1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文RURALANDURBANLANDDEVELOPMENTANDLANDTENURESYSTEMSACOMPARISONBETWEENSOUTHAFRICARURALLANDPRIORTOINDEPENDENCE,BOTSWANAHADESTABLISHEDTRADITIONALWAYSOFALLOCATINGANDMANAGINGTRIBALLANDANDITSRESOURCESTHROUGHCHIEFSANDCOMMUNITIESSOONAFTERINDEPENDENCE,THEAUTHORITYTOALLOCATETRIBALLANDWASSHIFTEDFR
2、OMTHECHIEFSTOTHETRIBALLANDBOARDSWHICHWEREESTABLISHEDBYTHETRIBALLANDACT,BUTTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHERESOURCESREMAINSTHERESPONSIBILITYOFTHEUSERSANDTHEIRCOMMUNITIESACCORDINGTOTHISACT,ALMOST71OFTHEAVAILABLELANDISADMINISTEREDASTRIBALLANDACCORDINGTOANINTEGRATEDSYSTEMOFCUSTOMARYLANDTENUREALTHOUGHTHETENURIALRULESF
3、ORTRIBALLANDHAVEBEENCHANGEDCONSIDERABLYBYTHISACT,ITISCONSIDEREDAVERYINNOVATIVEWAYTOCOMBINEINDIVIDUALLANDTENURESECURITYWITHTRIBALLANDUSETHELANDBOARDSWEREESTABLISHEDFORASPECIFIEDTRIBALTERRITORY,ANDTOOKOVERTHEADMINISTRATIVEFUNCTIONSFROMCHIEFSANDOTHERTRIBALAUTHORITIESTITLEOFTHELANDVESTEDINTHELANDBOARDST
4、HELANDBOARDSWEREINITIALLYENTITLEDTOMAKECUSTOMARYANDCOMMONLAWGRANTS,FORRESIDENTIAL,GRAZINGORCULTIVATIONPURPOSES,TOMEMBERSOFTHEDIFFERENTTRIBESLIVINGINTHESPECIFIEDTERRITORIESONLY,BUTSINCE1993ANYCITIZENOFBOTSWANAISENTITLEDTOAPPLYFORTHESERIGHTSLANDBOARDSMAINTAINTHEIROWNRECORDORREGISTRATIONSYSTEMANDRIGHTS
5、ARENOTREGISTEREDINTHECENTRALDEEDSREGISTRATIONSYSTEMOFBOTSWANA,APPARENTLYTOKEEPTHEMMOREAFFORDABLETHELANDBOARDSAREENTITLEDTOISSUECERTIFICATESOFCUSTOMARYGRANTSORCERTIFICATESOFOCCUPATIONPROVISIONHASBEENMADEFORTHECONVERSIONOFTHESECERTIFICATESINTOTITLESREGISTRABLEINTHEDEEDSREGISTRYONCEDEMANDARISESTODEALWI
6、THTHESECERTIFICATESINTHECOMMERCIALLENDINGMARKETANYCHANGEINRIGHTHOLDERMUSTBEREPORTEDTOTHELANDBOARDINORDERTOMAINTAINTHEACCURACYOFTHERECORDSYSTEMOFTHELANDBOARDSHELTERPROVISIONINRURALAREASHASBEENONINDIVIDUALSINITIATIVESTHEMOSTIMPORTANTPREREQUISITEFORHOUSINGDEVELOPMENT,WHICHISACCESSTOLAND,HASNOTREALLYBEE
7、NADISTURBINGISSUEDUETOTHEFACTTHATALLMALEANDFEMALECITIZENSAREALLOCATEDTRIBALLANDFORFREE,BUTINANEFFORTTOFACILITATESHELTERPROVISIONINRURALAREAS,THEGOVERNMENTINTENDSTOINTRODUCEARURALHOUSINGPROGRAMMELANDUSEPLANNINGISNOTANEWPHENOMENONINBOTSWANAPASTEXPERIENCESANDRECORDSINDICATETHATTHETRADITIONALCHIEFSWHOHA
8、DAUTHORITYONLANDHAVEALWAYSDONESOMEFORMOFLANDUSEPLANNINGFORMALLANDUSEPLANNINGINBOTSWANASTARTEDWITHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHETRIBALGRAZINGLANDPOLICYIN1975,WHENSOMEAREASWEREZONEDFORWILDLIFEUSE,OTHERSBECAMERESERVEDAREAS,WHILEOTHERAREASCONTINUEDTOBEFORCOMMUNALUSETHISPOLICYENABLEDINDIVIDUALSORGROUPSTOHAVEEXCL
9、USIVEUSEOFLANDINAREASZONEDFORSUCHUSETHESERIGHTSAREPERMANENT,EXCLUSIONARYANDINHERITABLETHEYMAYONLYBEREVOKEDBYTHELANDBOARDINCIRCUMSTANCESWHERETHERIGHTHOLDERFAILSTOUTILIZETHELANDONTERMSSPECIFIEDBYTHELANDBOARD,ORFAILSTODEVELOPTHELANDACCORDINGTOTHESPECIFIEDPURPOSESWITHINFIVEYEARSORWHERETHELANDWASNOTDISTR
10、IBUTEDFAIRLYINTHESEINSTANCES,THELANDDOESNOTREVERTTOTHEGOVERNMENTBUTISREALLOCATEDBYTHELANDBOARDTOOTHERAPPLICANTSTHISPOLICYWASTHEREFOREAMAJORPROGRAMMETHROUGHWHICHRURALDEVELOPMENTWASTOBEACHIEVEDTHEDISTRICTSUPTONOWCONTINUETOPREPAREANDUPDATETHEIRRESPECTIVEINTEGRATEDLANDUSEPLANSINTHEPREPARATIONOFSUCHPLANS
11、THECOMMUNITIESHAVEMAJORINPUTSWITHREGARDTOTHEVARIOUSLANDUSESTHISISINREALIZATIONOFTHEFACTTHATTOHAVEANIMPLEMENTABLEANDSUSTAINABLELANDUSEPLAN,THECOMMUNITIESSHOULDBETHEONESWHODECIDETHEUSESONAPARTICULARTYPEOFLANDITSHOULDBENOTED,HOWEVER,THATNOTALLDISTRICTSHAVESUCHPLANSURBANLANDANURBANCENTREINBOTSWANAISDEFI
12、NEDASALLSETTLEMENTSONSTATELANDANDSETTLEMENTSONTRIBALLANDWITHAPOPULATIONOF5000ORMOREPERSONSWITHATLEAST75OFTHELABORFORCEINNONAGRICULTURALOCCUPATIONSGENERALLY,ANURBANCENTRESHOULDBESEENTOPROVIDEITSPOPULATIONWITHINFRASTRUCTURALANDENVIRONMENTALSERVICESSIMILARTOTHATWHICHEXISTSINAMODERNCITYRURALURBANMIGRATI
13、ONHASPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEGROWTHOFURBANAREASSEVERALURBANDEVELOPMENTPOLICIESHAVEBEENEVOLVEDOVERTHEYEARSTOGUIDETHEGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEURBANAREASDUETOTHEFACTTHATALARGEPARTOFTHEPEOPLEOFBOTSWANAARELIVINGINRURALAREAS,MOSTOFTHEDEVELOPMENTISAIMEDATTHERURALAREAS,BUTAFEWPROGRAMMESWEREINTRODUCEDINORD
14、ERTOBETTERTHECIRCUMSTANCESOFTHOSELIVINGINURBANAREASTHESELFHELPHOUSINGPROGRAMMEWASINTRODUCEDTOASSISTTHELOWINCOMEURBANHOUSEHOLDSTODEVELOPTHEIROWNHOUSESUNDERTHISSCHEME,THEGOVERNMENTPROVIDESBASICSERVICESSUCHASROADS,WATERSTANDPIPES,ANDAPITLATRINETOEACHPLOTPLOTHOLDERSWEREGIVENTENURIALSECURITYTHROUGHACERTI
15、FICATEOFRIGHTSTHISPROGRAMMEHASALSOBEENUSEDINUPGRADINGTHESQUATTERSETTLEMENTSWHICHEXISTEDPRIORTOITSINCEPTIONSHORTAGEOFSERVICEDLANDHASBEENIDENTIFIEDASONEOFTHEMAJORCONSTRAINTSTOURBANHOUSINGDEVELOPMENTTHEREFOREAMAJORLANDSERVICINGPROGRAMME,THEACCELERATEDLANDSERVICINGPROGRAMME,WASINTRODUCEDTHEOBJECTIVEOFTH
16、EPROGRAMMEWASTOSERVICELANDFORALLUSES,SUCHASRESIDENTIAL,COMMERCIALANDINDUSTRIAL,INALLURBANAREASAHOUSINGDEPARTMENTHASBEENESTABLISHED,WHICHISCHARGEDWITHTHERESPONSIBILITYOFPROMOTINGHOUSINGDEVELOPMENTANDIMPROVEMENTTHROUGHPOLICYINITIATIVESTHATCREATEANENABLINGENVIRONMENTFORSHELTERPROVISIONTHETOWNANDCOUNTRY
17、PLANNINGACT,WHICHISTHEMAINLEGISLATIONGUIDINGPHYSICALPLANNINGINBOTSWANA,MAKESPROVISIONSFORANORDERLYANDPROGRESSIVEDEVELOPMENTANDCONTROLOFLANDINBOTHURBANANDRURALAREASTHEURBANDEVELOPMENTSTANDARDSANDTHEDEVELOPMENTCONTROLCODEALSOFACILITATETHEORDERLYPLANNINGOFSETTLEMENTSSUSTAINABLEURBANDEVELOPMENTDEPENDSON
18、THEAVAILABILITYOFCLEANWATERSUPPLYANDPROVISIONOFINFRASTRUCTUREFORSANITATIONANDWASTEMANAGEMENTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHINTHEPROVISIONOFENVIRONMENTALLYSOUNDINFRASTRUCTURESINHUMANSETTLEMENTSISSEENASANINVESTMENTTHATFOSTERSSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTANDTHATCANIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFLIFE,INCREASEPRODUCTIVITY,IMPROVEHEAL
19、TH,ANDREDUCEPOVERTYALTHOUGHTHECONCEPTOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGAINEDPROMINENCEONTHEINTERNATIONALSCENEONLYAFEWYEARSBACK,ITHASBEENONEOFTHEOBJECTIVESOFDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGINBOTSWANASINCEINDEPENDENCEIN1966THETERMHASAPPEAREDASANOBJECTIVEINALLTHESUBSEQUENTDEVELOPMENTPLANS,BUTITSMEANINGHASBEENEXPANDEDTOREFLE
20、CTTHECHANGINGDEVELOPMENTREALITIESOVERTHEYEARSLANDDEVELOPMENTINSOUTHAFRICATHESHAPEANDFORMOFTHECITIESINSOUTHAFRICAARETHERESULTOFCONSCIOUSAPARTHEIDPLANNINGINTHEPASTWHENSOUTHAFRICASFIRSTDEMOCRATICALLYELECTEDGOVERNMENTCAMEINTOPOWERIN1994,ITINHERITEDTHEFRAGMENTED,UNEQUALANDINCOHERENTPLANNINGSYSTEMSWHICHDE
21、VELOPEDUNDERAPARTHEIDDURINGAPARTHEID,LANDDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGINTHETHENFOURPROVINCES,TENHOMELANDSANDTHEGROUPAREARACIALZONES,FELLUNDERMANYDIFFERENTLAWS,ORDINANCES,PROCEDURESANDREGULATIONSTHEREWASALACKOFCOORDINATION,ANUNEQUALDISTRIBUTIONOFRESOURCESANDALOTOFREDTAPEWHICHSLOWEDDOWNDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSANATIO
22、NALDEVELOPMENTANDPLANNINGCOMMISSIONWEREAPPOINTEDTOADVISETHEMINISTEROFLANDAFFAIRSANDTHEMINISTEROFHOUSINGONPLANNINGANDDEVELOPMENTAMONGOTHERTHINGS,THECOMMISSIONWASREQUESTEDTOPREPAREAGREENPAPERONPLANNINGWHICHWOULDREVIEWANDRECOMMENDCHANGESTOTHEAPARTHEIDLEGISLATIONANDPROCESSOFLANDDEVELOPMENTINSOUTHAFRICAT
23、HECOMMISSIONDECIDEDTOFOCUSONTHESPATIALPLANNINGSYSTEMFORURBANANDRURALDEVELOPMENTALANDDEVELOPMENTPOLICY,THERECONSTRUCTIONANDDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMMERDP,ACOMPREHENSIVEANDSECTORALLYBASEDSOCIOECONOMICPOLICYFRAMEWORKTHATESTABLISHEDTHEDEVELOPMENTALFOUNDATIONSFORTHEREMOVALOFAPARTHEIDANDTHEBUILDINGOFADEMOCRATIC,
24、NONRACIALANDNONSEXISTFUTURE,WASADOPTEDTHISPOLICYISBASEDUPONINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENTPLANNING,APROCESSWHICHAIMSTOMAXIMIZETHEIMPACTOFSCARCERESOURCESANDLIMITEDCAPACITYTHEPRIMEPURPOSEOFTHISPOLICYWASTOESTABLISHPROCEDURESTOFACILITATETHERELEASEOFAPPROPRIATEPUBLICLANDFORAFFORDABLEHOUSING,PUBLICSERVICESANDPRODUC
25、TIVEASWELLASRECREATIONALPURPOSESINSETTLEMENTSWHICHHAVEBEENESTABLISHEDINREMOTELOCATIONS,WITHOUTFORMALPLANNING,LANDDEVELOPMENTINVOLVESUPGRADINGSERVICESANDINFRASTRUCTUREINSITUPLANNINGINSOUTHAFRICAINTHEPASTANDATPRESENTISDONEACCORDINGTOTHETOWNPLANNINGORDINANCESOFTHEVARIOUSPROVINCESALTHOUGHMECHANISMSFORFO
26、RWARDPLANNINGHAVELONGEXISTED,THETOWNPLANNINGSCHEME,WHICHWASESTABLISHEDINTERMSOFTHEORDINANCES,ISATTHEHEARTOFTHETOWNPLANNINGSYSTEMWHILETHISSYSTEMWASSTRICTLYENFORCEDINMOSTWHITE,INDIANANDCOLOREDAREAS,ONLYSIMPLIFIEDVERSIONSWERELATERINTRODUCEDTOURBANTOWNSHIPS,FURTHERCOMPLICATINGTHELANDADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM
27、ASARESULTHEREOFSOUTHAFRICANSETTLEMENTSINBOTHURBANANDRURALAREASWEREGENERALLYINEFFICIENT,FRAGMENTEDANDINCONVENIENTINLARGEPART,THISISTHERESULTOFTHEINTERPLAYBETWEENHISTORICALSPATIALPLANNINGPOLICIESANDPRACTICESANDTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEIDEOLOGYOFAPARTHEIDDESPITETHIS,THEREAREFEWSIGNSTHATSIGNIFICANTANDWIDER
28、EACHINGIMPROVEMENTSHAVEBEENSETINPLACESINCE1994THECONSTITUTIONOFSOUTHAFRICAHASABEARINGONTHEPLANNINGSYSTEMINTHOSENEWCONSTITUTIONALREQUIREMENTSSUCHASCOOPERATIVEGOVERNANCE,PROCEDURALANDPARTICIPATORYRIGHTSTOENSUREACCOUNTABILITYFORDECISIONMAKING,THEPROMOTIONOFSOCIALANDECONOMICRIGHTSANDTHEPROTECTIONOFTHEEN
29、VIRONMENTCREATEIMPERATIVESTHATPROFOUNDLYAFFECTPLANNINGINTHEPLANNINGSPHERE,LEGISLATIONHASSHIFTED,WITHTHEPASSINGOFTHEDEVELOPMENTFACILITATIONACT,WHICHWASTHEFIRSTNATIONALPLANNINGLEGISLATIONPROMULGATEDAFTERTHEFIRSTDEMOCRATICELECTIONSIN1994,FROMBEINGCONTROLORIENTATEDTOWARDSBEINGNORMATIVELYBASEDITWASPASSED
30、TOBEGINTHEPROCESSOFTRANSFORMINGPLANNINGTOMEETTHENEEDSOFTHENEWDEMOCRACYTHEDEVELOPMENTFACILITATIONACTINTRODUCESTHECONCEPTOFLANDDEVELOPMENTOBJECTIVESTHESEAREPLANSAPPROVEDBYPOLITICALDECISIONMAKERSTHATSETTHEIROBJECTIVESANDTARGETSFORDEVELOPMENTOFANAREATHELANDDEVELOPMENTOBJECTIVESINTENTIONSARETOCREATEACLEA
31、RSPATIALFRAMEWORKFORTHEAREAANDTOCREATEAPROACTIVERATHERTHANAREACTIVEPLANNINGSYSTEMINTERMSOFTHELOCALGOVERNMENTTRANSITIONSECONDAMENDMENTACTMUNICIPALAUTHORITIESAREREQUIREDTOCREATEINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENTPLANSANINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENTPLANISAPLANAIMEDATTHEINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENTANDMANAGEMENTOFTHEAREAOFJURISDICTI
32、ONOFTHEMUNICIPALITYCONCERNED,ANDWHICHHASBEENCOMPILEDHAVINGREGARDTOTHEGENERALPRINCIPLESCONTAINEDINTHEDEVELOPMENTFACILITATIONACTACOMMONINTENTIONOFBOTHINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENTPLANSANDLANDDEVELOPMENTOBJECTIVESISTOTIEPUBLICAGENCYPLANSTOBUDGETSINDRAWINGUPBOTHLANDDEVELOPMENTOBJECTIVESANDINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENTP
33、LANS,LOCALAUTHORITIESAREREQUIREDTOTRYTOACHIEVETHEINTENTIONSOFTHEDEVELOPMENTFACILITATIONACTPRINCIPLESALANDDEVELOPMENTAPPLICATIONMAYNOTBEAPPROVEDIFSUCHAPPLICATIONISINCONSISTENTWITHANYLANDDEVELOPMENTOBJECTIVEORINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENTPLAN,ALTHOUGHLANDOWNERSANDDEVELOPERSMAYMAKEPROPOSALSTOCHANGELANDUSEIFTHE
34、YCANMOTIVATETHATTHECHANGEWOULDBECONSISTENTWITHBOTHINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENTPLANSANDLANDDEVELOPMENTOBJECTIVESANDTHEDEVELOPMENTFACILITATIONACTPRINCIPLESTHEONUSOFRESPONSIBILITYTODEMONSTRATETHISISONTHEDEVELOPERPROPERTYRIGHTSANDLANDTENUREINSOUTHAFRICALANDTENUREINPOSTAPARTHEIDSOUTHAFRICAISACONTENTIOUSISSUEAND
35、HASLONGBEENASOURCEOFCONFLICTASISTHECASEINMANYTRANSITIONALPOLITICALSITUATIONS,THEREAREALSODIFFERENCESOFOPINIONREGARDINGTHEROLEANDDEFINITIONOFOWNERSHIPANDOTHERRIGHTSINPROPERTYTHECONSTITUTIONOFSOUTHAFRICAPROVIDESINSECTION251FORTHEACKNOWLEDGEMENTOFDIFFERENTRIGHTSINPROPERTYITISCLEARTHATNOTONLYOWNERSHIP,B
36、UTALSOOTHERRIGHTSINIMMOVABLEPROPERTYARERECOGNIZEDANDPROTECTEDINTERMSOFSECTION256THESTATEHASTHEOBLIGATIONTOSECUREBYMEANSOFLEGISLATION,OTHERFORMSOFLANDTENUREWHICHAREINSECUREASARESULTOFTHEAPARTHEIDLEGISLATIONANDPOLICIESINORDERTORECTIFYTHEINJUSTICESOFTHEPAST,THEDEPARTMENTOFLANDAFFAIRSSTARTEDWITHAPROGRAM
37、MEOFLANDREFORMBYMEANSOFRESTITUTION,REDISTRIBUTIONANDTENUREREFORMTHISPROGRAMMERESULTEDINTHEFOLLOWINGACTSBEINGPROMULGATEDTHERESTITUTIONOFLANDRIGHTSACTREGARDINGTHERESTITUTIONOFLANDTOPERSONSDISPOSSESSEDOFLANDAFTER1913ASARESULTOFRACIALLYDISCRIMINATORYLEGISLATION,THEDEVELOPMENTFACILITATIONACTREGARDINGQUIC
38、KERANDCHEAPERPLANNINGANDDEVELOPMENTMETHODS,THELANDREFORMLABORTENANTSACTREGARDINGTHESECURITYOFHOUSING,GRAZINGANDCULTIVATINGRIGHTSOFLABORTENANTS,THECOMMUNALPROPERTYASSOCIATIONSACTREGARDINGTHECREATIONOFASSOCIATIONSTOOWN,CONTROLANDDEALWITHCOMMUNAL/COMMONPROPERTY,THEINTERIMPROTECTIONOFINFORMALLANDRIGHTSA
39、CTREGARDINGTHEINTERIMPROTECTIONOFTHERIGHTSOFPEOPLEINRURALAREAS,THEEXTENSIONOFSECURITYOFTENUREACTREGARDINGTHEPROTECTIONOFLABORERSOTHERTHANLABORTENANTSINRURALAREASANDTHEPREVENTIONOFILLEGALEVICTIONFROMANDUNLAWFULOCCUPATIONOFLANDACTREGARDINGTHEMEASURESTOPROTECTVULNERABLEOCCUPIERSANDEVICTSQUATTERSTHEVISI
40、ONANDSTRATEGYFORSOUTHAFRICASLANDPOLICY,APOLICYTHATISJUST,BUILDSRECONCILIATIONANDSTABILITYANDCONTRIBUTESTOECONOMICGROWTH,ISSETOUTINTHEWHITEPAPERONSOUTHAFRICANLANDPOLICYTHEGOVERNMENTSLANDREFORMPROGRAMMEISMADEUPOFLANDRESTITUTIONWHICHINVOLVESRETURNINGLANDLOSTSINCE1913BECAUSEOFRACIALLYDISCRIMINATORYLAWS,
41、ORCOMPENSATINGVICTIMSFORLOSSOFLANDDUETORACIALLYDISCRIMINATORYLAWS,LANDREDISTRIBUTIONMAKESITPOSSIBLEFORPOORANDDISADVANTAGEDPEOPLETOBUYLANDWITHTHEHELPOFASETTLEMENT/LANDACQUISITIONGRANTANDLANDTENUREREFORMITAIMSTOBRINGALLPEOPLEOCCUPYINGLANDUNDERAUNITARY,LEGALLYVALIDATEDSYSTEMOFLANDHOLDINGTHISPROGRAMMEWI
42、LLDEVISESECUREFORMSOFLANDTENURE,HELPRESOLVETENUREDISPUTESANDPROVIDEALTERNATIVESFORPEOPLEWHOAREDISPLACEDINTHEPROCESSINTHELONGRUN,ASPARTOFTHELANDTENUREREFORMPROGRAMME,GOVERNMENTISCOMMITTEDTOTHETRANSFEROFTHELAND,WHICHISINTHENOMINALOWNERSHIPOFTHESTATE,TOITSREALOWNERSTHEWHITEPAPEREMPHASIZESTHEIMPORTANCEO
43、FLOCALPARTICIPATIONINDECISIONMAKING,GENDEREQUITY,ECONOMICVIABILITY,ANDENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITYINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHELANDREFORMPROGRAMMESTHISWHITEPAPERISNOTONLYFOCUSINGONTHEURBANAREASBUTALSOONTHERURALAREASTHEDEEDSREGISTRATIONSYSTEMINSOUTHAFRICADIFFERSFROMTHEBOTSWANASYSTEMITHASONLYONEDEEDSREGISTR
44、ATIONSYSTEM,ANDTHISSYSTEMDOESNOTPROVIDEFORTHEREGISTRATIONOFALLTHEDIFFERENTLANDTENURERIGHTSTHATARESTATUTORILYRECOGNIZEDALARGEPARTOFTHEPOPULATION,NOTABLYPEOPLEININFORMALSETTLEMENTSANDINRURALAREASWHEREASYSTEMOFCOMMUNALPROPERTYSTILLPREVAILS,ISEXCLUDEDFROMTHEDEEDSREGISTRATIONSYSTEMINTHEWHITEPAPERONSOUTHA
45、FRICANLANDPOLICYAPARTOFTHELANDPOLICYHASBEENSETASIDEFORDEVELOPMENTOFTHEREGISTRATIONSYSTEMTOMAKETHEREGISTRATIONOFINFORMALLANDRIGHTSINURBANANDRURALAREASPOSSIBLEWHILSTEXISTINGGOVERNMENTPOLICYPROVIDESAGREATRANGEOFINPUTSFORPLANNINGANDDEVELOPMENT,THEWHITEPAPERONLOCALGOVERNMENTISCRITICALASITPLACESMUNICIPALI
46、TIESATTHECENTREOFPLANNINGFORBETTERHUMANSETTLEMENTSTHENEWMUNICIPALPLANNINGSYSTEMISFOUNDEDONTHECONCEPTOF“DEVELOPMENTALLOCALGOVERNMENT”ITEMPHASIZESINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGASATOOLFORREALIZINGTHEVISIONOFDEVELOPMENTALLOCALGOVERNMENTTHEURBANDEVELOPMENTFRAMEWORKPUBLISHEDBYTHEDEPARTMENTOFHOUSING,EXAMINE
47、STHECURRENTDILEMMASANDREALITIESFACINGSOUTHAFRICASURBANAREAS,WHILSTTHERURALDEVELOPMENTFRAMEWORKDESCRIBESHOWGOVERNMENTAIMSTOACHIEVEARAPIDANDSUSTAINABLEREDUCTIONINABSOLUTERURALPOVERTYSOURCESUSANBOUILLON，CITYCOUNCILOFPRETORIA,2002译文农村土地在国家独立之前，博茨瓦纳就已经建立了通过其部落首领和团体来处理和管理部落土地及其资源的传统的办法。国家独立后,行使土地配置的权力就由部落
48、首领转移到了部落土地法案成立的部落土地管理委员会,部落土地还是有使用者团体管理。根据这一法案,近70的可利用土地作为由一个完整的土地所有权体系所确定的部落土地来进行管理。虽然这种关于部落土地的所有权规则已经被此法案的规定大量的改变,但这被认为是一种有创意的方法，使私人土地所有权稳定性与部落土地利用效率相结合。为特定部族土地而建立的土地委员会从部族首领和其他部族当局手中接收了行使管理权利，土地的所有权也被授予土地委员会。最初土地委员会只被授权为居住在指定的疆土的不同的部落的成员给予作为住宅、放牧或耕作目的的土地的传统普通法律补贴,但是自从1993年博茨瓦纳的任何公民才了申请这些权利的权力。土地委
49、员会坚持使它们的记录或登记制度和权益等不在博茨瓦纳的中央契约登记系统里登记，目的显然是为了使它们更容易办理。土地委员会有权发放惯常的津贴或职业证书，而这些所有权证书可以在商业借贷市场作为所有权契约交易的凭证。权利人的任何变动都应当报告土地理委员会进而保持其登记系统精确性，而在农村地区提供保障一直在于个人的主动性。对于与土地密切相关的住房开发最重要的前提不是所有男性和女性公民可无偿分配到部族土地这样一个干扰的问题，而是在于促进避税规定农村地区实施的努力，因为政府准备引进一个在农村建设房产的计划。进行土地规划在博茨瓦纳并不是一种新现象，过去的经验和记录表明,那些曾经管辖土地的传统首领曾一直做着某种形式的土地利用方面的总体规划。博茨瓦纳权威的土地利用总体规划开始于1975年部族牧地政策的实施,根据这一政策，当时一些地区被划为野生动物保护使用,一些地区划成了自然保护区,而其他地区继续用于共同用途。这项政策使个体或小组在这样的使用分区内有了专属的土地利用方式，而且这些权利是永久的、排外的和可继承的。只有在土地权利人五年内未按土地委员会规定的方式利用土地或未按特定目的利用土地及土地分配不公平等情况下才有可能被土地委员会撤销这些权利。在这种情况下,土地不再归属于政府而时由土地委员会重新分配于其他申请人。因此，这一政策是能够实现农村发展的一个主要的项目。到目前为止，这些地区仍继续
