1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文STATUSOFSCHOOLDISTRICTSPLANNINGANDPREPAREDNESSASWEHAVENOTEDINPRIORREPORTS,EMERGENCYMANAGEMENTREQUIRESCOORDINATEDPLANNINGANDIMPLEMENTATIONBYAVARIETYOFPARTICIPANTSEFFECTIVEEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTREQUIRESIDENTIFYINGTHEHAZARDSFORWHICHITISNECESSARYTOBEPREPAREDRISKASSESSMENTSESTABLISHINGCLEARR
2、OLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESTHATAREEFFECTIVELYCOMMUNICATEDANDWELLUNDERSTOODANDDEVELOPING,MAINTAINING,ANDMOBILIZINGNEEDEDCAPABILITIES,SUCHASPEOPLE,SKILLS,ANDEQUIPMENTTHEPLANSANDCAPABILITIESSHOULDBETESTEDANDASSESSEDTHROUGHREALISTICEXERCISESTHATIDENTIFYSTRENGTHSANDAREASTHATNEEDIMPROVEMENT,WITHANYNEEDEDCHANG
3、ESMADETOBOTHPLANSANDCAPABILITIESTHEHAZARDSTHATSCHOOLDISTRICTSMAYFACEWILLVARYACROSSTHECOUNTRYDEPENDINGUPONTHENATURALHAZARDSTOWHICHTHEIRPARTICULARAREASAREPRONEANDANASSESSMENTOFOTHERRISKSFORWHICHTHEYNEEDTOBEPREPARED,SUCHASPANDEMICINFLUENZAORTHEDISCHARGEOFHAZARDOUSSUBSTANCESFROMNEARBYCHEMICALORNUCLEARPL
4、ANTSSIMILARLY,WHOSHOULDBEINVOLVEDINEMERGENCYPLANNINGANDRESPONSEFORSCHOOLS,ANDTHEROLESOFTHEVARIOUSPARTICIPANTSWILLVARYBYTYPEANDSIZEOFTHEEMERGENCYINCIDENTFORLARGESCALEEMERGENCIES,EFFECTIVERESPONSEISLIKELYTOINVOLVEALLLEVELSOFGOVERNMENTFEDERAL,STATE,ANDLOCALNONGOVERNMENTENTITIES,SUCHASTHEREDCROSS,ANDTHE
5、PRIVATESECTORTHETYPEOFGUIDANCEAVAILABLEFROMTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENTONTOPICSRELATEDTOTHESERECOMMENDEDPRACTICESVARIESSIGNIFICANTLYINSOMEINSTANCES,FEDERALAGENCIESPROVIDEDETAILEDINSTRUCTIONSONHOWTOIMPLEMENTRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESWHILE,INOTHERINSTANCES,GUIDANCEISLESSDETAILEDWEHAVEALSORECOGNIZEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFCE
6、RTAINOFTHESEPRACTICESINOURPRIORREPORTSONEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTWEHAVENOTEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFREALISTICTRAININGEXERCISESFOLLOWEDBYACAREFULASSESSMENTOFTHOSEEXERCISESTHOSEWITHWHOMTHESCHOOLDISTRICTSSHOULDCOORDINATEANDTRAINWILLVARYBYTHETYPEANDSIZEOFTHEEMERGENCYFOREXAMPLE,FORAPOTENTIALPANDEMICFLUOROTHERMAJORINFEC
7、TIOUSOUTBREAK,PLANNINGANDWORKINGWITHLOCALHEALTHAUTHORITIESISCRITICALALMOSTALLSCHOOLDISTRICTSHAVETAKENSTEPSTOPREPAREFOREMERGENCIES,INCLUDINGDEVELOPINGWRITTENPLANS,BUTSOMEPLANSDONOTADDRESSFEDERALLYRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESSUCHASESTABLISHINGPROCEDURESFORSPECIALNEEDSSTUDENTSANDPROCEDURESFORCONTINUEDSTUDENTED
8、UCATIONINTHEEVENTOFANEXTENDEDCLOSUREADDITIONALLY,MANYSCHOOLDISTRICTSDONOTHAVEPROCEDURESFORTRAININGREGULARLYWITHFIRSTRESPONDERSANDCOMMUNITYPARTNERSMANYSCHOOLDISTRICTS,THOSEWITHANDWITHOUTEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANS,HAVEUNDERTAKENACTIVITIESTOPREPAREFOREMERGENCIESBASEDONOURSURVEYOFSCHOOLDISTRICTS,WEESTIMAT
9、ETHAT93PERCENTOFALLSCHOOLDISTRICTSCONDUCTINSPECTIONSOFTHEIRSCHOOLBUILDINGSANDGROUNDSTOIDENTIFYPOSSIBLEVULNERABILITIESINACCORDANCEWITHRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESOFTHOSESCHOOLDISTRICTS,87PERCENTMADESECURITYENHANCEMENTSTOTHEIRSCHOOLFACILITIESANDGROUNDSASARESULTOFTHESEINSPECTIONSSECURITYENHANCEMENTSINCLUDEDADD
10、INGORENHANCINGEQUIPMENTTOCOMMUNICATEWITHSCHOOLEMPLOYEES,STRENGTHENINGTHEPERIMETERSECURITYOFTHESCHOOL,ANDENHANCINGACCESSCONTROLSINADDITIONTOCONDUCTINGVULNERABILITYASSESSMENTS,MANYSCHOOLDISTRICTSCARRYOUTANUMBEROFOTHERACTIVITIESTOPREPAREFOREMERGENCIESSUCHASCONDUCTINGSOMETYPEOFSCHOOLDRILLOREXERCISEANDMA
11、INTAININGASTORAGELOCATIONFORANDREPLENISHINGEMERGENCYSUPPLIESSUCHASFOOD,WATER,ANDFIRSTAIDSUPPLIES,ASRECOMMENDEDADDITIONALLY,SCHOOLDISTRICTSTOOKRESPONSIBILITYFORANUMBEROFACTIVITIESTOPREPAREFOREMERGENCIESATTHEDISTRICTLEVELSUCHASNEGOTIATINGTHEUSEOFSCHOOLBUILDINGSASCOMMUNITYSHELTERSANDIDENTIFYINGSECURITY
12、NEEDSINSCHOOLSTHESEACTIVITIESCANVARYBYLOCALITYDEPENDINGONCOMMUNITYNEEDSANDINCLUDEOVERSIGHT,COORDINATIONWITHOTHERENTITIES,ANDTRAININGMOSTSCHOOLDISTRICTSHAVEDEVELOPEDWRITTENEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSTHATADDRESSMULTIPLEHAZARDSBASEDONOURSURVEYOFSCHOOLDISTRICTS,WEESTIMATETHAT95PERCENTOFALLSCHOOLDISTRICTSHA
13、VEWRITTENEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSWITHNOSTATISTICALDIFFERENCEBETWEENURBANANDRURALDISTRICTSOFTHOSESCHOOLDISTRICTSTHATHAVEWRITTENEMERGENCYPLANS,NEARLYALL996PERCENTADDRESSMULTIPLEHAZARDSINACCORDANCEWITHRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESTOPREPAREFOREMERGENCIESHOWEVER,THESPECIFICHAZARDSADDRESSEDBYPLANSVARYSEEFIG2INSOME
14、INSTANCES,THEHAZARDSINCLUDEDINEMERGENCYPLANSARESPECIFICTOLOCALCONDITIONS,WHICHISTOBEEXPECTEDTHEEXTENTTOWHICHSCHOOLDISTRICTSEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSANDPLANNINGACTIVITIESARECONSISTENTWITHOTHERRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESVARIESDEVELOPROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESFORSCHOOLCOMMUNITYMEMBERSBASEDONOURSURVEYOFSCHOOLDIST
15、RICTS,MOSTDISTRICTSHAVEWRITTENROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESINTHEIRPLANSFORSTAFFSUCHASSUPERINTENDENTS,BUILDINGENGINEERSORCUSTODIANS,PRINCIPALS,TEACHERS,ANDNURSESDEVELOPROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESFORFIRSTRESPONDERSANDCOMMUNITYPARTNERSBASEDONOURSURVEY,WEESTIMATETHAT43PERCENTOFSCHOOLDISTRICTSUSETHEINCIDENTCOMMA
16、NDSYSTEMICSESTABLISHEDBYDHSASPARTOFTHENATIONALINCIDENTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMNIMSTOESTABLISHTHEROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESOFSCHOOLDISTRICTOFFICIALS,LOCALFIRSTRESPONDERS,ANDCOMMUNITYPARTNERSDURINGANEMERGENCY,INACCORDANCEWITHRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESDEVELOPPROCEDURESFORCOMMUNICATINGWITHKEYSTAKEHOLDERSCENTRALTODISTRI
17、CTEMERGENCYPLANSISTHEINCLUSIONOFPROCEDURESFORCOMMUNICATINGWITHKEYSTAKEHOLDERSSUCHASSTAFF,PARENTS,ANDSTUDENTS,INCLUDINGTHOSEWHOARELIMITEDENGLISHPROFICIENTOURSURVEYFINDSTHATROUGHLYTHREEQUARTERSOFALLSCHOOLDISTRICTSHAVENOTINCLUDEDWRITTENPROCEDURESINTHEIRPLANSFORCOMMUNICATINGWITHLIMITEDENGLISHPROFICIENTP
18、ARENTSANDSTUDENTS,INACCORDANCEWITHFEDERALLYRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESDEVELOPPROCEDURESFORSPECIALNEEDSSTUDENTSALTHOUGHTHENUMBEROFSPECIALNEEDSSTUDENTSINTHESCHOOLSISGROWING,OURSURVEYFINDSTHATANESTIMATED28PERCENTOFSCHOOLDISTRICTSWITHEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSDONOTHAVESPECIFICPROVISIONSFORTHEMINTHEIREMERGENCYMAN
19、AGEMENTPLANSEDUCATIONOFFICIALSTOLDUSTHATBECAUSETHEREISNOAGREEMENTAMONGDISABILITYGROUPSONWHATTHEBESTPRACTICESAREFORSPECIALNEEDSSTUDENTSINANEMERGENCY,DISTRICTSUSUALLYDEVISETHEIROWNPROCEDURESACCORDINGTOTHESEOFFICIALS,SOMEOFTHESEPROCEDURESSUCHASKEEPINGSPECIALNEEDSSTUDENTSINTHEIRCLASSROOMSDURINGSOMEEMERG
20、ENCIESMAYNOTENSURETHESTUDENTSSAFETYINANEMERGENCYDEVELOPPROCEDURESFORRECOVERINGFROMANINCIDENTOVERHALFOFALLSCHOOLDISTRICTSWITHWRITTENEMERGENCYPLANSINCLUDEPROCEDURESINTHEIRPLANSTOASSISTWITHRECOVERINGFROMANINCIDENT,INACCORDANCEWITHRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESSCHOOLDISTRICTSPLANSINCLUDESUCHPROCEDURESASPROVIDINGO
21、NSITETRAUMATEAMS,RESTORINGDISTRICTADMINISTRATIVEFUNCTIONS,ANDCONDUCTINGASSESSMENTSOFDAMAGETOSCHOOLBUILDINGSANDGROUNDSDEVELOPPROCEDURESFORTHECONTINUATIONOFSTUDENTEDUCATIONFEWSCHOOLDISTRICTSEMERGENCYPLANSCONTAINPROCEDURESFORCONTINUINGSTUDENTEDUCATIONINTHEEVENTOFANEXTENDEDSCHOOLCLOSURE,SUCHASAPANDEMICO
22、UTBREAK,ALTHOUGHITISAFEDERALLYRECOMMENDEDPRACTICEBASEDONOURSURVEY,WEESTIMATETHAT56PERCENTOFSCHOOLDISTRICTSDONOTINCLUDEANYOFTHEFOLLOWINGPROCEDURESSEETABLE3INTHEIRPLANSFORTHECONTINUATIONOFSTUDENTEDUCATIONDURINGANEXTENDEDSCHOOLCLOSUREWITHOUTSUCHPROCEDURESSCHOOLDISTRICTSMAYNOTBEABLETOEDUCATESTUDENTSDURI
23、NGASCHOOLCLOSURETHATCOULDLASTFROMSEVERALDAYSTOAYEARORLONGERDETERMINELESSONSLEARNEDBASEDONOURSURVEYOFSCHOOLDISTRICTS,WEESTIMATETHAT38PERCENTOFDISTRICTSHAVEEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSTHATCONTAINPROCEDURESFORREVIEWINGLESSONSLEARNEDTOANALYZEHOWWELLTHEPLANSWORKEDINRESPONDINGTOADRILLOREMERGENCYOFTHEREMAINING
24、SCHOOLDISTRICTS,53PERCENTINDICATEDTHEYHAVEPROCEDURESBUTTHOSEPROCEDURESARENOTINCLUDEDINTHEIRPLANSAND7PERCENTHAVENOSUCHPROCEDURESDEVELOPMULTIPURPOSEMANUALSSOMESCHOOLDISTRICTSHAVEMULTIPURPOSEMANUALSTHATCONTAINVARIOUSTYPESOFINFORMATIONSUCHASROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESFORSTAFF,DESCRIPTIONSOFHOWTORESPONDTODI
25、FFERENTTYPESOFEMERGENCIES,ASWELLASSITESPECIFICINFORMATIONFORINDIVIDUALSCHOOLSTOCOMPLETEINORDERTOTAILORTHEIRPLANINCONTRAST,OTHERDISTRICTSPROVIDELESSINFORMATIONFOREXAMPLE,ONEDISTRICTSPLANCONSISTEDOFAFLIPCHARTWITHCONTACTINFORMATIONONWHOMTOCALLDURINGANEMERGENCYINVOLVELOCALGOVERNMENTANDPUBLICHEATHAGENCIE
26、SINDEVELOPINGANDUPDATINGPLANSSCHOOLDISTRICTSDIFFEREDINTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEYINVOLVECOMMUNITYPARTNERSINTHEDEVELOPMENTANDUPDATINGOFTHEIRPLANSFEWERTHANHALFOFSCHOOLDISTRICTSWITHEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSINVOLVECOMMUNITYPARTNERSSUCHASTHELOCALHEADOFGOVERNMENT43PERCENTORTHELOCALPUBLICHEALTHAGENCY42PERCENTWHEND
27、EVELOPINGANDUPDATINGTHEIREMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANS,ASRECOMMENDEDBYHHSACCORDINGTOWRITTENGUIDANCEPROVIDEDBYEDUCATION,THOSESCHOOLDISTRICTSTHATDONOTINCLUDECOMMUNITYPARTNERSINTHEDEVELOPMENTANDUPDATINGOFTHEIRPLANSMAYLIMITTHEIROPPORTUNITYTOEXCHANGEINFORMATIONWITHLOCALOFFICIALS,TAKEADVANTAGEOFLOCALRESOURCES,
28、ANDIDENTIFYGAPSINTHEIRPLANMORETHANHALF52PERCENTOFALLSCHOOLDISTRICTSWITHEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSREPORTREGULARLYIE,ATLEASTONCEAYEARUPDATINGTHEIREMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSINACCORDANCEWITHRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESHOWEVER,10PERCENTOFALLSCHOOLDISTRICTSHADNEVERUPDATEDTHEIRPLANSTRAINWITHFIRSTRESPONDERSBASEDONOURSU
29、RVEY,WEESTIMATETHAT27PERCENTOFALLSCHOOLDISTRICTSWITHEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSHAVENEVERTRAINEDWITHANYFIRSTRESPONDERSONHOWTOIMPLEMENTTHEPLANS,INACCORDANCEWITHFEDERALLYRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESTHEREASONSWHYSCHOOLDISTRICTSARENOTTRAININGWITHFIRSTRESPONDERSARENOTREADILYAPPARENTASWEHAVEPREVIOUSLYREPORTED,INVOLVI
30、NGFIRSTRESPONDERGROUPSINTRAININGANDEXERCISEPROGRAMSCANBETTERFAMILIARIZEFIRSTRESPONDERSWITHANDPREPAREFIRSTRESPONDERSFORTHEIRROLESINANEMERGENCYASWELLASASSESSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFASCHOOLORDISTRICTEMERGENCYPLANTRAINWITHCOMMUNITYPARTNERSSCHOOLDISTRICTSREPORTTRAININGWITHCOMMUNITYPARTNERSSUCHASLOCALGOVERNMENT
31、ANDLOCALPUBLICHEALTHENTITIESONACTIVITIESTOPREPAREFORANEMERGENCYWITHSIMILARFREQUENCYSPECIFICALLY,WEESTIMATETHAT29PERCENTOFALLSCHOOLDISTRICTSTRAINWITHCOMMUNITYPARTNERSASWITHFIRSTRESPONDERS,THEREASONSFORTHELACKOFTRAININGWITHCOMMUNITYPARTNERSARENOTREADILYAPPARENTINOURWORKONHURRICANEKATRINA,WEREPORTEDTHA
32、TINVOLVINGLOCALCOMMUNITYPARTNERSINEXERCISEPROGRAMSANDTRAININGCOULDHELPPREPARECOMMUNITYPARTNERSANDENHANCETHEIRUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEIRROLESINANEMERGENCYASWELLASHELPASSESSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFASCHOOLDISTRICTSEMERGENCYPLANWITHOUTSUCHTRAINING,SCHOOLDISTRICTSANDTHEIRCOMMUNITYPARTNERSMAYNOTFULLYUNDERSTANDTHEIRRO
33、LESANDRESPONSIBILITIESANDCOULDBEATRISKOFNOTRESPONDINGEFFECTIVELYDURINGASCHOOLEMERGENCYFEDERALANDSTATEGOVERNMENTSHAVEAROLEINSUPPORTINGEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTINSCHOOLDISTRICTSWHILENOFEDERALLAWSREQUIRESCHOOLDISTRICTSTOHAVEEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANS,32STATESREPORTEDHAVINGLAWSORPOLICIESREQUIRINGSCHOOLDISTRICTS
34、TOHAVESUCHPLANSTHEDEPARTMENTSOFEDUCATIONANDHOMELANDSECURITYDHSPROVIDEFUNDINGFOREMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANNINGINSCHOOLSHOWEVER,SOMEDHSPROGRAMGUIDANCE,FORSPECIFICGRANTS,DOESNOTCLEARLYIDENTIFYSCHOOLDISTRICTSASENTITIESTOWHICHSTATEANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSMAYDISBURSEGRANTFUNDSTHUS,STATESRECEIVINGTHISFUNDINGMAYBEU
35、NCERTAINASTOWHETHERSUCHFUNDINGCANBEALLOCATEDTOSCHOOLDISTRICTSORSCHOOLSANDTHEREFOREMAYNOTHAVETHEOPPORTUNITYTOBENEFITFROMTHISFUNDINGSTATESALSOPROVIDEFUNDINGANDOTHERRESOURCESTOSCHOOLDISTRICTSTOASSISTTHEMINPLANNINGFOREMERGENCIESSCHOOLDISTRICTSHAVETAKENSTEPSTOPLANFORARANGEOFEMERGENCIES,ASMOSTHAVEDEVELOPE
36、DMULTIHAZARDEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSHOWEVERSOMEPLANSANDACTIVITIESDONOTADDRESSFEDERALLYRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESFOREXAMPLE,BASEDONGAOSSURVEYOFASAMPLEOFPUBLICSCHOOLDISTRICTS,ANESTIMATED56PERCENTOFALLSCHOOLDISTRICTSHAVENOTEMPLOYEDANYPROCEDURESINTHEIRPLANSFORCONTINUINGSTUDENTEDUCATIONINTHEEVENTOFANEXTENDEDSC
37、HOOLCLOSURE,SUCHASMIGHTOCCURDURINGAPANDEMIC,ANDMANYDONOTINCLUDEPROCEDURESFORSPECIALNEEDSSTUDENTSFEWERTHANHALFOFDISTRICTSWITHEMERGENCYPLANSINVOLVECOMMUNITYPARTNERSWHENDEVELOPINGANDUPDATINGTHESEPLANSFINALLY,SCHOOLDISTRICTSAREGENERALLYNOTTRAININGWITHFIRSTRESPONDERSORCOMMUNITYPARTNERSONHOWTOIMPLEMENTTHE
38、IRSCHOOLDISTRICTEMERGENCYPLANSINSUMMARY,FEDERALANDSTATEGOVERNMENTSSUPPORTEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTINSCHOOLDISTRICTSWITHARANGEOFRESOURCESANDMOSTSCHOOLDISTRICTSHAVEDEVELOPEDEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSDESPITEFACINGCHALLENGESHOWEVERNOTALLOFTHESEPLANSINCORPORATERECOMMENDEDPRACTICESFEDERALANDSTATEGOVERNMENTSPROVID
39、EFUNDING,GUIDANCE,TRAINING,ANDEQUIPMENTANDMANYSTATESREQUIRESCHOOLDISTRICTSTODEVELOPEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSORENGAGEINOTHERPLANNINGACTIVITIESHOWEVER,FUNDINGGUIDANCEFORSOMEFEDERALGRANTPROGRAMSDOESNOTCLEARLYIDENTIFYSCHOOLDISTRICTSASENTITIESTOWHICHSTATEANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSMAYDISBURSETHESEGRANTFUNDSTHEREF
40、ORE,SOMESTATESRECEIVINGTHISFUNDINGMAYBEUNCERTAINASTOWHETHERSUCHFUNDINGCANBEALLOCATEDTOSCHOOLDISTRICTSORSCHOOLSANDASARESULT,SCHOOLDISTRICTSMAYNOTHAVETHEOPPORTUNITYTOBENEFITFROMTHISFUNDINGATTHELOCALLEVEL,SCHOOLDISTRICTSHAVETAKENANUMBEROFIMPORTANTSTEPSTOPLANFORARANGEOFEMERGENCIES,MOSTNOTABLYDEVELOPINGE
41、MERGENCYMANAGEMENTPLANSHOWEVER,INMANYDISTRICTSTHESEPLANS,ORTHEIRIMPLEMENTATION,DONOTALIGNWITHFEDERALLYRECOMMENDEDPRACTICESFOREXAMPLE,MANYSCHOOLDISTRICTSDONOTINCLUDEPROCEDURESFORSPECIALNEEDSSTUDENTSINTHEIRPLANSANDMANYDISTRICTSHAVENOTEMPLOYEDANYPROCEDURESINTHEIRPLANSFORCONTINUINGSTUDENTEDUCATIONINTHEE
42、VENTOFANEXTENDEDSCHOOLCLOSURE,SUCHASMIGHTOCCURDURINGAPANDEMICADDITIONALLY,SCHOOLDISTRICTSAREGENERALLYNOTTRAININGWITHTHEIRFIRSTRESPONDERSIE,LAWENFORCEMENT,FIRE,ANDEMERGENCYMEDICALSERVICESEMSANDCOMMUNITYPARTNERSSUCHASTHELOCALHEADOFGOVERNMENTANDLOCALPUBLICHEALTHAGENCY,WHICHAREBOTHFEDERALLYRECOMMENDEDPR
43、ACTICESFINALLY,MANYSCHOOLDISTRICTOFFICIALSSAIDTHATTHEYEXPERIENCECHALLENGESINPLANNINGFOREMERGENCIESDUETOALACKOFEQUIPMENT,TRAININGFORSTAFF,ANDEXPERTISEANDSOMESCHOOLDISTRICTSFACEDIFFICULTIESINCOMMUNICATINGANDCOORDINATINGWITHFIRSTRESPONDERSANDPARENTS,BUTMOSTSAIDTHATTHEYDONOTEXPERIENCECHALLENGESINCOMMUNI
44、CATINGEMERGENCYPROCEDURESTOSTUDENTSWEARECURRENTLYCONSIDERINGRECOMMENDATIONSTHATFEDERALAGENCIESCLARIFYANDIMPROVEGUIDANCETOSTATESANDSCHOOLDISTRICTSTOBETTERENABLESCHOOLDISTRICTSTOINCORPORATERECOMMENDEDPRACTICESFOREMERGENCYMANAGEMENTSOURCEASHBY，CORNELIAMEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTSTATUSOFSCHOOLDISTRICTSPLANNING
45、ANDPREPAREDNESSGOVERMENTACCOUNTABILTYOFFICE，20075译文学校计划和准备工作的情况在之前的报告中我们注意到，应急管理需要参与者协调和执行各种策划。有效的应急管理要求识别危害,有必要准备风险评估；建立明确的角色和责任，能够有效的交流沟通和理解；发展技能、维护设备、并动员需要人。计划和性能应该通过实际的练习，进行测试和评估，识别优势有待提高和改进,任何必要的改变,都是为适应应急管理的计划和性能。学校和学区可能面对不同的危害，根据他们的特定地区，全国会有不同自然灾害,和其他风险的评估，需要他们做好准备,如流行性感冒或从附近的化学或核电站排放有害物质。同样地
46、,谁应该参与学校的紧急情况规划和反应，各种与会者将与不同的角色参与不同类型及大小的应急事件。在大规模突发事件中,有效的应对者可能包括各级联邦政府、州和当地非政府组织,比如红十字会以及私人部门。指导的类型可从联邦政府对这些议题相关的操作规程建议的不同而显著不同，在某些情况下，联邦机构在如何实施建议措施上，会提供详细说明，但在有些情况下,指导是不详细的。我们也认为，以前的这种行为应急管理报告是极为重要的；我们已经注意到现实的训练之后，仔细评估练习的重要性；那些学校地区应协调和训练不同类型及大小的紧急事件。例如,一个潜在的流感或其他重大传染病毒的爆发，计划和配合当地卫生部门的工作是至关重要的。几乎所
47、有的学校都已经采取措施来准备应付紧急状况,包括发展中被写入的计划,但有一些计划并没有采取联邦政府建议措施，如建立学生特殊需要的程序，和继续延长的关闭下学生的教育程序。除此之外,大部分的学区没有按程序，在第一现场和社区的合作伙伴进行定期的训练。许多学校区,准备应付紧急状况所从事的活动，并没有应急管理计划方案。根据我们的调查我们估计，这些学区93的学校进行建筑物和运动场地的检查，可以找出漏洞和改善措施。这些学区87的学校，由于对教学设施和运动场地的检查，使安全增强。安全增强包括通过与学校员工沟通增加或提高设备安全,加强学校边界的安全,增强对出入学校的控制。此外,进行危险评估,许多学校地区执行许多其
48、他活动来应付紧急状况，例如进行某种类型的学校练习或锻炼，来维持和补充紧急救援物资如食物、水和急救用品的储备。此外,学校应该为在地区层级上，许多准备应付紧急状况的活动负责,如使用学校建筑、社区住所谈判，识别学校的安全需求。这些活动根据社会需要，可能有不同地方，包括监督、协调与其他组织的培训。大多数学校已经开发出紧急书面管理计划，重点是多重危害。根据我们对学校的调查,我们估计95的学区在应急管理计划的计划中,城市和农村地区没有显著差异。这些学区紧急书面的计划中,几乎所有996多重危害，按照建议措施来准备应对紧急事件的。然而,具体危害的解决计划是不同的。见图2在某些情况下,灾害应急计划包括了当地的条
49、件,这也是我们预期的。在一定程度上,一些学区的应急管理计划策划活动细节，与其他建议措施是一致的发展学校社区成员的角色和职责。根据我们对学区的调查，大多数辖区已经在计划中写入了员工的角色和职责，如职位是建筑工程师或管理人、校长、教师、护士。发展第一反应者和社区的合作伙伴的角色和职责。在我们调查的基础上,我们估计出43的学区使用事故指挥系统（ICS），建立指定的国家的事件管理系统NIMS的一部分，根据建议措施，建立学区官员、地区的第一反应者,和社区合作伙伴在紧急情况下的角色和职责。开发与利益相关者沟通的流程。中央到地区的应急计划，应列入与关键的利益相关者沟通的程序，如职员、家长及学生,包括那些有限的英语专家。我们的调查发现,根据联邦政府建议措施，大约四分之三的学区，书面程序计划中没有包含专家与家长和学生的沟通和交流。为有特殊需要的学生开发流程。随着特殊需要的学生在学校数量的增长,我们调查发现,估计有28的学区在紧急管理计划中，对有特殊需要的学生没有明确的规定。教育官员告诉我们,因为没有得到残障团体在紧急情况下，对有特殊需要学生的训练的一致观点,地区通常是自己设计自己的程序。根据这些官员介绍,在一些教室里，为有特殊需要的学生设置的这些程序，也许并不能保证突发事件时学生的安全。为从事故中恢复开发流程。所有学区中，超过一半的学校在紧急计划包括，采取一些措施，协助他们从伤病事
