1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文LOOKINGBEYONDRETIREMENTPATTERNSANDPREDICTORSOFFORMALENDOFLIFEPLANNINGAMONGRETIREMENTAGEINDIVIDUALSABSTRACTTHISSTUDYUSESTHE2004WAVEOFTHEWISCONSINLONGITUDINALSTUDYTOEXAMINETHEPATTERNSANDPREDICTORSOFFORMALENDOFLIFEEOLPLANNINGSTRATEGIESAMONGRETIREMENTAGEINDIVIDUALSANDWHETHEREOLHEALTHANDF
2、INANCIALPLANNINGAREHIGHLYCORRELATEDPLANNINGBEHAVIORSUSINGLOGISTICREGRESSIONSANDMULTINOMIALLOGISTICREGRESSIONS,FINDINGSSHOWTHATEOLHEALTHPLANSAPPEARTOBEDONEINCOMBINATIONWITHFINANCIALPLANSFEMALES,HIGHEREDUCATEDPERSONS,ANDTHOSEWITHHIGHERNETWORTHAREMORELIKELYTOHAVEINTEGRATEDEOLPLANSCONTAININGBOTHEOLHEALT
3、HANDEOLFINANCIALPLANSITISSUGGESTEDTHATPOLICYMAKERS,HEALTHANDFINANCIALPROFESSIONALS,ANDEDUCATORSCONCERNEDABOUTTHECONSEQUENCESOFTHEABSENCEOFEOLHEALTHPLANSSHOULDFACILITATETHEJOINTPLANNINGWITHFINANCES,ESPECIALLYAMONGTHOSEATHIGHERRISKOFNOTHAVINGSUCHPLANSEG,MALES,LESSEDUCATEDPERSONS,ANDTHOSEWHOHAVELITTLEN
4、ETWORTHKEYWORDSADVANCEDIRECTIVES；DECISIONMAKING；ENDOFLIFE；HEALTHANDFINANCIALPLANNINGBEHAVIOR；RETIREMENTINTRODUCTIONTHENATUREANDCAUSESOFDEATHHAVESHIFTEDOVERTHEPASTCENTURYTHELEADINGCAUSESOFDEATHARENOWCHRONICDISEASES,ORONGOINGCONDITIONSFORWHICHTHEREISNOCUREROSENBERGETAL1996NEWMEDICALTECHNOLOGIESPROLONG
5、LIVESOFTHESICKANDDYING,BUTTHEPROLONGEDPROCESSOFTENHASSERIOUSPSYCHOLOGICAL,PHYSICAL,ANDFINANCIALCONSEQUENCESNOTONLYFORTHEPATIENTSBUTALSOFORTHEFAMILYBROCKANDFOLEY1998FIELDANDCASSEL1997FORTHEDYINGPATIENTS,THEFINALSTAGEOFLIFEMAYBEMARKEDBYPHYSICALPAIN,DISABILITY,ISOLATIONFROMONESFAMILYANDCOMMUNITY,ANDLAC
6、KOFPATIENTAUTONOMYMEANWHILE,THEDYINGPROCESSHASCRITICALIMPACTSONTHEFAMILYMEMBERS,WHOMAYSUFFERPHYSICALANDPSYCHOLOGICALSTRAINSFROMCAREGIVINGACTIVITIES,ANDTHEDEPLETIONOFECONOMICRESOURCESDUETOTHELOSSOFTHEDISABLEDPERSONSEARNINGSANDFRINGEBENEFITS,INCLUDINGHEALTHCAREANDTHECOSTSOFLONGTERMCAREORHOSPITALIZATIO
7、NFANANDZICK2004,2006STUM2001WARSHAWSKYETAL2000THEECONOMIC,PSYCHOLOGICAL,ANDPHYSICALSTRAINSTHATACCOMPANYTHEDYINGPROCESSMAYBELESSSEVEREFORINDIVIDUALSANDFAMILIESWHOPREPAREFORTHEENDOFLIFEEOLEMANUEL1996ENDOFLIFEFINANCIALPLANNINGIE,ESTATEPLANNINGISWELLESTABLISHEDANDWIDELYACCEPTEDASFACILITATINGINDIVIDUALSD
8、EALINGWITHPOSTDEATHASSETSTRANSFERISSUESLESSWELLESTABLISHEDAREEOLHEALTHRELATEDTOOLSSUCHASTHOSEPROVISIONSOFTHE1990PATIENTSELFDETERMINATIONACT,WHICHASSURETHEUSAGEANDUTILIZATIONOFTHEADVANCEDIRECTIVESOTT1999,ANDTHEHOSPICEMOVEMENT,WHICHPROMOTESPALLIATIVECAREATTHEEOLNATIONALHOSPICEORGANIZATION1995NATIONALH
9、OSPICEANDPALLIATIVECAREORGANIZATION2001ADVANCEDIRECTIVESFORHEALTHCAREHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDASAMECHANISMFORENHANCINGTHERIGHTSOFINDIVIDUALPATIENTS,CLARIFYINGPATIENTPREFERENCEFORMEDICALCARE,ANDPROTECTINGBOTHPATIENTSANDSURROGATEDECISIONMAKERSFROMLEGALLIABILITYFORHEALTHCAREDECISIONSATTHEEOLEMANUELETAL2000FORE
10、XAMPLE,THELIVINGWILLALLOWSPERSONSTOSPECIFY,INWRITING,THEIRPREFERENCESFORMEDICALCARETOBEFOLLOWEDWHENTHEYTHEMSELVESARENOLONGERABLETOARTICULATETHEIROWNPREFERENCES1THEDURABLEPOWEROFATTORNEYFORHEALTHCAREDPAHCISALEGALDOCUMENTTHATALLOWSAPERSONTODESIGNATEANOTHERINDIVIDUALTOMAKEMEDICALDECISIONSFORTHEMIFTHEYA
11、REUNABLETODOSOFURTHERMORE,PSYCHOLOGICALPREPARATIONSSUCHASINDEPTHDISCUSSIONSWITHFAMILYMEMBERSONPREFERENCESOFHEALTHCARETREATMENTS,PERSONALBELIEFS,VALUESANDDESIRES,HAVEBEENENCOURAGEDBYGOVERNMENTAGENCIESANDHEALTHPROFESSIONALSGOEBELANDCRAVE1994WHILEINDIVIDUALSANDFAMILIESHAVELONGPLANNEDFORTHEEOLFINANCIALL
12、YANDFORTHERESOURCEDISTRIBUTIONAFTERDEATH,MANYFEWERINDIVIDUALSHAVEPLANNEDFORHEALTHRELATEDISSUESATTHEEOLANDTHECONSEQUENCESOFAPPROACHINGDEATHRECENTSTUDIESSHOWTHATABOUT66OFUSOLDERADULTSOVERTHEAGEOF70HADWRITTENWILLSGOETTINGANDMARTIN2001LEE2000INCONTRAST,STUDIESREPORTALOWER,THOUGHGROWING,PROPORTIONOFADULT
13、SWITHADVANCEDIRECTIVESEARLIERSTUDIESREPORTFROM4TO20OFTHECOMPLETIONRATEHOEFLER1997AMORERECENTSTUDYUSING1995WAVEOFASSETANDHEALTHDYNAMICSAMONGTHEOLDESTOLDAHEADSHOWSTHAT37OFTHESAMPLEHADADVANCEDIRECTIVES,INDICATINGASLIGHTINCREASEFROMTHEPASTHOPP2000HAHN2003REPORTSA1999STUDYOFMEMBERSOFAHEALTHMAINTENANCEORG
14、ANIZATIONFOUNDTHATONETHIRDOFPATIENTSAGED65YEARSOROLDERHAVEANADVANCEDIRECTIVEITINDICATESTHATPERHAPSTHEREARECOHORTDIFFERENCESINRESPONSETOCHANGESINLEGISLATUREANDHEALTHMOTIVATIONSWHILEFINANCIALPLANNINGANDHEALTHCAREPLANNINGHAVEBEENSEPARATELYINVESTIGATEDOCONNER1996OTT1999,WHETHERANDHOWOLDERADULTSINTEGRATE
15、BOTHASPECTSOFEOLPLANNINGHASNOTTHATIS,WEDONOTKNOWWHETHERINDIVIDUALSTENDTOCONSIDERFINANCIALANDHEALTHCAREPLANNINGJOINTLYORASENTIRELYSEPARATEACTIONSTHELATTERISLIKELYIFADVICEISOBTAINEDFROMSEPARATESETSOFINDIVIDUALSHEALTHCAREPROVIDERS,LAWYERS,ANDFINANCIALPLANNERS,ETCSINCETHEREISEVIDENCEBROCKANDFOLEY1998CHA
16、MBERSETAL1994FANANDZICK2004FIELDANDCASSEL1997SHOWINGTHATNOTHAVINGHEALTHCAREPLANSFOREOLWILLLEADTOSEVEREFINANCIALCONSEQUENCESFORAFAMILYSECONOMICWELLBEINGORIMPACTSONBEQUESTS,EOLHEALTHPLANNINGCANBEVIEWEDASALEGITIMATECOMPONENTOFESTATEPLANNINGINOTHERWORDS,EOLHEALTHANDFINANCIALPLANNINGARETWOCOMPLEMENTARYAS
17、PECTSOFCOMPREHENSIVEEOLPLANNINGSILVA2004A,BTHISSTUDYISMOTIVATEDBYTHECOMPLEMENTARYNATUREOFEOLFINANCIALPREPARATIONSHAVINGAFINANCIALWILL,AREVOCABLETRUST,ANDANARRANGEMENTTOTRANSFERASSETSTHROUGHJOINTOWNERSHIPORDESIGNATEDBENEFICIARIES,ANDHEALTHRELATEDPREPARATIONSHAVINGADPAHC,ALIVINGWILLTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTU
18、DYISTODOCUMENTTHEEOLPLANNINGSTRATEGIESADOPTEDBYMIDLIFEADULTSANDTOIDENTIFYTHEFACTORSTHATINFLUENCETHELIKELIHOODOFENGAGINGINSPECIFICPLANNINGSTRATEGIESTHERESEARCHQUESTIONSARE1WHATARETHEPATTERNSOFEOLPLANNINGSTRATEGIESADOPTED2WHATARETHEDETERMINANTSOFEOLPLANNINGSTRATEGIES3WHATISTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEOLFIN
19、ANCIALPLANNINGANDEOLHEALTHPLANNING4DOTHETWOASPECTSOFEOLPLANNINGAPPEARTOBEDISTINCTORCOMPLEMENTARYPLANNINGBEHAVIORSLITERATUREANDBACKGROUNDENDOFLIFEFINANCIALPREPARATIONSENDOFLIFEFINANCIALPREPARATIONSAREMOSTOFTENCONCEIVEDASESTATEPLANNING,WHICHHASTHEPURPOSEOFCARRYINGOUTONESINTENTIONSOFDISPOSINGOFASSETSAN
20、DPROPERTYANDFORTAKINGCAREOFFAMILYMEMBERSAFTERONESDEATHEDWARDS1991GOEBELETAL2003OCONNOR1996PROVIDEDASYSTEMATICREVIEWOFEARLYEMPIRICALRESEARCHONHOWELDERSHANDLETHEIRESTATESEARLYSTUDIESPRIMARILYFOCUSEDONPROPERTYTRANSFERPREFERENCES,CHARACTERISTICS,ANDMOTIVESOFTHOSEWITHANDWITHOUTWILLS,ASWELLASINHERITANCEAN
21、DDISINHERITANCEPATTERNSMOSTOFTHEBODYOFRESEARCHHASFOCUSEDONUNDERSTANDINGTHEDIRECTION,TIMING,ANDMOTIVATIONBEHINDINTERGENERATIONALRESOURCETRANSFERSCOX1987COXANDRANK1992DUNNANDPHILLIPS1997HAYHOEANDSTEVENSON2007KOHANDMACDONALD2006MCGARRYANDSCHOENI1995,1997MACDONALDANDKOH2003OTHERSTUDIESHAVEEXPLAINEDPURPO
22、SESOFHAVINGAWILLBEYONDTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFFINANCIALASSETSROSSIANDROSSI1990STUDIEDWILLSANDINHERITANCESINTHECONTEXTOFFAMILYRELATIONSHIPSANDIDENTIFIEDWILLSASTHEPRIMARYMETHODOFHANDLINGTHETRANSFERNOTONLYOFVALUABLEFINANCIALITEMS,BUTALSOOFPERSONALPOSSESSIONSINORDERTOMANAGEFAMILYRELATIONSHIPSAFTERDEATHSTUM2000
23、EXAMINEDNONTITLEDPROPERTYTRANSFERS,ARGUINGTHATINHERITANCEISNOTSIMPLYANECONOMICORLEGALISSUE,BUTONEWITHCOMPLEXEMOTIONALANDFAMILYRELATIONSHIPDIMENSIONSSCHWARTZ1993ALSOEXPLOREDTHELEGALANDFAMILYINFLUENCESONHAVINGAWILL,ARGUINGTHATWILLSAREALSOANEXPRESSIONOFINDIVIDUALISM,ANDAREFLECTIONOFTHEINDIVIDUALSRELATI
24、ONSHIPWITHFAMILYANDCOMMUNITYATTHETIMEOFWRITINGTHEWILLASTUDYBYROSENFELD1992ARGUESTHATDUETOCHANGINGDEMOGRAPHICS,WILLSINCREASINGLYARETOOLSFORDESIGNATINGGUARDIANSOFGRANDCHILDRENWHOAREINTHEIRCUSTODY,ORDESIGNATINGCAREGIVERSFOROLDERDEPENDENTCHILDRENTHESESTUDIESPROVIDEINSIGHTSINTOHOWFINANCIALWILLSCANWORKASA
25、MULTIFUNCTIONTOOLFORPOSTDEATHRESOURCEALLOCATIONSSTUDIESHAVEEXAMINEDFACTORSTHATINFLUENCETHEADOPTIONOFAFINANCIALWILLCONSISTENTPOSITIVEDETERMINANTSOFPOSSESSIONOFAWILLWEREGREATEREDUCATIONGOETTINGANDMARTIN2001LEE2000OCONNOR1996ROSSIANDROSSI1990SIMONETAL1982,LARGERESTATESIZEGOETTINGANDMARTIN2001LEE2000OCO
26、NNOR1996SIMONETAL1982,OLDERAGELEE2000ROSSIANDROSSI1990SIMONETAL1982,HIGHERHOUSEHOLDINCOMEOCONNOR1996ROSSIANDROSSI1990SIMONETAL1982,ANDBEINGWHITEGOETTINGANDMARTIN2001LEE2000OCONNOR1996OTHERFACTORSSUCHASMARITALSTATUS,GENDER,PRESENCEOFCHILDRENINTHEHOUSEHOLD,ANDHEALTHSTATUSHAVEBEENFOUNDTOHAVEINCONSISTEN
27、TEFFECTSACROSSVARIOUSSTUDIESPALMERETAL2005EXPLOREDWHATLIFEEVENTSAPPEAREDTOPRECIPITATEWRITINGAWILLAMONGADULTSUSINGDATAFROMTHEHEALTHANDRETIREMENTSURVEYHRSTHEYFOUNDTHATBECOMINGAWIDOW,BEINGDIAGNOSEDWITHCANCER,RETIRING,ANDHAVINGAPOSITIVECHANGEINASSETSARESIGNIFICANTLYRELATEDTOADOPTIONOFAFINANCIALWILLEOLHE
28、ALTHPREPARATIONSHEALTHRELATEDEOLPREPARATIONSHAVERECEIVEDINCREASEDATTENTIONFROMRESEARCHERSANDPOLICYMAKERSINPARTDUETOTHEGROWTHINHOSPICECAREANDOTHERSOCIALMOVEMENTSTHATENCOURAGEGREATERPATIENTAUTONOMYINMAKINGEOLMEDICALCAREDECISIONSOTT1999HEALTHRELATEDFORMALPREPARATIONTYPICALLYCOMPRISESTWOBEHAVIORSCOMPLET
29、IONOFALIVINGWILLANDTHEAPPOINTMENTOFDPAHCSTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHATFEWPATIENTSACTUALLYPOSSESSLIVINGWILLSORDPAHCSORHAVESPOKENWITHTHEIRPHYSICIANSABOUTTHESEISSUESOTT1999WHILETHEPATIENTSELFDETERMINATIONACTOF1990REQUIRESHOSPITALTOASKABOUTADVANCEDIRECTIVESANDPROVIDEINFORMATIONONHOSPITALPRACTICES,NOSUCHREQUIREMEN
30、TISPLACEDONPHYSICIANSSOMESTUDIESPROBEDTHEREASONSFORNOTPLANNINGHIGH1993SACHSETAL1992STELTERETAL1992HIGH1993FOUNDINDIVIDUALSFEELTHEYCANRELYONOTHERS,PARTICULARLYFAMILYMEMBERS,TOMAKEDECISIONSFORTHEMIFTHEYAREUNABLETODOSOOTHERREASONSIDENTIFIEDINCLUDEDONOTSEEANURGENTNEEDTODOSOSTELTERETAL1992,ANDPROCRASTINA
31、TIONSACHSETAL1992ANUMBEROFSTUDIESHAVEEXAMINEDTHEFACTORSTHATPREDICTTHELIKELIHOODOFADVANCEDIRECTIVESCOMPLETIONMOSTOFTHEMHAVEFOCUSEDONTHEROLEOFSOCIODEMOGRAPHICANDHEALTHFACTORSASPREDICTORSASTUDYBASEDONANALYSISOFMEDICALRECORDSFROMTHEPROGRAMFORALLINCLUSIVECAREOFELDERLYPACEFOUNDTHATAFRICANAMERICANPATIENTSW
32、ERESIGNIFICANTLYLESSLIKELYTHANWHITEPATIENTSTOCOMPLETEADPAHCELEAZERETAL1996OTHERSTUDIESSHOWTHATINDIVIDUALSWITHHIGHERLEVELSOFEDUCATIONALATTAINMENTAREMORELIKELYTOCOMPLETEANADVANCEDIRECTIVEHIGH1993HOPP2000STELTERETAL1992ADVANCEDIRECTIVESAREMOREPREVALENTAMONGPERSONSINOLDERAGEGROUPSCOMPAREDWITHYOUNGERAGEG
33、ROUPSELPERNETAL1993LEVINETAL1999,ANDAMONGTHOSEWITHPOORERSELFREPORTEDHEALTHSTATUSCOMPAREDWITHBETTERHEALTHSTATUSELPERNETAL1993CARRANDKHODYAKOV2007FOUNDTHAT,CONSISTENTWITHTHEPATIENTSELFDETERMINATIONACT,RECENTHOSPITALIZATIONSMOTIVATEDADVANCEDIRECTIVESFEWSTUDIESHAVEEXAMINEDTHEROLEOFFAMILYSTRUCTUREONTHELI
34、KELIHOODOFCOMPLETINGADVANCEDIRECTIVESWHILEELPERNETAL1993FOUNDTHATMARITALSTATUSHADNOSIGNIFICANTEFFECTONTHELIKELIHOODOFCOMPLETINGADVANCEDIRECTIVES,HOPP2000FOUNDTHATAMONGINDIVIDUALSWITHLIVINGCHILDREN,THOSEWHOWERENOTMARRIEDWERESIGNIFICANTLYMORELIKELYTHANWEREMARRIEDINDIVIDUALSTOHAVEALIVINGWILLANDDPAHCAND
35、MORELIKELYTOREPORTHAVINGINFORMALDISCUSSIONSOFHEALTHCAREPREFERENCESCARRANDKHODYAKOV2007FOUNDTHATFORMERLYMARRIEDPERSONSANDTHECHILDLESSWERELESSLIKELYTOHAVEFORMALEOLPLANSTHANTHEIRCURRENTLYMARRIEDANDWITHCHILDRENCOUNTERPARTSFAMILYSTRUCTURENEEDSFURTHEREXAMINATIONASAPREDICTOROFEOLPLANNINGSCHABERANDSTUM2007,
36、TOTESTWHETHERPERSONSWHOAREMARRIEDORWHOHADLIVINGCHILDRENMIGHTBYPASSANADVANCEDIRECTIVEBECAUSETHEYTRUSTTHEIRFAMILYMEMBERSTOMAKEDECISIONSFORTHEMORWHETHERTHEYAREMORELIKELYTOHAVEADVANCEDIRECTIVESSINCETHEYDONOTWANTTOLEAVEBURDENSONTHEIRFAMILYMEMBERSSUMMARYRESEARCHERSANDTHEPUBLICPRESSHAVEREGULARLYENCOURAGEDF
37、AMILIESWITHELDERLYMEMBERSTOHAVECONVERSATIONSABOUTDEATH,HEALTHCAREPREFERENCES,ANDINHERITANCEWHENAPPROPRIATE,INORDERTOSPARETHEEMOTIONALANDFINANCIALSTRAINSATTHEENDOFTHETIMEDELGADILLOETAL2004MCLEOD2000PULLIAM1999STUM2000ALTHOUGHDISCUSSIONSAREPERCEIVEDASINFORMALPREPARATIONSANDLACKLEGALPOWER,THEYARETHEMOS
38、TCONVENIENTTOOLSTOCOMMUNICATEEOLWISHESANDEVENTOCOMPLEMENTFORMALPLANNINGTOOLSINDEED,AGREATERNUMBERENGAGEININFORMALDISCUSSIONSWITHFAMILYMEMBERSCONCERNINGHEALTHCAREPREFERENCES,INCONTRASTTOONLYASMALLPERCENTAGEOFPEOPLEWHOFORMALLYADOPTEOLHEALTHPLANNINGIE,LIVINGWILLORDPAHCELPERNETAL1993YETITISTHELEGALDOCUM
39、ENTSTHATCARRYWEIGHTINCOURTDECISIONSWHENFAMILYMEMBERSMAYDISAGREEONWHATWASSAIDTOTHEMABOUTEOLWISHESORWHENDISAGREEMENTARISESABOUTTHEDISPOSITIONOFFAMILYASSETSLEGALWILLSSPECIFYTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFASSETSAFTERDEATHANDLEGALEOLDOCUMENTSSPECIFYONESCAREPRIORTODEATH,WITHIMPLICATIONSFORASSETUSEALTHOUGHFINANCIALANDHE
40、ALTHCAREEOLWISHESCANBETHOUGHTOFASCOMPLEMENTARYDECISIONS,PRIORRESEARCHHASTREATEDTHESEASLARGELYTWOSEPARATEDECISIONSRATHERTHANAPPROACHINGEACHASCOMPONENTSOFINTEGRATEDEOLPLANNINGTHISSTUDYEXPLORESTHEINTEGRATIONOFEOLPLANNING,FOCUSINGONFINANCIALANDHEALTHRELATEDPREPARATIONSITEXPLORESWHETHERTHEREISEVIDENCETHA
41、TINDIVIDUALSENGAGEINFINANCIALANDHEALTHCAREEOLPLANNINGASTWODISTINCTPLANNINGACTIVITIESORASCOMPONENTSOFANINTEGRATEDEOLPLANNINGSTRATEGYSOURCEYUNGTINGSU，JFAMECONISS，2008，P654673译文退休后展望关于退休个人正式终老计划的模式和预测摘要这项研究使用的是2004年威斯康星的纵向研究，目的是为了研究退休年龄个人的正式终老计划策略模式和预测，研究终老健康计划和财务计划是否是高度相关联的行为。运用逻辑回归和多元逻辑回归分析，结果表明，终老健康
42、计划与财务计划是相结合的。女性，高学历者，以及那些拥有较高净资产的人，更可能有全面的终老计划，同时包括终老的健康计划和终老的财务计划。有人建议，政策制定者，健康及金融专业人士和教育工作者关注缺乏终老健康计划所带来的结果，他们应该将终老健康计划和终老财务计划结合在一起，特别是对那些没有这些计划又面临较高风险的个人。关键词预前指示；决策；终老；健康和财务规划行为；退休介绍在过去的一个世纪，死的本性和原因发生了变化。死的主要原因现在是慢性疾病或者是那些不能治愈仍持续的疾病。（罗森伯格等人，1996年）新的医疗技术，延长了患病的和垂死的生命，但在这个漫长的过程中，对于病人个人或家庭来说往往会有严重的心
43、理，生理和经济上的问题。（布洛克和福利1998年；原野和卡塞尔1997年）对于临终病人，生命的最后阶段可能会烙下疼痛、残疾、脱离自己的家庭和社区，同时缺少病人应享有的自主权。与此同时，死亡过程对家庭成员会有严重影响，病人可能会在被照顾活动中遭受身体上和精神上的压力。由于病人没有经济收入和附加福利，造成经济的大量消耗，包括卫生保健和长期护理和住院。（范和齐克2004年，2006年；史特姆2001；沃肖斯基2000）。经济，心理和生理的痛苦伴随着死亡的过程，可能会对那些已做好准备终老的个人和家庭影响少点（伊曼纽尔1996）。作为促进个人处理死后财产转让问题，终老财务计划得到很好建立和广泛接纳。很少
44、有终老健康相关的工具的建立，如1990年患者的自我测定法，这个保证了预先指示的使用和利用（奥特1999年），同时临终关怀运动促进了终老治疗（国家临终关怀组织1995年；全国缓和关怀组织2001年）。医疗事前指示已经开发作为加强个别病人的权利的机制，进一步明确了医疗护理病人的偏好，保护了患者和在护理终老选择上免受代理决策者的法律责任（伊曼纽尔等人2000年）。比如，生前遗嘱让人们以书面的形式明确生活方式，当他们不再能够清晰地表达他们的想法的时候，他们喜欢的医疗照顾依然能够进行。卫生护理上持久耐用的法律权利是一个法律性文件，当病人不能够自己决策时，允许指定的个人替他做出医疗决定。此外，政府机构和卫
45、生专业人员鼓励他们做好心理准备，如与家人讨论关于卫生保健倾向，个人信念，价值和愿望喜好问题（戈贝尔和渴望1994年）。然而，个人和家庭对终老财务和死后资源分配有长期计划，其中很少一部分对健康终老相关的问题和即将要死的问题有规划。最近研究表明，大概有66超过70岁的美国老年人有书面遗嘱（戈廷和马丁2001年；李2000年）。与此相反，研究报告了一个更低的数据，虽然在增加，大多数的成年人只有预先指示。早些的研究报道了完成率从4到20的变化（霍弗勒1997年）。最近的一个研究运用了1995年的资产和卫生动态波，其中老年人显示有37的样本有预先指示，这表明比过去略有增加（霍普2000年）。哈恩（200
46、3年）报道了一个关于健康维护组织1999个成员的研究发现，三分之一的65岁患者或者年纪更大的人设有预先指令。这表明，在立法机构和健康促进方面，对于变化会有很多不同的回答。然而财务计划和卫生保健计划已经分别进行调查（奥康纳1996年；奥特1999年），老年人是否和如何整合这两个方面的终老规划。那是，我们不知道是否个人趋向于考虑金融和医疗保健计划作为一个共同体或做为完全独立的行动。如果是后者，可能是从不同的个人中得到意见健康护理提供者，律师，金融规划师等。由于证据显示，终老期间没有医疗保健计划，将会对家庭的经济福利或遗赠造成严重的经济后果，终老健康计划能够被认为是一个合法的财产规划的组成部分。换句
47、话说，终老健康计划和财务计划是综合终老计划相辅相成的两个方面（席尔瓦2004，A，B）。这个研究被终老财务计划的一个补充特性所鼓舞（将有一个财务准备，可撤消信任，以及安排的性质，通过共同所有权准仪或指定受益人的资产），以及与健康相关的准备工作（一份健康护理永久授权书，生前遗嘱）。这项研究的目的是为了记录中年人所接受终老计划策略和识别影响特殊计划策略的可能性的因素。这篇文章研究的问题是（1）什么是终老计划策略采取的模式（2）终老计划策略的决定性因素是什么（3）终老财务计划和终老健康计划的之间的关系是什么（4）终老计划的两部分是独立的还是相互补充的行为文献和背景终老财务计划终老财务准备经常被看做房
48、地产（不动产）规划，它的目的是执行财产所有权和他死后能够照顾家庭成员（爱德华兹1991年；戈贝尔等人2003年）。奥康纳（1996）提供了一个早期的实证研究关于如何系统地回顾长者处理其房屋。早期研究主要集中在财产转让喜好上，特点，以及那些有遗嘱没遗嘱的动机，与继承和剥夺继承权的模式。该研究机构主要集中于了解方向，时机和动机背后的代际资源转移（考克斯1987年；考克斯和排名1992年；邓恩和菲利普斯1997年；海霍和史蒂文森2007年；孔和麦当劳2006年；麦加里和少励1995年，1997年；麦克唐纳和孔2003年）。其他研究详细阐述了其超越了金融资产分布遗嘱的目的。罗西和罗西（1990）研究遗
49、嘱及家庭中继承关系，为了在死后处理好家庭关系，他们要以先前的方式明确有价值的财务同时也要明确好个人的所有权问题。斯特姆（2000）研究了无名财产转让，认为继承不是单纯的经济或法律问题，而是复杂的情感和家庭关系问题。施瓦兹（1993）探讨了有关法律和家庭问题对遗嘱的影响，认为遗嘱是个人主义的体现，是反映个人与家庭和社会的关系，体现写作时的意愿。由罗森菲尔德的研究报告认为，由于人口结构改变，遗嘱成为一种工具，用来指定谁照看孙子和那些没有谋生能力的子女。这些研究提供了信息关于财务遗嘱是怎样作为一个死后资源分配的多功能工具。研究检验了影响接受财务遗嘱的因素。组成遗嘱拥有权的积极决定因素就是获得更高的教育（戈廷和马丁2001年，李2000奥康纳1996年，罗西和罗西1990年；西蒙等人1982年），大屋（戈廷和马丁2001年；李2000奥康纳1996年，西蒙等人1982年），年龄（李2000；罗西和罗西1990年；西蒙等人1982年），较高的家庭收入（奥康纳1996年，罗西和罗西1990年；西蒙等人1982年），成为白人（戈廷和马丁2001年，李2000奥康纳1996年）。另外的因素，如婚姻状况，性别，家庭中的孩子，健康状况在各项研究中被我们发现有不一致的影响。帕尔默等人。帕马探索何种生活事件出现会使他们在成年时写下遗嘱。运用来自健康的退休人所获
