1、PREP2012 PACK 1 阅读部分 不带解释 付答案 共 75 题 Prep2012-Pack1-RC 带答案，不带解释版本 爱 Chasedream，攒人品！ 1 / 33 PREP2012-Pack1-RC-001 The modern multinational corporation is described as having originated when the owner-managers of nineteenth-century British firms carrying on international trade were replaced by teams o
2、f salaried managers organized into hierarchies. Increases in the volume of transactions in such firms are commonly believed to have necessitated this structural change. Nineteenth-century inventions the steamship and the telegraph, by facilitating coordination of managerial activities, are described
3、 as key factors. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chartered trading companies, despite the international scope of their activities, are usually considered irrelevant to this discussion: the volume of their transactions is assumed to have been too low and the communications and transport of their d
4、ay too primitive to make comparisons with modern multinationals interesting. In reality, however, early trading companies successfully purchased and outfitted ships, built and operated offices and warehouses, manufactured trade goods for use abroad, maintained trading posts and production facilities
5、 overseas, procured goods for import, and sold those goods both at home and in other countries. The large volume of transactions associated with these activities seems to have necessitated hierarchical management structures well before the advent of modern communications and transportation. For exam
6、ple, in the Hudsons Bay Company, each trading outpost was managed by a salaried agent, who carried out the trade with the Native Americans, managed day-to-day operations, and oversaw the posts workers and servants. One chief agent, answerable to the Court of Directors in London through the correspon
7、dence committee, was appointed with control over all of the agents on the bay. The early trading companies did differ strikingly from modern multinationals in many respects. They depended heavily on the national governments of their home countries and thus characteristically acted abroad to promote
8、national interests. Their top managers were typically owners with a substantial minority share, whereas senior managers holdings in modern multinationals are usually insignificant. They operated in a preindustrial world, grafting a system of capitalist international trade onto a pre-modern system of
9、 artisan and peasant production. Despite these differences, however, early trading companies organized effectively in remarkably modern ways and merit further study as analogues of more modern structures. PREP2012-Pack1-RC-001-01 VRC00009-01 Medium The authors main point is that A. modern multinatio
10、nals originated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the establishment of chartered trading companies B. the success of early chartered trading companies, like that of modern multinationals, depended primarily on their ability to carry out complex operations C. early chartered trading com
11、panies should be more seriously considered by scholars studying the origins of modern multinationals D. scholars are quite mistaken concerning the origins of modern multinationals E. the management structures of early chartered trading companies are fundamentally the same as those of modern multinat
12、ionals Prep2012-Pack1-RC 带答案，不带解释版本 爱 Chasedream，攒人品！ 2 / 33 PREP2012-Pack1-RC-001-02 VRC00009-02 Medium It can be inferred from the passage that the author would characterize the activities engaged in by early chartered trading companies as being A. complex enough in scope to require a substantial
13、amount of planning and coordination on the part of management B. too simple to be considered similar to those of a modern multinational corporation C. as intricate as those carried out by the largest multinational corporations today D. often unprofitable due to slow communications and unreliable mea
14、ns of transportation E. hampered by the political demands imposed on them by the governments of their home countries PREP2012-Pack1-RC-001-03 VRC00009-03 Hard The author the various activities of early chartered trading companies in order to A. analyze the various ways in which these activities cont
15、ributed to changes in management structure in such companies B. demonstrate that the volume of business transactions of such companies exceeded that of earlier firms C. refute the view that the volume of business undertaken by such companies was relatively low D. emphasize the international scope of
16、 these companies operations E. support the argument that such firms coordinated such activities by using available means of communication and transport PREP2012-Pack1-RC-001-04 VRC00009-04 Medium With which of the following generalizations regarding management structures would the author of the pass
17、age most probably agree? A. Hierarchical management structures are the most efficient management structures possible in a modern context. B. Firms that routinely have a high volume of business transactions find it necessary to adopt hierarchical management structures. C. Hierarchical management stru
18、ctures cannot be successfully implemented without modern communications and transportation. D. Modern multinational firms with a relatively small volume of business transactions usually do not have hierarchically organized management structures. E. Companies that adopt hierarchical management struct
19、ures usually do so in order to facilitate expansion into foreign trade. PREP2012-Pack1-RC-001-05 VRC00009-05 Medium Prep2012-Pack1-RC 带答案，不带解释版本 爱 Chasedream，攒人品！ 3 / 33 The passage suggests that modern multinationals differ from early chartered trading companies in that A. the top managers of moder
20、n multinationals own stock in their own companies rather than simply receiving a salary B. modern multinationals depend on a system of capitalist international trade rather than on less modern trading systems C. modern multinationals have operations in a number of different foreign countries rather
21、than merely in one or two D. the operations of modern multinationals are highly profitable despite the more stringent environmental and safety regulations of modern governments E. the overseas operations of modern multinationals are not governed by the national interests of their home countries PREP
22、2012-Pack1-RC-002 A meteor stream is composed of dust particles that have been ejected from a parent comet at a variety of velocities. These particles follow the same orbit as the parent comet, but due to their differing velocities they slowly gain on or fall behind the disintegrating comet until a
23、shroud of dust surrounds the entire cometary orbit. Astronomers have hypothesized that a meteor stream should broaden with time as the dust particles individual orbits are perturbed by planetary gravitational fields. A recent computer-modeling experiment tested this hypothesis by tracking the influe
24、nce of planetary gravitation over a projected 5,000-year period on the position of a group of hypothetical dust particles. In the model, the particles were randomly distributed throughout a computer simulation of the orbit of an actual meteor stream, the Geminid. The researcher found, as expected, t
25、hat the computer-model stream broadened with time. Conventional theories, however, predicted that the distribution of particles would be increasingly dense toward the center of a meteor stream. Surprisingly, the computer-model meteor stream gradually came to resemble a thick-walled, hollow pipe. Whe
26、never the Earth passes through a meteor stream, a meteor shower occurs. Moving at over 1,500,000 miles per day around its orbit, the Earth would take, on average, just over a day to cross the hollow, computer-model Geminid stream if the stream were 5,000 years old. Two brief periods of peak meteor a
27、ctivity during the shower would be observed, one as the Earth entered the thick-walled “pipe“ and one as it exited. There is no reason why the Earth should always pass through the streams exact center, so the time interval between the two bursts of activity would vary from one year to the next. Has
28、the predicted twin-peaked activity been observed for the actual yearly Geminid meteor shower? The Geminid data between 1970 and 1979 show just such a bifurcation, a secondary burst of meteor activity being clearly visible at an average of 19 hours (1,200,000 miles) after the first burst. The time in
29、tervals between the bursts suggest the actual Geminid stream is about 3,000 years old. PREP2012-Pack1-RC-002-01 VRC07544-01 Hard Prep2012-Pack1-RC 带答案，不带解释版本 爱 Chasedream，攒人品！ 4 / 33 The author states that the research described in the first paragraph was undertaken in order to A. determine the age
30、of an actual meteor stream B. dentify the various structural features of meteor streams C. explore the nature of a particularly interesting meteor stream D. test the hypothesis that meteor streams become broader as they age E. show that a computer model could help in explaining actual astronomical d
31、ata PREP2012-Pack1-RC-002-02 VRC07544-02 Hard It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be observed during the Earths passage through a meteor stream if the conventional theories mentioned in the highlighted text were correct? A. Meteor activity would gradua
32、lly increase to a single, intense peak, and then gradually decline. B. Meteor activity would be steady throughout the period of the meteor shower. C. Meteor activity would rise to a peak at the beginning and at the end of the meteor shower. D. Random bursts of very high meteor activity would be inte
33、rspersed with periods of very activity. E. In years in which the Earth passed through only the outer areas of a meteor stream, meteor activity would be absent. PREP2012-Pack1-RC-002-03 VRC07544-03 Hard According to the passage, why do the dust particles in a meteor stream eventually surround a comet
34、s original orbit? A. They are ejected by the comet at differing velocities. B. Their orbits are uncontrolled by planetary gravitational fields. C. They become part of the meteor stream at different times. D. Their velocity slows over time. E. Their ejection velocity is slower than that of the comet.
35、 PREP2012-Pack1-RC-002-04 VRC07544-04 Hard The passage suggests that which of the following is a prediction concerning meteor streams that can be derived from both the conventional theories mentioned in the highlighted text and the new computer derived theory? A. Dust particles in a meteor stream wi
36、ll usually be distributed evenly throughout any cross section of the stream. B. The orbits of most meteor streams should cross the orbit of the Earth at some point and give rise to a meteor shower. Prep2012-Pack1-RC 带答案，不带解释版本 爱 Chasedream，攒人品！ 5 / 33 C. Over time the distribution of dust in a meteo
37、r stream will usually become denser at the outside edges of the stream than at the center. D. Meteor showers caused by older meteor streams should be, on average, longer in duration than those caused by very young meteor streams. E. The individual dust particles in older meteor streams should be, on
38、 average, smaller than those that compose younger meteor streams. PREP2012-Pack1-RC-002-05 VRC07544-05 Medium Which of the following is an assumption underlying the last sentence of the passage? A. In each of the years between 1970 and 1979, the Earth took exactly 19 hours to cross the Geminid meteo
39、r stream. B. The comet associated with the Geminid meteor stream has totally disintegrated. C. The Geminid meteor stream should continue to exist for at least 5,000 years. D. The Geminid meteor stream has not broadened as rapidly as the conventional theories would have predicted. E. The computermode
40、l Geminid meteor stream provides an accurate representation of the development of the actual Geminid stream. PREP2012-Pack1-RC-003 Two recent publications offer different assessments of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale. A book by Anne Summers seeks to debunk the idealizati
41、ons and present a reality at odds with Nightingales heroic reputation. According to Summers, Nightingales importance during the Crimean War has been exaggerated: not until near the wars end did she become supervisor of the female nurses. Additionally, Summers writes that the contribution of the nurs
42、es to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizational practices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingales place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is larg
43、ely due to the propagandistic efforts of contemporary newspaper reporters. By contrast, the editors of a new volume of Nightingales letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced not only her own age but also subsequent generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform san
44、itary conditions after the war. For example, when she learned that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exceeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on
45、 the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses training hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Armys medical services were still using the cost-ac
46、counting system she had devised in the 1860s. I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingales brilliance and creativity. When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator. Her i
47、nsistence on Prep2012-Pack1-RC 带答案，不带解释版本 爱 Chasedream，攒人品！ 6 / 33 classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers. In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her brea
48、dth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers. PREP2012-Pack1-RC-003-01 VRC07619-01 Medium The passage is primarily concerned with evaluating A. the importance of Florence Nightingales innovations in the field of nursing B
49、. contrasting approaches to the writing of historical biography C. contradictory accounts of Florence Nightingales historical significance D. the quality of health care in nineteenth century England E. the effect of the Crimean War on developments in the field of health care PREP2012-Pack1-RC-003-02 VRC07619-02 Hard According to the passage, the editors of Nightingales letters credit her with contributing to which of the following? A. Improvement of the survival rate for soldiers in British Army hospitals during the Crimean War B. The development of a nurses training cu
