1、本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译原文THEGREENZONESAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESOFNAMPULACITYANEWPHASEINTHEMOZAMBICANCOOPERATIVEMOVEMENTTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHEORIGINSANDCURRENTDEVELOPMENTOFAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESINTHENAMPULACITYGREENZONES,NAMPULAPROVINCE,NORTHERNMOZAMBIQUETHEPAPERSEEKSTODOCUMENTSOMETHINGOFTHEPROCESSBYWHICHTHESM
2、ALLSCALEAGRICULTURALPRODUCERSOFTHENAMPULAGREENZONESHAVECOMETOSEECOOPERATIVEORGANISATIONASCENTRALTOTHEIRINDIVIDUALHOUSEHOLDSURVIVALSTRATEGIESINTHECONTEXTOFTHECHANGEDECONOMICANDPOLITICALCLIMATEWHICHMOZAMBIQUESSTRUCTURALADJUSTMENTPROGRAMMEANDGENERALSHIFTTOAMARKETBASEDSTRATEGYOFDEVELOPMENTHAVEUSHEREDINI
3、TISSUGGESTEDTHATTHEEXPERIENCEOFTHENAMPULAAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESPROVIDESNOTONLYANINSTRUCTIVEEXAMPLEOFTHEKINDOFPROBLEMPRESENTLYFACINGCOOPERATIVEDEVELOPMENTINMOZAMBIQUE,BUTALSOSOMEINSIGHTINTOTHEFORMANDDIRECTIONWHICHARENEWEDPOPULARLYBASEDPOLITICALPROJECTMIGHTASSUMEINAMOZAMBIQUENOWEMBARKEDUPONADEPENDEN
4、TCAPITALISTPATHOFDEVELOPMENTINTRODUCTIONINTHISPAPERWEPROPOSETOEXAMINETHEORIGINSANDCURRENTDEVELOPMENTOFTHEAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESOFTHENAMPULACITYGREENZONES,2INNAMPULAPROVINCE,NORTHERNMOZAMBIQUEOURCONCERNISTODOCUMENTSOMETHINGOFTHEREMARKABLEGROWTHWHICHTHESECOOPERATIVESHAVEUNDERGONEOVERTHEPASTFEWYEARSI
5、NTHEWAKEOFMOZAMBIQUESDRAMATICSHIFTFROMASTATESOCIALISTTOAMARKETBASEDSTRATEGYOFDEVELOPMENTDURINGTHEFORMERCENTRALLYPLANNEDPHASE,WHENTHEGOVERNMENTACTIVELYPROMOTEDTHECOLLECTIVISATIONOFPEASANTAGRICULTURETHROUGHCOOPERATIVISATIONANDSTATEFARMAGRICULTURE,PARTICIPATIONINSTATESPONSOREDCOOPERATIVESBYSMALLSCALEPR
6、ODUCERSINTHENAMPULAGREENZONESWASWEAKANDINVOLUNTARYTHELEGACYOFTHISEXPERIENCEWASAWEAKANDDISORGANISEDCOOPERATIVEMOVEMENTINWHICHTHEVERYNOTIONOFCOOPERATIVEENDEAVOURWASUNPOPULARANDSYNONYMOUSWITHSTATECONTROLSINCETHESHIFTTOAMARKETECONOMY,HOWEVER,PARTICULARLYAFTERTHEINTRODUCTIONANIMFSPONSOREDSTRUCTURALADJUST
7、MENTPROGRAMMEIN1987,3THESMALLSCALEAGRICULTURALPRODUCERSOFTHENAMPULAGREENZONES,LIKETHOSEINOTHERAREASOFTHECOUNTRY,HAVEINCREASINGLYCOMETOSEECOOPERATIVEORGANISATIONASCENTRALTOTHEIRINDIVIDUALHOUSEHOLDSURVIVALSTRATEGIESTHEYHAVEBEGUNJOININGANDESTABLISHINGCOOPERATIVESININCREASINGNUMBERS,ESPECIALLYASSERVICEA
8、NDCREDITMODELSOFCOOPERATIVEORGANISATIONHAVEBEGUNTOREPLACETHEFORMERSTATESPONSOREDCOLLECTIVEPRODUCTIONMODELSTHISTURNOFEVENTSHASLEDTOADRAMATICQUANTITATIVEANDQUALITATIVEGROWTHOFCOOPERATIVESANDPRODUCERASSOCIATIONSINNAMPULAANDOTHERPARTSOFMOZAMBIQUETHISRAPIDGROWTHOFTHECOOPERATIVEMOVEMENTINTHENAMPULAGREENZO
9、NESHASITSBASISINTHEPRACTICALADVANTAGESTHATCOOPERATIVISATIONOFFERSSMALLSCALEURBANAGRICULTURALPRODUCERSINTHECONTEXTOFTHEADVERSEPOLITICALANDECONOMICCONDITIONSUSHEREDINBYSTRUCTURALADJUSTMENTANDTHESHIFTTOAMARKETECONOMY4COOPERATIVEMEMBERSHIPOFFERSSMALLSCALEPRODUCERSAWAYTOINCREASETHEIRHOUSEHOLDINCOMESANDTO
10、PROTECTTHEIRLANDHOLDINGSAGAINSTTHEPREDATIONSOFARECONSTITUTEDANDRESURGENTENTREPRENEURIALCLASSANDITSALLIESINTHESTATEAPPARATUSMOREGENERALLY,HOWEVER,THEGROWTHINCOOPERATIVEORGANISATIONINNAMPULAMUSTBESEENASPARTOFTHEWIDERPROCESSOFDEVELOPMENTOFMOZAMBICANCIVILSOCIETY,APROCESSWHICHHASADVANCEDRAPIDLYINTHEINCRE
11、ASINGLYLIBERALISEDPOLITICALCLIMATETHATHASACCOMPANIEDTHECOUNTRYSSHIFTTOAMARKETECONOMYMOZAMBICANGRASSROOTSORGANISATIONSARERAPIDLYEMERGINGTOFILLTHENEWSPACENOWAVAILABLEFORPOPULARPARTICIPATION,ASPACEFORMERLYDENIEDTHEMBYASTATECOMMITTEDTOBUILDINGSOCIALISMFROMABOVETHERAPIDGROWTHOFTHECOOPERATIVEMOVEMENTINTHE
12、NAMPULAGREENZONES,LIKETHATOFCOOPERATIVESANDGRASSROOTSORGANISATIONSELSEWHEREINMOZAMBIQUE,ALSOOWESMUCHTOTHEFINANCIALANDTECHNICALSUPPORTOFNORTHERNNONGOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONSNGOSWITHTHELIBERALISATIONOFTHEECONOMYUNDERTHECOUNTRYSSTRUCTURALADJUSTMENTPROGRAMMEKNOWNBYITSPORTUGUESEACRONYMASTHEPREPROGRAMADERE
13、HABILITACAOECONOMICA,NORTHERNNGOSHAVEBEENCHANNELLINGINCREASINGAMOUNTSOFMATERIALASSISTANCEDIRECTLYTOMOZAMBICANGRASSROOTSORGANISATIONS,RATHERTHANCHANNELLINGITTHROUGHMOZAMBICANSTATESTRUCTURES,ASWASFORMERLYTHECASETHISSUPPORTHASBEENPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTINVIEWOFTHEEFFECTIVEABANDONMENTOFTHECOOPERATIVEMOVEM
14、ENTBYTHESTATEFOLLOWINGTHESHIFTTOAMARKETECONOMYOUROWNINTERESTINTHEAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESOFTHENAMPULACITYGREENZONES,INFACT,GROWSOUTOFOURCONTINUINGPROFESSIONALANDPOLITICALINVOLVEMENTWITHALARGE,MULTISECTORAL,CANADIANNGODEVELOPMENTPROGRAMMEINMOZAMBIQUE,KNOWNASCOOPERATIONCANADAMOZAMBIQUE,ORCOCAMOCOCAMOH
15、ASBEENEXTENDINGSUPPORTTOTHENAMPULACOOPERATIVESSINCE1988ANDTHEDATAUPONWHICHTHISPAPERISBASEDWASCOLLECTEDDURINGFOURSEPARATEWORKINGVISITSTONAMPULABETWEEN1988AND1991THEBULKOFTHEDATA,HOWEVER,WASCOLLECTEDIN1989INTHECONTEXTOFAPARTICIPATORYRESEARCHPROJECTCARRIEDOUTBYA22PERSONRESEARCHTEAMINCOLLABORATIONWITHTH
16、EGENERALUNIONOFAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESOFNAMPULAKNOWNBYITSPORTUGUESEACRONYMASUGCAN5WHILEMUCHNORTHERNNGOSUPPORTTOMOZAMBIQUEISPROBLEMATICINMANYRESPECTS,ASHANLONHASFORCEFULLYARGUEDINHISMOSTRECENTBOOK,ANDASWESHALLHAVEOCCASIONTONOTEBELOW,WEBELIEVETHEORGANISATIONAL,FINANCIALANDTECHNICALSUPPORTPROVIDEDBYNO
17、RTHERNNGOS,ANDNORTHERNSOCIALMOVEMENTSGENERALLY,ISOFCONSIDERABLEIMPORTANCEINSUSTAININGANDDEVELOPINGTHECAPACITYOFMOZAMBICANPOPULARORGANISATIONSTOACTASSIGNIFICANTFORCESFORDEMOCRATISATIONANDPROGRESSIVESOCIALCHANGEWITHINMOZAMBIQUE6THISSUPPORTISESPECIALLYIMPORTANTINVIEWOFTHEPAUCITYOFRESOURCESAVAILABLETOMO
18、ZAMBICANORGANISATIONSANDTHEINDIFFERENCE,IFNOTHOSTILITY,OFANINCREASINGLYNEOCOLONIALSTATEINTHECONTEXTOFANINCREASINGLYGLOBALIZEDCAPITALISTECONOMY,MOREOVER,THENEEDFORDIALOGUE,LINKAGEANDALLIANCESBETWEENPOPULARFORCESINTHESOUTHANDTHENORTHWOULDSEEMSELFEVIDENT7THETASKOFKEEPINGALIVEANDDEVELOPINGMOZAMBIQUESSTI
19、LLFLEDGLINGCOOPERATIVEMOVEMENT,HOWEVER,ISLIKELYTOPROVEQUITEDIFFICULTFORDESPITENORTHERNNGOSUPPORTANDFRELIMOSCONTINUINGFORMALCOMMITMENTTOCOOPERATIVEDEVELOPMENT,MOSTRECENTLYREAFFIRMEDATTHEFRELIMOPARTYSIXTHCONGRESSOF1990,THELACKOFFUNDSINSTATECOFFERS,THENEGATIVELEGACYOFPASTGOVERNMENTPOLICIESANDTHECOUNTRY
20、SINCREASINGACCEPTANCEOFMARKETBASEDDEVELOPMENTHAVECREATEDAPOLITICALANDECONOMICCLIMATETHATISINMANYWAYSLESSFAVOURABLETOCOOPERATIVEDEVELOPMENTTHANWASFORMERLYTHECASENOTONLYDOESTHECOOPERATIVEMOVEMENTCONTINUETOFACEESSENTIALLYTHESAMEPROBLEMSOFINTERNALORGANISATIONANDTECHNICALINNOVATIONWHICHBEDEVILLEDITSEARLI
21、ERDEVELOPMENTPROBLEMSROOTEDINTHESTRUCTURESANDPRACTICESOFTHECOLONIALANDPRECOLONIALPASTBUTITNOWMUSTALSOFACETHEGROWINGSTRENGTHOFANEWCLASSALLIANCETAKINGSHAPEAROUNDTHESTATETHATISBYNATUREANTISOCIALISTANDOPENLYHOSTILETOCOOPERATIVESANDTOTHEOVERALLPOPULARTHRUSTOFFRELIMOSFORMERDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYINTHISCONTEXT
22、OFINTENSIFYINGCLASSSTRUGGLE,WEFEELTHATTHEEXPERIENCEOFTHENAMPULAAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESPROVIDESNOTONLYANINSTRUCTIVEEXAMPLEOFTHEKINDSOFPROBLEMSCURRENTLYFACINGCOOPERATIVEDEVELOPMENTINMOZAMBIQUE,BUTALSOSOMEINSIGHTINTOTHEFORMANDDIRECTIONWHICHARENEWEDPOPULARLYBASEDPOLITICALPROJECTMIGHTASSUMEINAMOZAMBIQUE
23、NOWCOMMITTEDTOADEPENDENTCAPITALISTPATHOFDEVELOPMENTORIGINSANDPOLICYCONTEXTOFTHENAMPULACITYAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESNOBODYWORKSINTHECITYFORTHEIRSALARYALONEPEOPLEALLOVERNAMPULAHAVELANDINTHEAREASOFTHEGREENZONEANDBEYONDITSCONVENIENTTOHAVEAJOBANDAWORKCARDJUSTTOBELEGAL,TOBEEMPLOYEDBUTVIRTUALLYNOBODYCOUNTSO
24、NTHISASTHEINCOMEONWHICHTOLIVEANDWITHTHEPREECONOMICRECOVERYPROGRAMMEITSEVENMOREIMPOSSIBLEINTERVIEWWITHPINTOLUCIANO,DIRECTOROFTHENAMPULAGREENZONESOFFICE,24JULY1988THEAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESOFNAMPULACITYARELOCATEDINA15KMRADIUSOFTHECITYSMODERNCOREOFCEMENTBUILDINGS,INANDAROUNDTHESHANTYTOWNSETTLEMENTSWHE
25、RETHEBULKOFTHECITYSPOPULATIONLIVESNAMPULACITYISLOCATEDINNAMPULAPROVINCEINNORTHERNMOZAMBIQUENAMPULAISTHECOUNTRYSSECONDMOSTPOPULOUSPROVINCE,HISTORICALLYAMAJORPRODUCEROFGROUNDNUTS,BEANS,COTTONANDSISALNAMPULACITYISMOZAMBIQUESTHIRDLARGESTCITYAFTERMAPUTOANDBEIRA,WITHAPOPULATIONOFSOMEWHEREINTHERANGEOF200,0
26、00250,000PEOPLEAMOREPRECISEESTIMATEOFTHECITYSPOPULATIONISCURRENTLYNOTPOSSIBLEBECAUSEOFTHELARGENUMBEROFWARDISPLACEDPEOPLECONSTANTLYENTERINGANDLEAVINGTHECITY8INMID1989,WHENTHECOCAMO/UGCANPARTICIPATORYRESEARCHPROJECTWASUNDERTAKEN,THEREWERE39COOPERATIVESINEXISTENCE,WITHATOTALMEMBERSHIPOFAPPROXIMATELY830
27、PEOPLETHECOOPERATIVESOCCUPIEDSCATTEREDPARCELSOFFERTILE,WELLWATEREDLAND,WHICHINMOSTCASESISIRRIGABLETHISMADEITWELLSUITEDTOGROWINGRICEDURINGTHEHOTRAINYSEASON,ANDMAIZE,SWEETPOTATOESANDGARDENVEGETABLESDURINGTHECOOLERDRYSEASONTHETOTALLANDAREAOCCUPIEDBYTHECOOPERATIVESTOTALLEDSOME450HA,WITHINDIVIDUALCOOPERA
28、TIVESOCCUPYINGAREASWHICHVARIEDINSIZEFROM3HATO43HATHERESTOFTHEARABLELANDOFTHENAMPULAGREEENZONESWASOCCUPIEDBYSIXSTATEFARMS,WITHATOTALOF250HA,14CAPITALISTFARMSWITHATOTALOF500HA,ANDSOME20,00025,000FAMILYPRODUCERSPRACTICINGHOUSEHOLDAGRICULTUREINKEEPINGWITHTHESHIFTTOAMARKETECONOMYUSHEREDINBYTHEGOVERNMENTS
29、STRUCTURALADJUSTMENTPROGRAMMEKNOWNBYITSPORTUGUESEACRONYMASTHEPREMOSTOFTHEUNPRODUCTIVESTATEFARMSWEREINTHEPROCESSOFBEINGDISSOLVEDANDTHEIRLANDSREDISTRIBUTEDTOPRIVATEANDFAMILYSECTORPRODUCERS9ORIGINSOFTHECOOPERATIVESBEFOREINDEPENDENCE,THELANDSNOWBEINGFARMEDBYTHECOOPERATIVESBELONGED,INNEARLYALLCASES,TOCOL
30、ONIALSETTLERFARMERSTHESETTLERSCONTROLLEDALLTHEBESTLANDINANDAROUNDNAMPULA,THEMILITARYCAPITALOFTHEPORTUGUESECOLONIALARMYINSOMECASESTHESETTLERSUSEDTHELANDTOSUPPLYMARKETSINTHECITYITSELFWITHAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS,LIVINGASMARKETGARDENERSANDEMPLOYINGLABOURERSINOTHERCASES,THESETTLERSHADOTHERPROFESSIONALEMPLOY
31、MENT,WITHFARMPRODUCTIONPROVIDINGASECONDARYSOURCEOFINCOMEINTHECASEOFONECOOPERATIVE,THELANDHADFORMERLYBELONGEDTOTHEPIDE,THEPORTUGUESESECRETPOLICE,ANDHADBEENWORKEDBYPOLITICALPRISONERSWITHINDEPENDENCEIN1975,THEMAJORITYOFTHESETTLERSOWNINGLANDONTHEOUTSKIRTSOFTHECITYDEPARTED,ASPARTOFTHEGENERALPREANDPOSTIND
32、EPENDENCEEXODUSOFPORTUGUESESETTLERSFROMTHECOUNTRY10WITHTHENATIONALISATIONOFLANDIN1976,ABANDONEDSETTLERFARMSCAMEUNDERTHECONTROLOFLOCALAUTHORITIES,INTHEFORMOFWARDSECRETARIESANDGRUPOSDINAMIZADORESDYNAMIZINGGROUPSTHESEDYNAMIZINGGROUPSWEREFORMEDINCOMMUNITIES,WORKPLACESANDSTATESTRUCTURESTHROUGHOUTTHECOUNT
33、RYASTHEGRASSROOTSSTRUCTURESOFPEOPLESPOWERINTHEFIRSTYEARSAFTERINDEPENDENCE11THEFORMSTHROUGHWHICHTHESELOCALLEVELPOLITICALSTRUCTURESMADETHISABANDONEDLANDACCESSIBLETOTHELOCALPOPULATIONVARIEDGREATLYINSOMECASESPEOPLESFARMSWEREESTABLISHEDINWHICHTHECOMMUNITYWASMOBILISEDTOWORKCOLLECTIVELYONANINFORMALBASISINO
34、THERCASES,THEFORMERWORKERSOFTHEDEPARTEDSETTLERSCONTINUEDONTHELAND,WITHTHEOLDOVERSEERSSOMETIMESCONTINUINGINASUPERVISORYROLEMOREOFTEN,MEMBERSOFTHELOCALPOPULATIONWEREAUTHORISEDTOCULTIVATE,ORSIMPLYOCCUPIED,INDIVIDUALPLOTSONABANDONEDFARMS,ASSUCHPLOTSOFFEREDACCESSTOPRIMEAGRICULTURALLANDINCLOSEPROXIMITYTOT
35、HEIRHOMESANDURBANMARKETSACCESSTOTHESEWELLWATEREDLOWLANDSWASHIGHLYCOVETED,ASITPERMITTEDTHECULTIVATIONOFRICE,ANDOFMAIZEDURINGTHEDRYSEASONTHISNICELYCOMPLEMENTEDTHECROPSTHATCOULDBEGROWNONTHEDRYLANDFARMSLOCATEDINTHEOUTLYINGRURALAREASSURROUNDINGTHECITY,WHICHTHEMAJORITYOFURBANDWELLERSPOSSESSFORCULTIVATINGP
36、EANUTS,BEANSANDMOREDROUGHTRESISTANTCROPSSUCHASCASSAVAANDSORGHUMATTHISTIMEPEOPLEWHOSEFATHERSORGRANDFATHERSHADFARMEDTHESELOWLANDSBEFORETHECOLONIALSETTLERSOCCUPIEDTHEMALSOCAMEFORWARD,WITHTHEEXPECTATIONTHATTHEIRTRADITIONALRIGHTSTOTHELANDWOULDBERESPECTEDNOWTHATTHECOLONIALISTSHADLEFTANDTHECOUNTRYWASINDEPE
37、NDENTINSOMECASESSUCHTRADITIONALCLAIMSWEREHONOURED,BUTINMANYOTHERSTHEYWERENOTSOURCEMARSHALL,JUDITH,ROESCH,OTTO,JOURNALOFSOUTHERNAFRICANSTUDIES,JUN93,VOL19,译文莫桑比克楠普拉市绿区的农业合作社在合作社运动的新局面本文探讨在莫桑比克北部的楠普拉省的楠普拉市绿区的农业合作社的起源和发展现状。本文件旨在记载楠普拉绿化区的小规模农业生产者在变化的经济和政治气候中调整生存战略成立农业合作社的过程。楠普拉农业合作社的经验不仅为莫桑比克现在面临的合作开发的问
38、题提供了启发性的例子,还为莫桑比克的有群众基础的新的政治项目现在开始向着资本主义道路发展提供进入的形式和方向。介绍本文旨在探讨在莫桑比克北部的楠普拉省的楠普拉市绿区的农业合作社的起源和发展现状。我们关注的是记录下过去几年莫桑比克从社会主义形式向市场的发展为基础的战略转变过程中这些合作社所经历的显著的增长。在原中央计划阶段,政府通过合作化和国营农场农业来积极推动农民农业的集体化。在楠普拉省绿区通过小规模生产者组成的参与国家支持的合作社是软弱和非自愿的。这种经验的遗产是一个软弱和无组织的合作社运动在国家控制中是不得人心的。自从向市场经济转变后,特别是1987年实施国际货币基金组织发起的结构调整方案
39、后,楠普拉绿区的小规模农业生产者就像在该国其他地区的农业生产者一样,已经越来越多地将合作组织看做他们个别家庭生存战略的中心。他们已开始建立和加入越来越多的合作社,尤其是服务和信用合作组织模式的合作组织已开始取代原国家赞助的集体生产模式。这样的转折导致楠普拉省和莫桑比克其他地区的合作社和生产者协会在数量和质量上戏剧性地增长。这种楠普拉绿区的合作社运动的快速增长是有其实际的基础优势的,因为合作社为在不利的政治和经济环境中的小规模城市农业生产者带来了结构调整和向市场经济转变的。合作社成员为小规模生产者提供方式来增加其家庭收入,并保护他们的土地持有来对抗重组的掠夺,中间商及其同盟。更普遍的看法是,楠普
40、拉在合作组织的增长必须被看做莫桑比克公民社会发展的更广泛的进程,这进程日益开放的政治气候伴随国家向市场经济转变快速发展着。莫桑比克基层组织迅速兴起,来填补现在可由民众参与的空间,这空间原来由于国家致力于建设社会主义形而上而拒接他们参与。像楠普拉绿区合作社运动那样快速增长的莫桑比克的合作社和其他基层组织,也很大程度上是由于北方非政府组织(NGO)的财政和技术支持。在国家结构调整方案下的经济自由化,北方非政府组织不像原来那样通过莫桑比克国家结构而是将越来越多的物质援助直接导给莫桑比克基层组织。这种支持在政府像市场经济转变后在合作社运动的有效放弃中变得特别重要。我们在楠普拉市绿区的农业合作社的自身利
41、益,事实上,前身是莫桑比克持续专业和政治参与的一个大的,多部门,加拿大非政府组织发展计划,被称作加拿大和莫桑比克的合作COCAMO。COCAMO自1988年以来一直扩大对楠普拉合作社支持,本文所依据的基础数据是在1988年和1991年之间四个不同的工作访问中收集的。大量的数据是在1989年由进行参与性研究合作的一个22人研究小组与楠普拉总工会农业合作社收集的(其葡萄牙缩写为UGCAN)。尽管有许多北部非政府组织支持莫桑比克,莫桑比克在许多方面还是存在问题,比如安隆在他最近的书中认为,正如我们将有机会进行下面的说明,我们相信北部非政府组织提供的组织,财政和技术上的支持,一般来说北部社会运动对维持
42、和发展莫桑比克人民组织行动能力来推进莫桑比克民主化和社会变革进步具有相当的重要性。这种支持在莫桑比克组织缺乏资源的时候显得特别重要。在日益全球化的资本主义经济条件下,对话的需要在南方和北方人民力量之间的联系和联盟下似乎是不言自明的。保持和发展莫桑比克还是初出茅庐的合作社运动的任务,被证明是相当困难的。尽管北部非政府组织的对合作开发的支持和莫解阵线对合作开发的持续正式承诺,1990年莫解阵线党第六次代表大会最近重申了国库资金的缺乏,过去政府政策的负面遗产,该国日益增长的市场为基础的发展创造了一个政治和经济气候在许多方面是逊于以往合作社的发展情况。不仅合作社运动本质上仍然面临内部组织和技术创新是困
43、扰其早期发展的问题,现在还必须面对一个实力不断壮大的新的反社会主义,公开敌视合作社的阶级联盟在国家形成。在这个阶级斗争激化的背景下,我们认为楠普拉农业合作社的经验,不仅为目前莫桑比克合作开发所面临的问题提供各种启发性的例子,也洞察一个新的群众基础政治项目的形式和方向,认为在莫桑比克目前正致力于依赖资本主义发展道路。楠普拉市农业合作社的起源和政策方面没有人仅仅为工资在这个城市工作。楠普拉省的人们在绿区内外都有土地。想要被雇佣、拥有合法的工作和工作卡是很方便的。可是事实上没有人指望这个来生活。根据经济复苏方案更不可能的。(对平托卢西亚诺的采访,在楠普拉绿色区域主任办公室,1988年7月24日)楠普
44、拉市的农业合作社位于城市的现代水泥建筑的核心的半径15公里内,城市的大部分人口生活在或围绕棚户区定居点。楠普拉市位于楠普拉省在莫桑比克北部。楠普拉省是全国人口第二大省,历史上是花生,豆类,棉花,剑麻主要生产国。楠普拉市是莫桑比克的第三大城市(仅次于马普托和贝拉),人口范围在200,000250,000人。许多人因为战争而流离失所而不断进入和离开城市所以对城市人口的更精确的估计,目前不可能的。在1989年中期,COCAMO/UGCAN参与的研究项目进行调查,共有39个合作社存在,拥有约830人的成员总数。合作社分散占领肥沃的、精心浇灌的土地,这些土地在大多数情况下是可灌溉的。合作社所占用的总用地
45、面积达约450公顷。个别合作社占领3公顷到43公顷的面积。楠普拉绿区剩下的可耕种土地被六个国营农场和14个资本主义农场占领,占地分别是500公顷和250公顷。20000到25000的家庭生产者实行家庭农业。由政府的结构调整方案引导的维持向市场经济的转变,大部分非生产性国营农场处于被解散和土地重新分配的程序中。合作社的起源在独立之前,现在属于合作社的土地几乎都归殖民定居者所有。定居者控制了楠普拉及其周围所有最好的土地,当时葡萄牙殖民军的军事首都。在某些情况下,定居者使用土地里的农业产品来支持城市里的市场,像菜农和劳动者一样生活。在其他情况下,有专业的定居者利用农产品为自己带来第二收入。在一个合作
46、社的情况下,土地是属于葡萄牙秘密警察的,并由政治犯为其工作。随着1975年的独立,其所属的在城市郊区的土地大部分定居者随着葡萄牙殖民者的离开而离开这个国家。随着1976年土地国有化,定居者遗弃的农场受到地方当局的控制。这些动态化组织在独立后的最初几年是社区,工作场所和国家机构在基层结构的形式。这些地方一级的政治结构使得这个被抛弃的土地上的当地居民差别很大。在某些情况下,人民农场是建立在一个非正式的统称下的社会动员工作中的。在其他情况下,之前为现在已经离开的定居者工作的工人继续在土地上工作,并被现在继续监督的监督人员监督。更多的时候,当地人口的成员被授权去耕种或仅仅只是占有那些被遗弃的个别地块,这些地块能使他们在接近他们的家园和城市市场的地方获得主要农业用地。获取这些良好的灌溉地被高度地觊觎着,因为它允许将水稻种植,并在旱季种玉米。这很好地补充了可在城市周围的边远农村地区的旱地农场种植的农作物,其中大多数城市居民培养花生,豆类和更多的抗干旱植物,如木薯和高粱作物。此时此刻,殖民者走了,国家独立了,从前土地被殖民者占领的农民父亲或祖父也走上前来,带着希望自己传统的土地权利被尊重的期望。在某些情况下,这些传统的要求被履行,但很多情况下并么有实现。出处马歇尔、朱迪、罗希、奥托,南部非洲研究,19936,19册,发行2