1、1本科毕业论文外文原文外文题目PROCESSINGTRADEANDECONOMICGROWTHEVIDENCEFROMCHINA出处THE2NDINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONVALEENGINEERINGANDVALEMANAGEMENT作者XIJUNWANGABSTRACTPRESENTLY,PROCESSINGTRADEHASBECOMECHINASMAJORTRADEMETHODINORDERTOMAKECLEARTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROCESSINGTRADEANDCHINASECONOMICGROWTH,THISPAPER,BASEDON
2、CHINASSTATISTICALDATAFROM1985TO2007,BYEMPLOYINGCOINTEGRATIONTHEORY,GRANGERCAUSALITYTESTANDERRORCORRECTIONMODELECM,RESPECTIVELYINVESTIGATESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROCESSINGTRADEIMPORT,PROCESSINGTRADEEXPORTANDECONOMICGROWTHTHEEMPIRICALRESULTDENOTESTHATTHEREEXISTSUNILATERALGRANGERCAUSALITYRELATIONSHIPBE
3、TWEENPROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTANDECONOMICGROWTHPROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTINFLUENCESTHEGROWTHOFGDPFORASHORTPERIOD,PROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTANDPROCESSINGTRADEEXPORTBOTHSPURTHEGROWTHOFGDP,BUTTHEIMPACTISCOMPARATIVELYLOW;FORALONGPERIOD,PROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTREMARKABLYPROMOTESTHEGROWTHOFGDP,WHILEPROCESSINGTRADEEXPORTRE
4、STRICTSTHEGROWTHOFGDP1INTRODUCTIONSINCETHEREFORMANDOPENPOFICY,CHINASFOREIGNTRADEHASBEENDEVELOPINGRAPIDLYATPRESENGFOREIGNTRADE,INVESTMENTANDCONSUMPTIONHAVEBEEN“THETHREECARRIAGES”DRIVINGTHEGROWTHOFCHINASECONOMYONTHEBASISOFDEVELOPINGTHEGENERALTRADE,OURCOUNTRYACTIVELYIMPLEMENTSTHEPOLICYOFENCOURAGINGTHED
5、EVELOPMENTOFPROCESSINGTRADESOASTOMAKEITREALIZETHEBREAKTHROUGHDEVELOPMENTPRESENTLY,PROCESSINGTRADEHASBECOMECHINASMAJORTRADEMETHOD,PLAYINGANEXTREMELYIMPORTANTROLEINIMPULSINGTHEADJUSTMENTANDPERFECTIONOFTHEINDUSTRYSTRUCTURE,SPURRINGTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTHEPROCESSINGTECHNIQUEANDTHEINCREASINGTHEOPPORTUNITYOFLA
6、BOREMPLOYMENTTHEREBYHOWTOMEASUREPROCESSINGTRADESCONTRIBUTIONTOCHINASECONOMICGROWTHFROMANOBJECTIVEPERSPECTIVEBECOMESAVERYIMPORTANTPROBLEMSINCETHEPOSITIONOFTHEPROCESSINGTRADEINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESISNOTREMARKABLE,THUSABROADTHEREAREFEWRESEARCHESONTHE2RELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROCESSINGTRADEANDNATIONALECONOMYSIN
7、CEREFORMANDOPENING,PROCESSINGTRADEHASBEENINCREASINGSWIFTLYINOURCOUNTRY,ANDTHEREISMUCHRESEARCHONPROCESSINGTRADEATHOMETHEEMPIRICALANALYSISOFLIUZHIZHONGANDWANGYAOZHONG2003SHOWSTHATTHEDEGREEOFPROCESSINGTRADESCONTRIBUTIONTOECONOMICGROWTHANDITSIMPULSETOECONOMICGROWTHARERATHERLOW;THEEMPIRICALRESULTOFYAHGUO
8、QINGANDCHENLIJING2005DEMONSTRATESTHATWHENEVERCHINASPROCESSINGTRADEINCREASESBY1PERCENT,GDPWILLINCREASEBY0761PERCENT,ANDTHEDEGREEOFPROCESSINGTRADESCONTRIBUTIONEQUALS53PERCENT;SUNCHUREN,SHENYULIANGANDZHAOHONGJUN2006CALCULATESTHETOTALCONTRIBUTIONOFPROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTANDOTHERTRADEIMPORTTOECONOMICGROWTH
9、ISNEGATIVE;ZHUQIRONG2007,BYEMPLOYINGLINEARREGRESSIONAPPROACH,DRAWSTHECONCLUSIONTHATTHEINCREASEOFCORNMONTRADEIMPORTANDEXPORTANDTHEPROCESSINGTRADEEXPORTBOTHIMPULSETHEINCREASEOFGDP,WHILETHEINCREASEOFPROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTWILLCAUSENEGATIVEGROWTHOFGDP;YANGSONGLIANDYUHAISHAN2006MAKEANEMPIRICALANALYSISOFPRO
10、CESSINGTRADESEFFECTONZHEJIANGSECONOMICGROWTHBYCOMPREHENSIVELYEMPLOYINGPROCESSINGTRADEVALUEADDEDFACTOR,THEPROMOTINGDEGREEOFPROCESSINGTRADETOZHEJIANGSGDPANDOTHERANALYZINGMETHODSUCHASLINEARREGRESSIONOBVIOUSLY,THEINTERNALACADEMICCOMMUNITYHOLDSDIFFERENTBELIEFSABOUTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROCESSINGTRADEAND
11、ECONOMICGROWTH;MEANWHILE,THESERESEARCHLITERATURESDONOTILLUSTRATETHELONGRUNANDSHORTRUNEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROCESSINGTRADEANDECONOMICGROWTHANDTHEIMPACTMECHANISMTHEREFORE,THISPAPERWILLANALYZETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROCESSINGTRADEANDECONOMICGROWTHBYEMPLOYINGMETHODSOFCOINTEGRATIONTHEORY,GRANGERC
12、AUSALITYTESTANDERRORCORRECTIONMODELECM,ETC2METHODOLOGYTHEPURPOSEOFEMPIRICALANALYSISINTHISPAPERISTOTESTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROCESSINGTRADEANDECONOMICGROWTHBYMEANSOFCOINTEGRATIONTECHNIQUECOINTEGRATIONTECHNIQUEISANEWONEWHICHISAPPLIEDTODYNAMICMODELSENACTMENT,ESTIMATIONANDVERIFICATIONITMAINLYANALYZESTH
13、ENONSTATIONARITYOFTIMESERIES,BUILDNONSTATIONARYVARIABLEECONOMICMODEL,ANDEXPLORETHELONGTERMEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPBETWEENNONSTATIONARYVARIABLESFIRSTLY,THEPAPERHASTHESTATIONARYTESTOFTIMEVARIABLESERIES;SECONDLY,THEPAPERTESTSTHECOINTEGRATIONRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEVARIABLES;THIRDLY,THE3PAPERBUILDSERRORCOR
14、RECTIONMODEL,WHICHCALLNOTONLYEXAMINETHELONGTERMRELATIONSHIPBETWEENVARIABLES,BUTALSOEXAMINETHESHORTTERMCAUSEANDEFFECTRELATIONSHIP;FINALLY,THEPAPERMAKEAFURTHERTESTANDANALYSISOFCAUSEANDEFFECTRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTIMEVARIABLESERIESINVOLVEDINCOINTEGRATIONRELATIONSHIP21STATIONARYTESTTHETIMESERIESDATAOFMANYE
15、CONOMICINDICATORSDONOTHAVETHEFEATUREOFSTABLEPROCESSFORTHETIMESERIESDATAFORMEDINNONSTATIONARYPROCESS,TRADITIONALMATHEMATICALSTATISTICSANDECONOMETRICSMETHODSSEEMPOWERLESSBESIDESUSINGSEQUENTIALAUTOCORRELATIONANALYTICCHART,MODEMECONOMETRICSJUDGESTHESTATIONARITYOFTIMESERIESBYAMOREFORMALAPPROACH,THATIS,TO
16、HAVESTATISTICALTESTSUNITROOTTESTISONEOFTHESTATISTICALTESTSWHICHISUNIVERSALLYAPPLIEDTHISAPPROACHJUDGESTHESTATIONARITYOFACERTAINTIMESERIESTHROUGHJUDGINGWHETHERITHASROOTSOFUNITYCOMMONLYUSEDHYPOTHESISTESTINGAPPROACHESINCLUDEDFTEST,ADFTESTANDPPTESTTHISPAPER,BYEMPLOYINGADFTEST,GIVESASTATIONARITYTESTOFTIME
17、SERIESADFTESTISACHIEVEDBYDICKEYANDFULLERWHOIMPROVEDDFTESTTOENSURETHECHARACTERISTICOFLEUCONOISEOFRANDOMINTERFERENCEITEMMODELEXPRESSIONSOFADFTESTGOASFOLLOWS123WHERE,TISTIMEVARIABLE,WHICHSTANDSFORACERTAINTRENDTHATTIMESERIESVARYASTIMEGOESBYNULLHYPOTHESIS,ALTERNATIVEHYPOTHESISTHETEXTBEGINSWITHEXPRESSION1
18、,THENEXPRESSION2,ANDATLASTWITHEXPRESSION3WHENEVERTHETESTRCJECTSNULLHYPOTHESIS,THATISTHEORIGINALSERIESDOESNOTINCLUDEUNITROOTS,WORKINGASSTATIONARYSERIES,THETESTISFINISHEDOTHERWISE,ITISTOBECONTINUEDUNTILEXPRESSION1HASBEENTESTEDWHENNONEOFTHETESTRESULTSOFTHETHREEMODELSCANREJECTNULLHYPOTHESIS,ITISBELIEVED
19、THATTHETIMESERIESISSTATIONARY22COINTEGRATIONTESTINTHEDOMAINOFECONOMY,PREVIOUSMODELINGECHNIQUEHASHYPOTHESISOFDYNAMIC4STATIONARITY,ANDMPIRICALANALYSISBASEDONTIMESERIESASSUMESTHATIMESERIESISSTATIONARYWHILEINFACT,ECONOMICTIMESERIESISUSUALLYNONSTATIONARYENGLEANDGRANGER1987POINTTHATIFTHELINEARCOMBINATIONO
20、FTWONONSTATIONARYTIMESERIESISSMTIONARY,THETWONONSTATIONARYTIMESERIESHAVEACOINTEGRATIONRELATIONSHIP,THATIS,THETWOSERIESHAVEACOMMONTIMETENDENCY,SOITCANBEVIEWEDTHATTHEREEXISTSALONGRUNEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPTHEREFORE,WECANAPPLYCOINTEGRATIONTESTAPPROACHTOTESTWHETHERTHEREEXISTSTHELONGTERMEQUILIBRIUMCOINTE
21、GRATIONRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSERIESPRESENTLY,COINTEGRATIONTESTMETHODSMAINLYINCLUDEENGLEGRANGERSTWOSTAGECOINTEGRATIONTESTANDJOHANSENCOINTEGRATIONTESTENGLEGRANGERCOINTEGRATIONTESTWASPUTFORWARDBYENGLEANDGRANGELWHICHONLYTAKESTHEBIVARIANTPROCESSINTOACCOUNT,ANDTHISPROCESSCALLMERELYPOSSESSNOUGHTORONLYONECOINT
22、EGRATIONVECTORWHILEJOHANSENCOINTEGRATIONTESTWASFIRSTPUTFORWARDBYJOHANSENANDJUSELIUS,WHICHISAPPLIEDTOTESTTHECOINTEGRATIONRELATIONSHIPBETWEENMULTIVARIABLESBYUSINGMAXIMUMLIKELIHOODESTIMATIONINVECTORAUTOREGRESSIONVARSYSTEMTHISPAPER,BYADOPTINGENGLEGRANGERSTWOSTAGECOINTEGRATIONTESTMETHOD,HASACOINTEGRATION
23、TESTOFTIMESERIESTHESTEPSOFENGLEGRANGERSTWOSTAGETESTMETHODGOASFOLLOWSSTEP1USECOMMONLEASTSQUAREMETHODOLSTOESTIMATETHELONGTERMSTATICREGRESSIONEQUATIONANDCALCULATENONEQUILIBRIUMERRORSTEP2USEADFSTATISTICSTESTTOESTIMATETHESTATIONARITYOFTHERESIDUALERRORSERIESIFTHERESIDUALERRORSERIESISESTIMATEDTOBESTATIONAR
24、Y,ITSUGGESTSTHEREEXISTSACOINTEGRATIONRELATIONSHIPBETWEENVARIABLES23ERRORCORRECTIONMODELECMERRORCORRECTIONMODELWASFIRSTLYADOPTEDBYSARGON,ANDTHENITSAPPLICATIONWASPROMOTEDBYHERDRY,ANDERSONANDDAVIDSONTHEMAINPURPOSEOFTHEINITIALAPPLICATIONOFERRORCORRECTIONMODELISTOSETUPSHORTTERMDYNAMICMODELSOASTOMAKEUPFOR
25、THESHORTCOMINGSOFLONGTERMSTATICMODELITCANREFLECTTHEMECHANISMOFTHESHORTTERMDEVIATIONTOLONGRUNEQUILIBRIUMASWELLASTHELONGRUNEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPBETWEENDIFFERENTTIMESERIESINRECENTYEARS,ERRORCORRECTIONMETHODHASBECOMEONEOFTHEPREVAILINGANALYZINGMETHODSINAPPLYINGECONOMICMEASUREMENTTIMESERIESMODELADOPTING
26、THEMETHODOFERRORCORRECTIONMODELCAN,THROUGHITSLONGTERM5EQUILIBRIUMITEM,CONCENTRATIVELYDISPLAYSTHEMODIFICATIONMECHANISMOFEXPLAINEDVARIABLESTONONEQUILIBRIUM,DRIVENBYTHELONGTERMEQUILIBRIUMRULEINECONOMICTHEORYMEANWHILE,ASTHEREDOESNOTUSUALLYEXISTREMARKABLESTATISTICRELATIVITYBETWEENSHORTTERMDYNAMICPERTURBA
27、TIONITEMANDLONGTERMEQUILIBRIUMITEM,THUSWECANMAKEANECONOMICEXPLANATIONRESPECTIVELYBECAUSESOLONGASWEEXPLAINTHEREISACOINTEGRATIONRELATIONSHIPBETWEENVARIABLESANDEXPLAINEDVARIABLES,THERESURELYEXISTSTHEONLYGRANGERCAUSALITYRELATIONSHIP,TOSETUPMODELSBYAPPLYINGERRORCORRECTIONMETHODWONTRESULTIN“FALSEREGRESSIO
28、N”,ASISUSUALLYSHOWNINTRADITIONALECONOTNIOMEASUREMENTMODELBUILDING,THEREFORE,ITCALLCLEARLYREVEALTHEMECHANISMOFACTIONBETWEENECONOMICVARIABLESGRANGERFORMULATIONTHEOREMPUTFORWARDBYENGLEANDGRANGER1987SUGGESTSTHATIFTWOARIABLESXANDYARECOINTEGRATION,THEREISALWAYSANERRORCORRECTIONMODELECMTODEFINETHEIRSHORTTE
29、RMNONEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPTHATISWHEREISNONEQUILIBRIUMERRORITEMLONGRUNEQUALIZATIONDEVIATION;ISSHORTRUNADJUSTMENTPARAMETERERRORCORRECTIONMODELISSHORTTERMDYNAMICONEANDITCANNOTREACHTHESTATEOFBEINGEQUILIBRIUMTHUS,ADDERRORCORRECTIONITEMINITTOMAKEYANDXGRADUALLYAPPROACHTHESTATEOFLONGTERMEQUILIBRIUMHASTHEC
30、ONTROLLINGANDAMENDINGEFFECTONWHENT1WORKS,YISMORETHANITSLONGRUNEQUILIBRIUMSOLUTION,ISPOSITIVE,THENISNEGATIVE,MAKINGDECREASE;WHILEWHENT1WORKS,YISLESSTHANITSLONGTERMEQUILIBRIUMSOLUTION,ISNEGATIVE,THENISPOSITIVE,MAKINGINCREASE24GRANGERCAUSALITYTESTBASEDONERRORCORRECTIONMODELECM,WECANAPPLYGRANGERCAUSALIT
31、YTESTTOHAVEATESTOFBOTHLONGTERMANDSHORTTERMCAUSEANDEFFECTRELATIONSHIPGRANGERCAUSALITYTESTWASPUTFORWARDBYGRANGER1969ANDSIMS1972,WITHITSBASICIDEATHATTHEPREDICTIVEVALIDITYOFTHEVARIABLEYUNDERTHECONDITIONOFINCLUDINGTHEPASTINFORMATIONOFTHEVARIABLESXANDYISSUPERIORTOTHATOFONLYCONSIDERINGTHEPASTINFORMATIONOFY
32、,THATIS,THEVARIABLEXHELPSTOEXPLAINYSFUTUREVARIATION,SOXISTHEGRANGERCAUSALITYOFY,ORELSEITISCALLEDNONGRANGERCAUSALITY63CONCLUSION1GRANGERCAUSALITYTESTSHOWSTHATTHEREEXISTSUNILATERALGRANGERCAUSALITYRELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTANDECONOMICGROWTHPROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTINFLUENCESTHEGROWTHOFGDP2FOR
33、ALONGPERIOD,THEREEXISTSLONGTERMSTABLEEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPBETWEENGDPANDPROCESSINGTRADE,PROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTREMARKABLYPROMOTESTHEGROWTHOFGDP,WHILEPROCESSINGTRADEEXPORTRESTRICTSTHEGROWTHOFGDEWHENEVERPROCESSINGTRADEEXPORTINCREASESBY1,GDPWILLDECREASEBY039365;WHENEVERPROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTINCREASESBYL,
34、GDPWILLINCREASEBY11134FORASHORTPERIOD,PROCESSINGTRADEIMPORTANDPROCESSINGTRADEEXPORTBOTHSPURTHEGROWTHOFGDP,BUTTHEIMPACTISCOMPARATIVELYLOW3THERCASONWHYPROCESSINGTRADEEXPORTBRINGSADVERSEIMPACTONCHINASECONOMICGROWTHISASFOLLOWSFIRSTLY,PROCESSINGTRADESFORWARDANDBACKWARDEFFECTSONINTERNALECONOMYARELIMITED;S
35、ECONDLY,CHINASPROCESSINGTRADELIESATTHEBOTTOMENDINGLOBALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEM,WHICHRESTRICTSTHEOPTIMIZATIONANDMODULATIONOFOURCOUNTRYSECONOMICSTRUCTURE;THIRDLY,THESPAREPARTSANDRAWMATERIALSOFPROCESSINGTRADEEXCESSIVELYDEPENDONIMPORT,ANDINTERMEDIATEPRODUCTSCANNOTREALIZEIMPORTSUBSTITUTION,THUSWEAKENINGTHEIN
36、TERINDUSTRYOFPROCESSINGTRADEANDITSDRIVINGIMPACTANDEVENBRINGINGNEGATIVEIMPACTONDOMESTICRELEVANTMATERIALSANDTHEINTERMEDIATEPRODUCTINDUSTRY,WHICHACCORDINGLYINFLUENCESPROCESSINGTRADESDRIVINGEFFECTONCHINASECONOMY7本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目PROCESSINGTRADEANDECONOMICGROWTHEVIDENCEFROMCHINA出处THE2NDINTERNATIONALCONFEREN
37、CEONVALEENGINEERINGANDVALEMANAGEMENT作者XIJUNWANG译文加工贸易与经济增长基于中国的实证分析摘要目前,加工贸易已成为中国的主要贸易方式。为了弄清加工贸易与中国经济增长的关系,本文以中国1985年到2007年的统计数据为基础,通过采用协整理论,格兰杰因果关系检验和误差修正模型(ECM),分别考察了加工贸易进口和出口与经济增长的关系。实证结果表示加工贸易进口与经济增长之间存在单方面的格兰杰因果关系。加工贸易进口影响了GDP的增长。在短期内,加工贸易进口和加工贸易出口均刺激了GDP的增长,但这种影响比较低;很长一段时间里,加工贸易进口显著地促进了GDP的增长
38、,而加工贸易出口限制了GDP的增长。1、介绍自改革开放以来,中国的对外贸易发展迅速。目前,对外贸易、投资和消费成为了推动中国经济增长的“三架马车”。在发展一般贸易的基础上,我国积极实施了鼓励加工贸易发展的政策,以使其实现突破性的发展。目前,加工贸易已成为中国的主要贸易方式,发挥着调节和完善工业结构的重要作用,刺激了加工技术的改善和增加了劳动就业的机会。因此如何从一个客观的角度去衡量加工贸易对中国经济增长的贡献,已成一个非常重要的问题。由于从发达国家的立场来看加工贸易是不引人注目的,因而在国外很少有对加工贸易与国民经济的关系研究。改革开放以来,加工贸易在我国迅速增加,并且在我国有有关加工贸易的大
39、量研究。刘治中和王耀中(2003)的实证分析显示,加工贸易对经济增长的贡献程度和它对经济增长的推动相对较低,在郭清和陈李京(2005)的实证结果表明,每当中国的加工贸易增长1,国内生产总值将增加0761,并且加工贸易的贡献度同样为53;孙楚仁、沈玉良和赵泓君(2006)计算出,加工贸易和其他贸易进口对经济增长的总贡献是负的;朱启镕(2007)运用线性回归方法,得出的结论是,一般贸易进口与出口及加工贸易出口两者的增长都推动8了GDP,而加工贸易进口的增加将导致国内生产总值负增长;杨宋丽和于海山(2006)作出关于加工贸易对浙江经济影响的实证分析,通过包括就业增长、贸易增值因素、加工贸易对浙江GD
40、P的促进程度和其他分析方法如线性回归分析方法。显然,内部学术界对加工贸易与经济增长的关系持有不同的看法;同时,这些研究文献没有说明加工贸易与经济增长之间长期和短期的平衡关系及影响机制。因此,本文将通过就业协整理论、格兰杰因果关系检验、和误差修正模型(ECM)等方法来分析加工贸易与经济增长之间的关系。2、方法论本文实证分析的目的是通过协整技术去检验加工贸易与经济增长之间的关系。协整技术是一种新的适用于动态模型的制定、评估和验证。它主要分析时间序列的非平稳性,建立非平稳变量的经济模型,并探讨非平稳之间的长期均衡关系。首先,本文有时间序列变量的平稳性检验;其次,本文测试变量之间的协整关系;第三,本文
41、建立误差修正模型,它不仅检查变量之间的长期关系,还检验短期因果关系;最后,本文作进一步的测试和分析关于时间变量涉及到协整关系之间的因果关系。21平稳性检验许多经济指标的时间序列数据没有稳定的过程特征。对于非稳定过程中形成的时间序列数据,传统的数理统计和计量经济学方法似乎无能为力。除了使用按顺序的自相关分析图表,现代计量经济学判断时间序列的平稳性,更正式的方法就是统计检验。单位根检验是其中的一个普遍使用的统计学检验。这种方法是通过判断它是否有单位根来判断某个时间序列的稳定性。常用的假设性检验方法包括DF检验、ADF检验和PP检验。本文通过采用ADF检验,给出了时间序列的平稳性检验。ADF检验是D
42、ICKEY和FULLER完成的,他们通过改进DF检验,以确保随机干扰项的无色干扰特性。ADF的试验模型表达式如下123T为时间变量,它代表了某种趋势的时间序列变化,随着时间的推移。任何零假设,替代了假设。9本文开头的表达式(1),和表达式(2),最后的表达式(3)。每当检验拒绝零假设,即原系列不包括单位根,作为平稳序列时,测试完成。否则,它要继续到表达式(1)被测试。当这三个模型的检验结果都不能拒绝零假设,则认为这个时间序列是平稳的。22协整性检验在经济领域,以往的建模技术具有动态平稳性的假设,和实证分析基于时间序列的假设时间序列是平稳的。而实际上,经济时间序列通常是非平稳的。恩格尔和格兰杰(
43、1987年)指出,如果两非平稳时间序列的线性组合是平稳的,这两个非平稳时间序列具有协整关系,也就是说,这两个时间序列有一个共同的趋向,所以它们可以被认为存在长期的均衡关系。因此,我们可以应用协整检验的方法来测试序列里是否存在长期均衡的协整关系。目前,协整检验方法主要包括ENGLEGRANGER的两个阶段的协整检验和JOHANSEN协整检验。ENGLEGRANGER协整检验由恩格尔和格兰杰提出,其只考虑到了双变量的过程,这个过程仅拥有零或只有一个协整向量。虽然JOHANSEN协整检验由JOHANSEN和JUSELIUS首次提出,这是适用于测试用向量自回归(VAR)系统的最大似然估计的多变量之间的
44、协整关系。本文采用ENGLEGRANGER的两个阶段的协整检验方法入手,有一个时间序列的协整检验。ENGLEGRANGER的两个阶段的协整检验方法的步骤如下第一步使用普通最小二乘法(OLS模型)来估计长期静态回归方程和计算非均衡误差。第二步使用ADF统计量来估计残差序列的平稳性。如果残差误差序列估计是静止的,它表明变量之间存在协整关系。23误差修正模型(ECM)SARGON首先采用了误差修正模型,然后由HERDRY,ANDERSON和DAVIDSON将其应用推广。该误差修正模型的最初应用的主要目的是建立短期动态模型,以弥补长期静态模型的不足。它可以反映到长期均衡机制的短期偏差以及不同时间序列之
45、间的长期均衡关系。近年来,误差修正方法已成为运用经济计量时间模型的主要方法之一。采用长期误差修正模型,可以通过其长期均衡项目,集中显示非平衡解释变量的修改机制,它在经济理论中被长期均衡规则推动。同时,由于通常在短期动态干扰项和长期均衡项之间不存在显著的统计相关,因此,我们可以分别作出经济解释。因为只要我们说明解释变量和被解释变量之间有协整关系,还有一定存在唯一的格兰杰因果关系,通过误差修正方法建立的模型就不会造成“虚假回归”。因为通常会显示在传统的经济10计量模型的建立中,因此,它要求明确地揭示经济变量之间的作用机制。恩格尔和格兰杰(1987年)提出格兰杰定理认为,如果两个变量X和Y是协整的,
46、总有一个误差修正模型(ECM)来定义它们的短期非均衡的关系。这就是是非均衡误差项(长期均衡偏差);是短期调整参数。误差修正模型是短期动态的,它是不能达到平衡状态。因此,加入误差项使Y和X逐步接近长期均衡状态。对具有控制和修改的影响;当T1产生效果时,Y多于其长期均衡解决方案,是负的,则为正,使下降;而当T1产生效果时,Y是少于其长期均衡的解决方案,是负的,则为正,使增加。24格兰杰因果检验基于误差修正模型(ECM),我们可以应用格兰杰因果检验有两个长期和短期的因果关系检验。由格兰杰(1969)和SIMS(1972)提出了格兰杰因果检验,其基本想法,即变量的预测效度下Y对包括变量X和Y过去信息的
47、条件下优先只考虑Y的过去信息,那就是,变量X有助于解释Y的未来变化,所以X是格兰杰因果关系的Y,否则被称为非格兰杰因果关系。3、总结1)格兰杰因果检验表明,加工贸易进口与经济增长之间存在单方面的格兰杰因果关系。加工贸易进口对GDP的增长有影响。2)在很长一段时期,GDP和加工贸易之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,加工贸易显著地促进着GDP的增长,而加工贸易出口限制了GDP的增长。当加工贸易出口增长1,GDP将下降039365;当加工贸易进口增长1,GDP将增长11134。在短时期内,加工贸易进口和加工贸易出口都刺激了GDP的增长,但影响相对较低。3)加工贸易出口对中国的经济增长产生不利影响的原因如下首先,加工贸易前进和后退对内部经济的影响是有限的;第二,中国的加工贸易在自上而下的全球制造系统的底端,这限制了我国经济结构的优化和调整;第三,加工贸易的备件和原材料过分依赖进口,中间产品无法实现进口替代,从而消弱了加工贸易间的相互影响和驱动影响,甚至给国内相关原料和中间产品行业带了负面影响,它也据此影响了加工贸易对中国经济的推动作用。