1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译翻译RURALEMPLOYMENTANDLIFECHALLENGESTOGENDERROLESINVIETNAMSAGRICULTUREATPRESENTHOANGBATHINHRESEARCHCENTREFORGENDER,FAMILYANDENVIRONMENTINDEVELOPMENT,VIETNAMTHISPAPERREPRESENTSWORKINPROGRESSANDISCIRCULATEDFORDISCUSSIONANDCOMMENTVIEWSANDOPINIONSEXPRESSEDHEREARETHOSEOFTHEAUTHORS,ANDDONOTREP
2、RESENTOFFICIALPOSITIONSORENDORSEMENTOFTHEFOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONSFAO,THEINTERNATIONALFUNDFORAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTIFAD,ORTHEINTERNATIONALLABOUROFFICEILOABSTRACTTHEPROCESSOFAGRICULTURALRURALURBANIZATIONANDINDUSTRIALIZATIONHASCREATEDDRASTICCHANGESINTHELIVESOFVIETNAMESEFARMERSA
3、TPRESENTBESIDESPOSITIVEFACTORS,THEREEXITSOMENEGATIVEIMPACTSMADEBYTHEPROCESSOFURBANIZATIONANDINDUSTRIALIZATION,ESPECIALLYTHECONVERSIONOFAGRICULTURALFERTILITYLANDFORNEWINDUSTRIALZONE,GOLFGROUNDTHEREARE500,000HECTARESOFCULTIVATEDLANDLOSTFROM2001TO2007,AND120,000HECTARESLOSTIN2007INPARTICULAR,ETCMAKINGT
4、HOUSANDSOFHOUSEHOLDSLANDLESSANDSOTHEYHAVETOSEEKVARIOUSWAYSTOEARNTHEIRLIVING,INCREASINGTHENUMBEROFWOMENGOINGABROADFORLABOREXPORTANDGETTINGMARRIEDTOFOREIGNERSTHISLEADSTOTHETRENDOF“FEMINIZEDAGRICULTURE,AGINGRURAL”AND“WOMENHOUSEHOLDHEADS”,ANDOTHERSOCIALISSUESLIKETRANSFORMATIONOFFAMILYSTRUCTUREANDSIZE,IN
5、CREASEINNUMBEROFDIVORCES,ETCLEADINGTOTHEINCREASEINSEXWORKERS,WOMENANDGIRLCHILDTRAFFICKINGTHESEARECHALLENGESTOFARMERSINGENERALANDVIETNAMESERURALWOMENINPARTICULARTHISARTICLEMENTIONSTHEMAINPOINTSRELATINGTOEMPLOYMENTANDLIVESOFRURALWOMENINTHECONTEXTOFRURALURBANIZATIONANDINDUSTRIALIZATIONINTHELASTDECADEES
6、PECIALLY,THEARTICLEEMPHASIZESSOLUTIONSOFJOBTRAINING/VOCATIONALTRAININGTOIMPROVETECHNICALSKILLSFORRURALWOMENMETHODOLOGYTHEARTICLEUSESDATAFROMTHEFOLLOWINGSOURCESRESULTSOFSURVEYONPOPULATIONCHANGE,LABORFORCEANDFAMILYPLANNING,20062007DATAOFSOCIOLOGICALSURVEYCARRIEDOUTINPROVINCESOFHAIDUONG2007ADDITIONALLY
7、,THEARTICLEALSOUSESTHEMETHODOFCOMPARATIVEANALYSISANDLITERATUREREVIEWARTICLESINMAGAZINES,RESEARCHREPORTSRELATINGTOTHETOPICCONTENT,FROMTHEGENDERRESEARCHPOINTOFVIEW,THEARTICLEFOCUSESONANALYSISOFMAINPOINTSASFOLLOWS1VIETNAMAGRICULTURALECONOMYANDTHEIMPORTANTROLEOFWOMENINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTION2EMPLOYMENTAN
8、DLIVESOFRURALWOMENCHALLENGESTOGENDERROLEINDEVELOPINGAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONINVIETNAM3ISSUESRELATINGSOSOCIALSECURITY,EMPLOYMENTANDLIVESOFAGRICULTURALANDRURALWOMENINTHECONVERSIONPROCESS4BASEDONSUCHDATA,THEARTICLEFORECASTSTHEEMPLOYMENTTRENDOFGENDERROLESINAGRICULTURALACTIVITIES,THEDEVELOPMENTOFVIETNAMAGR
9、ICULTURALECONOMYANDMAKESSOMERECOMMENDATIONSFORSOCIALPOLICYKEYWORDSRURALEMPLOYMENT,GENDERROLE,URBANIZATIONANDINDUSTRIALIZATION1INTRODUCTIONVIETNAMISWITNESSINGRAPIDSOCIOECONOMICANDCULTURALCHANGESTHEPROCESSOFURBANIZATIONANDINDUSTRIALIZATIONHASBOTHPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEIMPACTSONRURALPEOPLESLIFE,PARTICULARL
10、YONTHEEMPLOYMENTOFFARMERSFROMGENDERPERSPECTIVE,THISPAPERLOOKSATMAINASPECTSRELATINGTOEMPLOYMENTANDLIFEOFVIETNAMESEFARMERSUNDERTHEIMPACTSOFSOCIALPOLICIESANDTHEPROCESSOFINTERNATIONALINTEGRATIONINADDITIONTOTHEINTRODUCTIONANDCONCLUSION,THISPAPERINCLUDESSECTION1DEALSWITHVIETNAMSAGRICULTURALECONOMYANDTHERO
11、LEOFWOMENINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONATPRESENTSECTION2ANALYSESPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEIMPACTSONLIFEANDEMPLOYMENTANDCHALLENGESTOGENDERROLEINRURALVIETNAMSECTION3ANALYZESSOMEPOLICIESOFVIETNAMONAGRICULTURALANDRURALDEVELOPMENTANDTHEIREFFECTSONGENDERROLEINEMPLOYMENTANDLIFEDATATHEPAPERISBASEDMAINLYONTHEFOLLOWINGSOU
12、RCESRESULTSOFASOCIOLOGICALSURVEYCONDUCTEDINAIQUOCCOMMUNENAMSACHDISTRICT,HAIDUONGPROVINCEINMAY2007,INWHICHTHEAUTHORWASTHERESEARCHTEAMLEADER,WITHASURVEYSAMPLEOF819REPRESENTATIVERURALHOUSEHOLDSANDHUNDREDSOFINDEPTHINTERVIEWSRESULTSOFASURVEYONLABOURANDEMPLOYMENTINVIETNAMIN2007,CONDUCTEDBYTHEGENERALSTATIS
13、TICSOFFICETHEPAPERALSOINHERITSOTHERSURVEYS,RESEARCHPAPERSRELATINGTOGENDERANDEMPLOYMENTINRURALVIETNAMDURINGTHEPROCESSOFDOIMOIRENOVATIONLOCALANDMETHODSAMONGTHEREDRIVERDELTAPROVINCES,HAIDUONGISMOSTAFFECTEDBYAGRICULTURALLANDLOSSTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRIALPARKSSINCE2000,THEPROVINCELOST18,000HAOFRICECULT
14、IVATIONLAND1AIQUOCISONEOFTHECOMMUNESWHEREMANYHOUSEHOLDSHAVELOSTTHEIRAGRICULTURALLANDTOTHECONSTRUCTIONOFNAMSACHINDUSTRIALPARKCOVERING64HA,UNDERDECISION539/2003/QEUBDATEDFEB27,2003BYTHEHAIDUONGPROVINCIALPEOPLESCOMMITTEEWEHAVEUSEDTHEMETHODOFRANDOMSAMPLINGFORINTERVIEWSOFREPRESENTATIVESOFHOUSEHOLDSINAIQU
15、OCCOMMUNE,WHOSEAGRICULTURALLANDHASBEENTAKENOVERFORTHECONSTRUCTIONOFNAMSACHINDUSTRIALPARK2VIETNAMSAGRICULTURALECONOMYANDGENDERROLEINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONDURINGTHELASTDECADEINVIETNAM,ALTHOUGHTHEPOPULATIONGROWTHREDUCED,THERATEREMAINEDHIGHAT121ANDIN200673OFTHETOTALPOPULATIONOF83MILLIONPEOPLELIVEDINRURA
16、LAREASUNFPA,2008BYJULY1ST2006,THENUMBEROFRURALHOUSEHOLDSINVIETNAMWAS974MILLION,ADECREASEOF950000HOUSEHOLDS89COMPAREDWITH2001UNDERTHEIMPACTSOFINDUSTRIALIZATION,RURALECONOMICSTRUCTUREISCHANGINGTHEROLEOFAGRICULTUREREDUCESINTERMSOFVALUEWHENVIETNAMSECONOMICDEVELOPMENTISADVANCINGTOWARDDIVERSIFYINGOCCUPATI
17、ONSTRUCTUREHOWEVER,AGRICULTURESTILLPLAYSAVERYIMPORTANTROLEINTHELIVELIHOODOFMOSTOFTHEPOPULATIONFOURFIFTHSOFTHEPOPULATIONLIVESINRURALAREASANDAGRICULTUREPROVIDESJOBSTOTWOTHIRDSOFTHELABOURFORCE,ALTHOUGHAGRICULTURALLABOURFORCETENDSTOREDUCEWB,2006AALTHOUGHAGRICULTURALPROPORTIONINTHEGDPCONSTANTLYREDUCESFRO
18、M27IN1995TO21IN2005,AGRICULTURESTILLPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINVIETNAMSECONOMYBECAUSEUPTO54MILLIONPEOPLEDEPENDONAGRICULTURE,DOUBLINGTHENONAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONWHICHISINCREASINGTO28MILLIONINADDITION,80OFTHE12MILLIONRURALHOUSEHOLDSAREDIRECTLYORINDIRECTLYDEPENDENTONAGRICULTUREWB,2006BATTHESAMETIME,AGRICULT
19、URALOUTPUTOFMORETHAN20MILLIONTONNESOFRICEPADDYPERYEARHASMADEVIETNAMTHESECONDLARGESTRICEEXPORTERINTHEWORLDVIETNAMHASUNDERGONEADECADEOFSTRONGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDECONOMICRESTRUCTURING,YETAGRICULTUREREMAINSTHEMAINOCCUPATIONINRURALAREASBUTONLYONEFOURTHOFRURALHOUSEHOLDSONLYDOFARMING,THERESTCOMBINEFARMIN
20、GANDWAGEEARNINGANDNONAGRICULTURALBUSINESSABOUTHALFOFRURALHOUSEHOLDSABOUT1/3OFRURALPOPULATIONAREWAGEEARNERS,BUTONLY4AREFULLTIMEWAGEEARNERSWHILE34AREENGAGEDINNONAGRICULTURALBUSINESSES18RURALPOPULATIONANDONLY3DOESFULLTIMENONAGRICULTURALBUSINESSTHUS,WHILEMANYRURALHOUSEHOLDSAREDIVERSIFYINGTHEIRECONOMICAC
21、TIVITIESANDINCOMESOURCES,THEYSTILLKEEPTHEIRFARMLANDASASTABLEINCOMESOURCE,ONLY7RURALHOUSEHOLDSHAVETOTALLYLEFTAGRICULTUREWB,2006ARURALWOMENPLAYAGREATROLENOTONLYINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONBUTALSOINMANKINDSLIFEITISNOTBYCHANCETHATIN1998THEFOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONFAOSELECTEDTHETHEME“WOMENFEEDTHEWORLD”O
22、NTHEOCCASIONOFITS53RDANNIVERSARYWOMENAREANIMPORTANTANDLARGELABOURFORCEINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONTOENSUREFOODSECURITYFORNATIONS,PARTICULARLYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINVIETNAM,RURALWOMENAREVERYIMPORTANTINTHEPROCESSOFAGRICULTURALANDRURALINDUSTRIALIZATIONACCORDINGTOTHE1999NATIONALPOPULATIONCENSUS,WOMENACCOUNTED
23、FOR54OFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONANDTHEFIGUREIN1989WAS60OFTHEWOMENLABOURFORCE,68WORKINAGRICULTUREANDTHISFIGUREFORMENIS58THEROLEOFWOMENINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONBECOMESEVENMOREIMPORTANTINTHEPROCESSOFECONOMICRESTRUCTURINGWITHANINCREASINGRATEOFWOMENINVOLVEDINAGRICULTUREWHILETHATOFMENISREDUCINGINTHEPERIODF
24、ROM1993TO1998,THEPERCENTOFMENWORKINGINAGRICULTUREREDUCEDBY09ANNUALLYINTHATPERIOD,92OFWORKINGPEOPLENEWLYENTERINGTHEAGRICULTURALSECTORWASWOMENBECAUSEMENMOVEDTODONONAGRICULTURALBUSINESSADB,2002ATPRESENT,THISCHANGEHASLEDTOTHETRENDOFMOREWOMENTAKINGPARTINAGRICULTURALACTIVITIES80WOMENAGAINST60MENWB,2006AIN
25、AGRICULTURALPRODUCTION,WOMENUNDERTAKEALMOSTALLACTIVITIESRELATINGTOCULTIVATIONANDLIVESTOCKWHILEMENAREONLYCONFINEDTOSOMEWORKSUCHASSOILPREPARATIONANDASSISTINGWOMENINTENDINGANDHARVESTINGCROPSANDLIVESTOCKBREEDING3RURALLIFEANDEMPLOYMENTCHALLENGESTOGENDERROLEINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONINVIETNAMATPRESENT31RURA
26、LLIFEINTHEPROCESSOFTRANSFORMATION311IMPROVEDLIVINGSTANDARDSOVERTHEPASTMORETHANADECADE,INDUSTRIALPARKSESTABLISHEDINSOMELOCALITIESHAVEBEENADYNAMICFACTORCONTRIBUTINGTOLOCALSOCIOECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDTURNINGSOLELYFARMINGAREASINTOKEYECONOMICAREASWITHHIGHECONOMICGROWTHRATEOFMOREORLESS10INDUSTRIALPARKSHAVE
27、PROVIDEDJOBSTOTHOUSANDSOFRURALLABOURERS,CREATINGANEWLABOURMARKETTHATPROMOTESRESTRUCTURINGOFTHESOCIALLABOURSTRUCTUREINTHEREGIONINFRASTRUCTUREHASBEENDEVELOPEDANDUPGRADED,PARTICULARLYINRURALAREASANDTHERATEOFPOORHOUSEHOLDSREDUCEDINADDITION,THEPROCESSOFRURALINDUSTRIALIZATIONANDURBANIZATIONHASINTHEPASTYEA
28、RSCREATEDDRASTICCHANGESANDHADPOSITIVEIMPACTSONTHELIFEOFTHEPEOPLEINAIQUOCCOMMUNE,NAMSACHDISTRICT,HAIDUONGPROVINCEIMPROVEDLIVINGSTANDARDSCANEASILYBESEENCOMPAREDTO2003,BYTHESURVEYTIME,437OFTHEINTERVIEWEESSAIDTHEIRLIVINGSTANDARDSHADIMPROVEDANDONLY120SAIDTHEIRLIVINGSTANDARDSREDUCED442SAIDTHEIRLIVINGSTAND
29、ARDSDIDNOTCHANGEBYGENDER,WOMENHADABETTERASSESSMENTTHANMENWITH538WOMENSAIDTHEIRLIVINGSTANDARDSIMPROVEDAGAINST462MENIMPROVEDLIVINGSTANDARDSAREALSOSEENINHOUSEHOLDFURNITUREANDEQUIPMENTANDTYPESOFHOUSESOFTHEPEOPLEINAIQUOCCOMMUNETHEPROCESSOFBUILDINGSOLIDHOUSES,PARTICULARLYCONCRETEHOUSES,TAKESPLACERAPIDLYWI
30、THNEARLY74FAMILIESHAVESOLIDHOUSESBRICKWALLS,CONCRETEFLATROOFANDMULTISTOREYHOUSES,265HAVETILEROOFHOUSESANDALMOSTNOTHATCHEDROOF,BRICKWALLHOUSESARESEENFROMTHEURBANIZATIONPERSPECTIVE,THETRENDOFBUILDINGSOLIDHOUSESISAPOSITIVEINDICATOR,BUTFROMTHECULTURALPERSPECTIVE,THEREISAGRADUALLOSSOFANDTHEABSENCEOFTRADI
31、TIONALWOODENHOUSESWITHBRICKWALLSANDTILEROOFANDANCIENTHOUSESANDANCIENTVILLAGEGATESWHICHBECOMEVERYRAREINRURALVILLAGESONHOUSEHOLDFURNITUREANDINSTRUMENTSINRURALFAMILIES,THEREISALSOARAPIDCHANGENOWCOMPAREDTO2003HOUSEHOLDFURNITUREANDINSTRUMENTSARECONSIDEREDACRITERIONTOMEASUREPEOPLESLIVINGSTANDARDS,EVENTHOU
32、GHTHISISNOTACORRECTINDICATORINALLCASESATTHESURVEYTIME,INAIQUOCCOMMUNE,UPTO876FAMILIESOWNEDTVSETSAND710OWNEDMOTORBIKESTHERAPIDCHANGEINHOUSEHOLDINSTRUMENTSARERELATEDTOMODERNINSTRUMENTSTHENUMBEROFHOUSEHOLDSUSINGGASSTOVEDOUBLESANDTHENUMBEROFHOUSEHOLDSSUBSCRIBINGTELEPHONESBOTHHOMEANDMOBILEALSODOUBLESWHAT
33、ISSURPRISINGISTHATINARURALVILLAGEWHICHISABOUT50KMFROMTHECAPITALHANOI,ONEINEVERY10FAMILIESHASACOMPUTERTHESESTATISTICSSHOWTHATINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYMEANSHAVEGRADUALLYBECOMEFAMILIARTORURALFARMERSWITHSUCHHOUSEHOLDINSTRUMENTS,ITCANBESAIDTHAT,THEGAPBETWEENURBANANDRURALAREASINTERMSOFHOUSEHOLDLIFEHASNARROWED
34、REMARKABLYONEOFTHEINDICATORSTOMEASUREWELFAREISTHEPERCAPITASPENDINGOFHOUSEHOLDFAMILYTHERESULTSOFASURVEYINAIQUOCCOMMUNESHOWTHATTHEAVERAGEPERCAPITASPENDINGPERMONTHISMOREORLESSTHANVND2000005102FROMVND200000TO30000016FROMVND300000TOVND40000017FROMVND400000TOVND50000015FROMVND500000TOVND100000031,FROMVND1
35、MILLIONTO2MILLIONS9,ANDOVER2MILLIONS2THERESULTSOFTHE2004HOUSEHOLDLIVINGSTANDARDSURVEYSHOWTHATTHEAVERAGEPERCAPITASPENDINGPERMONTHIN2004INRURALAREASWASVND314330INTHEREDRIVERDELTAVND417730ANDINURBANAREASVND652030312INCREASEDMEDICALINSURANCEANDHEALTHCAREOVERTHEPASTYEARS,THESTATEHASGIVENGREATATTENTIONTOC
36、AREFORPEOPLESHEALTHINGENERALANDRURALPOPULATIONINPARTICULARINMEDICALINSURANCE,INAIQUOCCOMMUNE,109HOUSEHOLDSHAVEGOTMEDICALINSURANCEUNDERTHEPROGRAMMEDICALINSURANCEFORTHEPOOR,270MEDICALINSURANCEFORSOCIALPOLICYBENEFICIARIESAND455HOUSEHOLDSVOLUNTARILYBOUGHTTHEIRMEDICALINSURANCETHISMEANSINEVERY10HOUSEHOLDS
37、INAIQUOCCOMMUNE84HOUSEHOLDSHAVEMEDICALINSURANCETHISISAVERYHIGHRATECOMPAREDTOTHEACCESSIBILITYTOHEALTHCARESERVICESIN2006INTHEWHOLECOUNTRYINWHICHONLY49HOUSEHOLDSHADMEDICALINSURANCEANDMEDICALCARDSFORFREEOFCHARGEHEALTHCHECKUPSANDMEDICALTREATMENTVIETNAMDEVELOPMENTREPORT2008INAIQUOCCOMMUNE,INTERMSOFHEALTH,
38、UPTO595WOMENINTERVIEWEDSAIDTHATTHECOSTOFHEALTHCHECKUPSANDMEDICALTREATMENTINCREASED,AGAINST405MENATTHETIMEOFTHISSURVEY,PEOPLEINAIQUOCCOMMUNESAIDTHATINRECENTTIME,THERATEOFWOMENSUFFERINGFROMILLNESSISHIGHERTHANMEN594AND406RESPECTIVELYTHUS,THELEVELOFILLNESSOFWOMENISREGULAR333,FROMTIMETOTIME558,WHILETHESE
39、FIGURESINMENARE36AND48RESPECTIVELYINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTION,PEOPLESTILLUSEALOTOFCHEMICALSSUCHASFERTILIZERANDPESTICIDEANDWOMENHAVESPENTMANYHOURSWORKINGINTHEFIELDTRANSPLANTING,WEEDINGANDTENDINGCROPS,THUSTHEYCANEASILYBEAFFECTEDBYSUCHCHEMICALSACCORDINGTOSOMESURVEYSCONDUCTEDBYTHEDEPARTMENTOFPREVENTIVEMEDI
40、CINEANDENVIRONMENTIN2000,RURALWOMENOFTENHAVETOWORK817HOURS/DAYWITHMAINLYMANUALPRODUCTIONTOOLSTHISSURVEYALSOSHOWSTHATUPTO262RURALWOMENAREINVOLVEDINSPRAYINGCHEMICALSANDPESTICIDEANDSTILLUSEBANNEDCHEMICALSSUCHASMONITOR,WOLFATOXMANYWOMENEVENSPRAYCHEMICALWHILEBEINGPREGNANT,DURINGHAVINGPERIODORLACTATINGAMO
41、NGTHEM688WOMENINVOLVEDINCHEMICALSPRAYSSHOWSIGNSOFBEINGPOISONED,106SUFFERMISCARRIAGEHOWDOPEOPLEINTHISCOMMUNEUSEMEDICALINSURANCETHESURVEYRESULTSSHOWTHAT47PEOPLEUSEITVERYREGULAR305FREQUENTLY293FROMTIMETOTIMEANDTHEREMAINING205RARELYAND103NEVERUSEMEDICALINSURANCEWITHTHEQUESTIONONTHELEVELOFSATISFACTIONWHE
42、NUSINGMEDICALINSURANCEFORHEALTHCHECKUPSANDMEDICALTREATMENT,UPTO585RESPONDENTSSAIDTHEYWERESATISFIEDANDONLY138WERENOTSATISFIEDAND205SAIDITWASDIFFICULTTOSAYTHEREISALITTLEBITDIFFERENCEBETWEENWOMENANDMENINTHELEVELOFSATISFACTION575MENWERESATISFIEDAGAINST543WOMENANDTHERATEOFNONSATISFACTIONISHIGHERINWOMENTH
43、ANINMEN155AGAINST118313REDUCEDLIVINGSTANDARDSINASECTIONOFPOPULATIONSTATISTICSRELEASEDBYTHEMINISTRYOFAGRICULTUREANDRURALDEVELOPMENTSHOWSTHATTHELOSSOFFARMLANDFORINDUSTRIALIZATIONANDURBANIZATIONINTHELAST5YEARSHASHADNEGATIVEIMPACTSONTHELIVESOFMORETHAN627000HOUSEHOLDSWITHABOUT950000LABOURERSAND25MILLIONP
44、EOPLEALTHOUGHINTHEPROCESSOFTAKINGOVERFARMLAND,MANYCONCRETEPOLICIESHAVEBEENISSUEDTOWARDPEOPLEWHOLOSEFARMLANDSUCHASCOMPENSATION,SUPPORTONEMPLOYMENT,JOBTRAININGANDRESETTLEMENTTHISSITUATIONISTHECAUSELEADINGTOTHERESULTTHAT53OFHOUSEHOLDSWHOLOSTFARMLANDHAVEINCOMEMUCHLESSTHANBEFOREANDONLY13HOUSEHOLDSHAVETHE
45、IRINCOMEINCREASEDINAIQUOCCOMMUNE,ONLY12HOUSEHOLDSSAID“THEIRINCOME”WASLESSTHANTHATBEFORELOSINGFARMLANDANDONLY205SAIDTHEYCOULDNOTEARNENOUGHFORTHEIRSPENDINGAFTERHANDINGOVERTHEIRFARMLANDWITHFARMINGHOUSEHOLDS,THEIRINCOMEFROMRICEREDUCED41COMPAREDWITH2003PERCAPITASPENDINGOFHOUSEHOLDSINAIQUOCCOMMUNEIN2007CO
46、MPAREDWITHTHEAVERAGESPENDINGLEVELINRURALVIETNAMIN2004262HADLOWERSPENDING17EQUALORALITTLEBITMOREANDTHEREMAINING57HADTHEIRPERCAPITASPENDINGHIGHERIFCOMPAREDWITHTHEAVERAGEPERCAPITASPENDINGINTHEREDRIVERDELTA,432INAIQUOCCOMMUNEHADLOWERSPENDING15EQUALAND42HIGHERSO,INSOCIALWELFAREOFHOUSEHOLDSINAIQUOCCOMMUNE
47、IN2007,4YEARSAFTERHANDINGOVERFARMLANDFORINDUSTRIALIZATION,432PEOPLESTILLHADLOWERSPENDINGTHANTHEAVERAGEPERCAPITASPENDINGPERMONTHOFTHOSEINTHEREDRIVERDELTAIN2004SOCIALSTRATIFICATIONISNOTONLYSEENINTHEGAPBETWEENRURALANDURBANAREASBUTTHEREISAGAPBETWEENTHERICHANDTHEPOORRIGHTINRURALAREASEVIDENCESHOWSTHATINDU
48、STRIALIZATIONANDURBANIZATIONHASINCREASEDTHENUMBEROFLANDLESSPEOPLEWHOAREBEINGISOLATEDFROMTHEIRMEANSOFPRODUCTIONANDHAVETOFINDOTHERLIVELIHOODSBYWORKINGASHIREDLABOURERSSELLINGLABOUR,ANDTHEYAREFACINGTHERISKOFBECOMINGPOORORPOORESTAMONGTHEPOORINRURALCOMMUNITY314MORBIDITYOFTHE819SURVEYEDHOUSEHOLDS,651SAIDIN
49、THEPASTYEARSTHEYDIDSUFFERSOMEILLNESSESINWHICHTHERATEOFWOMENSMORBIDITYISHIGHERTHANMEN594AGAINST406THERATEOFMORBIDITYISREGULARLY345FROMTIMETOTIME526RARELY118BYAGE,THERATEOFMORBIDITYISASFOLLOWSSOURCESURVEYINAIQUOC,2007THETABLE1SHOWSTHEINCREASINGRATEOFMORBIDITYBYAGEGROUPSTHISISRELEVANTTOTHERULE“BIRTH,OLD,ILL,DEAD”HOWEVER,INTHEAGEGROUPUNDER35,UPTO278FREQUENTLYAND59OFTENSUFFERFROMILLNESSESWITHREGARDTOTHEMIDDLEAGEGROUP3645YEARSOFAGE,THERESPECTIVEFIGURESARE306AND541ITSEEMSTHEHEALTHOFTHEPEOPLEINTHEINDUSTRIALIZEDAREAISMUCHAFFECTEDACCORDINGTOTHEPEOPLEINAIQUOCCOMMUNE,FACTORSAFFECTINGTHEIRHEALT
