specific content of arguments presented by the author in support of his or her views, or about descriptive details use
10、d to support or elaborate on the main idea. Whereas questions about the main idea ask you to determine the meaning of a passage as a whole, questions about supporting ideas ask you to determine the meanings of individual sentences and paragraphs that contribute to the meaning of the passage as a who
11、le. One way to think about these questions is to see them as questions asking for the main point of one small part of the passage.2. 关于文中的论点(观点题) 观点题测试你理解文中的论点和把支撑主题的论点与主题区分开来的能力。观点题也测试你区分作者在文中明确陈述的观点和在文中间接表达而不是直接陈述的观点的能力。观点题可能会问到文中引用的事实,作者用来支持自己观点的论据的细枝末节,或者用来支持或阐述中心思想的描述性细节。主题题要求你推断整篇文章的主题,而观点题则要求
12、你确定对主题做出贡献的单独句子或段落的含义。一种解题思路是把观点题看作要求归纳文章的某一小部分的中心思想。3. Questions that ask for inferences based on information presented in a passageThese questions ask about ideas that are not explicitly stated in a passage but are strongly implied by the author. Unlike questions about supporting details, which as
13、k about information that is directly stated in a passage, inference questions ask about ideas or meanings that must be inferred from information that is directly stated. Authors can make their points in indirect ways, suggesting ideas without actually stating them. These questions measure you abilit
14、y to infer an authors intended meaning in parts of a passage where the meaning is only suggested. The questions do not ask about meanings or implications that are remote from the passage but about meanings that are developed indirectly or implications specifically suggested by the author. To answer
15、these questions, you may have to carry statements made by the author one step beyond their literal meanings, or recognize the opposite of a statement made by the author, or identify the intended meaning of a word used figuratively in a passage. If a passage explicitly states an effect, for example,
16、you may be asked to infer its cause. If the author compares two phenomena, you may be asked to infer the basis for the comparison. You may be asked to infer the characteristics of an old policy from an explicit description of a new one. When you read a passage., therefore, you should concentrate not
17、 only on the explicit meaning of the authors words, but also on the more subtle meaning implied by those words.3.关于基于文中给出信息的推论(推导题)推导题问的不是文中那些明确陈述而是作者强烈暗示的那部分。与观点题不一样,观点题问的是文中直接陈述的内容,推导题则问的是需要对文中直接陈述的内容进行推演才能得出的观点或含义。作者使用间接的方式来阐述,在不具体陈述的情况下提出观点。推导题测试你推断在作者只是暗示的那一部分所意图表达的观点的能力。推导题问的不是那些文章中蕴含的生僻含义或者暗示
18、,而是那些作者间接铺陈的含义或者特别暗示。要回答这些问题,你可能需要进一步以超越作者陈述所表达的字面含义,或者需要认识到作者陈述的对立面或者相对应的一面,或者需要辨别文中使用的一个象征词的意图。例如,如果文章明确地给出了一个结果,你可能会被要求推导导致它的原因;如果作者比较两个现象,你可能会被要求推导比较的基础或根据;你可能会被要求从一个明确给出的新的政策的描述推导出老政策的特征。因此,当你阅读一篇文章的时候,应该不仅仅关注作者的话所明确表达的意思,还要关注这些话所暗示的更为微妙的意思。4. Questions that ask how information given in a passa
19、ge can be applied to a context outside the passage itselfThese questions measure your ability to discern the relationships between situations or ideas presented by the author and other situations or ideas that might parallel those in the passage. In this kind of question, you may be asked to identif
20、y a hypothetical situation that is comparable to a situation presented in the passage, or to apply ideas given in the passage to a situation not mentioned by the author, or to recognize ideas that the author would probably agree or disagree with on the basis of statements made in the passage. Unlike
21、 inference questions, these questions use ideas or situations not taken from the passage. Ideas and situations given in a question are like those given in the passage, and they parallel ideas and situations give in the passage. Therefore, to answer the question, you must do more than recall what you
22、 read. You must recognize the essential attributes of ideas and situations presented in the passage when they appear in different words and in an entirely new context.4. 关于文中的信息如何适用于文章以外的环境(类比题) 类比题测试你区分作者所阐述的情形或观点和与之相应的情形或观点之间的关系的能力。类比题可能要求你找出一个假设的情形,这个情形与文中阐述的情形相似,相对应或者可比较;或者要求你把文中阐述的观点适用于一个作者没有提到
23、过的情形;或者要求你根据文中的阐述识别作者可能赞成或者反对的观点。与推断题不同,类比题使用的是文中没有的观点或情形。题中的观点或情形类似于并且对应于文中提到的观点或情形。因此,要回答这类问题,你要做的不能仅限于回忆你所读到的。你必须深刻认识到文中表述的观点或情形的实质属性,这样当它们以不同的词语的形式出现在完全陌生的环境中时你就可以迅速把它们识别出来。5. Questions that ask about the logical structure of a passageThese questions ask you to analyze and evaluate the organizat
24、ion and the logic of a passage. They may ask how a passage is constructed: for instance, does it define, does it compare or contrast, does it present a new idea, does it refute an idea? They may also ask how the author persuades readers to accept his or her assertions, or about the reason behind the
25、 authors use of any particular supporting detail. You may also be asked to identify assumptions that the author is making , to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the authors arguments, or to recognize appropriate counterarguments. These questions measure your ability not only to comprehend a pas
26、sage but to evaluate it critically. However, it is important for you to realize that these questions do not rely on any kind of formal logic, nor do they require that you be familiar with specific terms of logic or argumentation. You can answer these questions using only the information in the passa
27、ge and careful reasoning.5.关于文章的逻辑结构(结构题) 结构题要求你分析和评价文章的组织和逻辑。结构题可能会问到一篇文章是如何构造的。例如,哪里在定义;哪里在进行比较和对照;哪里在表达新观点;哪里在反驳一个观点。结构题也可能会问到作者是如何说服读者接受自己的主张的,或者作者使用某个特别的支撑细节的原因。结构题还可能要求你识别作者所做的假设,或者要求你评估作者的论证的力度和缺陷,或者要求你找出合适的驳论。结构题不仅测试你理解文章的能力,还测试你准确地评价文章的能力。然而,对你来说非常重要的是你必须明白,这类问题既不需要你依赖于任何规整的逻辑,也不需要你熟悉逻辑和论证方
28、面的专门术语。你回答这些问题,只需要用到文中所提到的信息并进行仔细的推理。6. Questions that ask about the style and tone of a passageThese questions ask about the language of a passage and about the ideas in a passage that may be expressed through its language. You may be asked to deduce the authors attitude toward an idea, a fact, or
29、a situation from the words that he or she uses to describe it. You may also be asked to select a word that accurately describes the tone of a passagefor instance, “critical,“ “questioning,“ “objective,“ or “enthusiastic.“ To answer this type of question, you will have to consider the language of the
30、 passage as a whole: it takes more than one pointed critical word to make the tone of an entire passage “critical.” Sometimes, these questions ask what audience the passage was probably intended for or what type of publication it probably appeared in. Style and tone questions may apply to one small
31、part of the passage or to the passage as a whole. To answer them, you must ask yourself what meanings are contained in the words of a passage beyond their literal meanings. Were such words selected because of their emotional content, or because a particular audience would expect to hear them? Rememb
32、er, these questions measure your ability to discern meaning expressed by the author through his or her choice of word.6. 关于文章的风格和基调(态度题) 态度题主要涉及文章使用的语言和作者通过这些语言所表达出的态度。态度题可能要求你从作者的态度演绎出一个观点,一个事实,或者一个情形;也可能要求你选择一个准确描述文章基调的词语例如,“批评”,“质疑”,“ 客观”,或者“满腔热情”。要回答这类问题,你必须把文章看作一个整体文章通常使用好几个尖锐的批评词汇就会铸就整篇文章的“批评”
33、 基调。有时,态度题也会问到哪些人可能是文章的读者,或者文章可能出现在哪种出版物中。态度题既可能针对文章的一小部分也可能针对整篇文章。要回答这类问题,你必须问自己一个问题那些隐藏在字里行间超越文章字面含义的意思到底是什么。作者使用这些词语是因为它们的感情色彩,还是因为有一群特别的读者期望读到它们?记住,态度题测试的是你区分作者通过使用不同的词来表达不同感情色彩的能力。Test-taking strategies for Reading Comprehension1.You should not expect to completely familiar with any of the mate
34、rial presented in reading comprehension passages. You may find some passages easier to understand than others, but all passages are designed to present a challenge. If you have some familiarity with the material being presented in a passage, do not let this knowledge influence your choice of answers
35、 to the questions. Answer all questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage itself.阅读理解的应试策略 1.你不要期望完全熟悉阅读理解的文章采用的所有素材。你可能会发现一些文章比其它文章容易理解,但所有的文章都被设计成具有挑战性。如果你对文中的素材有一些熟悉,不要让你的常识影响你选择正确的答案。所有的正确答案都是基于文章的陈述或者暗示的。2.Since the questions require specific and detailed understanding of
36、 the material in a passage, analyze each passage carefully the first time you read it. However, there are other ways of approaching reading comprehension passages: some test takes prefer to skim the passages the first time through or even to read the first question before reading the passage. You sh
37、ould choose the method most suitable for you.2.因为文章的问题需要你精确而详尽的理解文中的材料,所以在第一遍阅读的时候要尽可能地仔细分析每一篇文章。当然,也有一些其它的阅读方法。一些人喜欢在第一遍阅读的时候快速略读,一些人喜欢在读文章前读第一个问题。你应当选择最适合你的方法。3.Focus on key words and phrases, and make every effort to avoid losing the sense of what is being discussed. Keep the following in mind:A.
38、 Note how each fact relates to an idea or an argument.B. Note where the passage moves from one idea to the next.C. Separate main ideas from supporting ideas.D. Determine what conclusions are reached and why.3.关注关键词和短语,并且尽可能地保持对所讨论的东西的感觉。把下面几个原则放在心上:A注意每个事实如何与观点或论述发生关联的B注意文章如何从一个观点转到另一个观点的C从论点中总结出中心思
39、想D推断文章的结论以及为什么4. Read the questions carefully, making certain that you understand what is being asked. An answer choice may be incorrect, even though it accurately restates information given in the passage, if it does not answer the question. If you need to, refer back to the passage for clarificati
40、on.4.仔细读问题,弄清楚问题问的到底是什么。一个选项如果没有回答问题就是错误的,尽管它可能准确地重述了文中给出的信息。你可能在必要的时候得重回文章定位。5. Read all the choices carefully. Never assume that you have selected the best answer without first reading all the choices.5.仔细阅读所有选项。在没有读完所有选项时,别心存侥幸地认为已经找到最好答案。6. Select the choice that best answers the question in ter
41、ms of the information given in the passage. Do not rely on outside knowledge of the material for answering the question.6.根据文中给出的信息选择最好的答案。不要依靠相关领域的其它知识来回答问题。7. Remember that understanding, not speed, is the critical factor in reading comprehension.7.记住,理解才是阅读理解的关键因素,而速度不是。大家公认的非常有效的复习方法。关于本复习法的具体操作
42、过程,版上与此相关的询问贴很多,因此本楼搜集了一些小安复习法的具体实施和心得部分。(附:因为看的帖子不多且不能使用内容进行搜索,只找到这点内容。如果大家有补充,请在下面补出,谢谢!)1、小安本人的心得:对于已经做完所有 gmat 阅读的 xdjm,建议你把 og 和补充材料的阅读拿出来(共 81 篇,也可以挑一部分,比如补充材料第 2 篇完全可以删掉) ,进行横向总结:1、根据细节题的题目和正确答案把考点在原文中全部画出来。然后看细节题的考法,总结:主要的无外乎取非和关键字替换2、把所有 main idea 题看一遍,看其对文章意思的表述方法:有套路,且不走极端3、把所有结构题看一遍,看其表述
43、方法4、把态度题看一遍(题目太少,可以再看看 gre 年代题)5、最关键的题 information 题。没什么好方法,锻炼看题目时的记忆力,还有主要从段落意思上看当你做完这样的总结后,你会形成一种 gmat 阅读的感觉,并且会在你再次作题时融入你的阅读方法。对于句子理解上有困难的 xdjm(衡量的标志:看阅读时看不懂文章在讲什么) ,建议你可以尝试训练杨鹏难句(不用练完,练出感觉就可以了)对于那些对科技类和多生词类文章有困难的 xdjm,希望你多练习首字母提炼技术,可以找gre 的这类文章练,强迫自己做首字母提炼。我在复习时总的感觉是,总结的时间远超过作题的时间,我甚至按题材和写作方法对所有
44、题目进行了分类,现在看来,这个工作的帮助似乎不很大,没有题目总结那么有意义,不过目标比较高,时间又有剩余的朋友也可以做一下这个工作。你会发现历史类文章和地理考古类文章都具有鲜明的特色。阅读第一遍总结的方法我想大家都知道,而且很多人都作了总结,因为任何分类都可以作为总结的依据。当时我第一遍总结的时候,每 1-2 篇文章要花 1 个多小时总结,分类较多(因为不知道哪种总结方法最有效) ,最后并没有太大效果,没有明显的提高,但做了很多分类工作。很多人总结工作做了一半就做不下去了,或者没有想过总结第二遍。我个人的感觉是,第一遍虽然收效小,但是为第二遍总结打下了基础。第二遍总结与第一遍总结的最大不同在于
45、题目都已经做过一遍了。第一遍总结之所以效果不好首先是因为当时缺乏最起码的对文章的感觉,而且有难句和单词的障碍。 (第一遍时按难句和单词的首字母提炼方法训练了一下,有了阅读速度的提高并建立了正确的阅读习惯:不回读,段落之间的回忆思考)第一遍总结之所以效果不好的另一个原因是:一下子读的文章太少,没有形成强烈的对于 gmat 阅读文章的感觉。所以在第二遍总结时,阅读强度要大(2-3 天完成所有 80 篇文章的总结) ,这样短时间的强刺激会让你在遗忘前一天作题感觉前迅速把握所读文章的共有特点,以及各种散在不同文章中的相同类型题目的共同特点。我建议大家第二遍总结时要作以下工作:1、阅读强度要大,每天计划
46、阅读量要尽量大,比如 2-3 天内总结完 og+补充材料的所有 80篇文章。 (不建议总结 gre 和 lsat 文章,因为阅读和题目的特点不同)2、detail 和 information 题目的还原,这很重要。最好能划在书上(有影印版的话) ,加强对题目的感觉3、注意不同体裁文章的特点。4、总结完后一个单元(比如 8 篇文章) ,再看一遍文章(结合还原后的考点,不作题) ,然后合上书,把该篇文章的主题、文章结构和考点全部回忆出来(假想你是在为别人写机经) 。这是锻炼你的逻辑记忆力(可以提高作题速度) ,并让你对考点更敏感。5、要试着在作阅读和横向总结的过程中培养一种比较固定的最佳阅读速度:
47、这种速度是对文章的理解程度和阅读速度的一个组合。再快些恐怕会看不懂,从而导致正确率的下降;再慢些,正确率提高很少,但阅读占据的时间太多了。注意这种最佳速度应该根据文章体裁和生词量有所调整,而不是单一的。第三遍总结很简单,1 天内通读全部 80 篇文章,把第二遍总结出来的成果运用一遍,形成固定的思维。1. 新老观点对比型 (*10 篇) 题材以自然科学, 经济类为主, 题型以态度题,列举题, 类比题, 信息题,主题题为主 。文章普遍较难, 由于对两个观点都进行优缺点论述, 比较, 所以论述复杂, 几乎都是长文章, 细节题多.2. 现象解释型 (*8 篇) 题材明显以弱势群体类,美国历史( 黑,
48、印) 等文科类文章为主, 经济类居然无. 所以篇幅短, 文章也容易, 题型以*列举题 ,逻辑题(放对解释的原因 ), *取非题, 类比题, 主题题为主, 举例作用题少 3. 问题解决型 (*8 篇) 题材明显以经济类为主,科学为附, 居然没有历史和女性类的文章. 题型以* 逻辑题,*列举题, 举例题,事实题, 段落作用题, 主题题为主 。文章一般不是很难, 条理清楚. 事实题定位比较简单. 4. 结论解释型(*22 篇) 题材明显以* 美国历史 , 经济类, 自然科学为主, 题型以* 段落作用题(结构题)70%,*举例题 50%,*取非题50%,*类比题 60%,信息题 50%, 逻辑题 40%, 主题题为主 80%, 列举题 30%(大概的估算, 在结论型里出现的篇数/该类题所占的总的篇数 , 对 48 篇而言哟), 所以看结论型的文章, 大家要紧抓文章各段的结构, 作用哟.因为量多, 文章难易都有,不是很难 刚发现结论的两种结构:1) 开头第一段就开门见山的表明结论, 新发现, 然后再解释 2) 类似新老观点对比型, 先提出老观点 , 介绍一些背景知识, 再进行解释 . 不同的是它没有花那么多的笔墨去描绘老观点的优缺点, 去进行两者的对比. 对老观点和其它观点都是一笔带过.