1、Unit5Section One Tactics for ListeningPart2 listening and Note-takingReadingB: When should a child start learning to read and write? This is one of the questions I am most frequently asked. There is no hard and fast rule, for no two are alike, and it would be wrong to set a time when all should star
2、t being taught the ins and outs of reading letters to form words.If a three-year-old wants to read (or even a two-year-old for that matter), the child deserves to be given every encouragement. The fact that he or she might later be “bored“ when joining a class of non-readers at infant school is the
3、teachers affair. It is up to the teacher to see that such a child is given more advanced reading material.Similarly, the child who still cannot read by the time he goes to junior school at the age of seven should be given every help by teachers and parents alike. They should make certain that he is
4、not dyslexic*. If he is, specialist help should immediately be sought.Although parents should be careful not to force youngsters aged two to five to learn to read (if badly done it could put them off reading for life) there is no harm in preparing them for simple recognition of letters by labelling
5、various items in their room. For instance, by a nice piece of cardboard tied to their bed with BED written in neat-big letters.Should the young child ask his parents to teach him to read, and if the parents are capable of doing so, such an appeal should not be ignored. But the task should be underta
6、ken gently, with great patience and a sense of humour. Reading should never be made to look like a chore and the child should never be forced to continue, should his interest start to flag*.Exercise A:1. There is no hard and fast rule, for no two are alike.2. The fact that he or she might later be “
7、bored“ when joining a class of non-readers at infant school is the teachers affair.3. If badly done it could put them off reading for life4. But the task should be undertaken gently.5. Reading should never be made to look like a chore.Exercise B:It would be wrong to set a time when a child should st
8、art learning to read and write. Parents should encourage youngsters aged two to five to read if they show interests in it, but never force them to learn to read. He or she might later be “bored“ when joining a class of non-readers at infant school. Then it is up the teacher to see that such a child
9、is given more advanced reading material. Similarly, if a child cannot read at the age of seven teachers and parents should make certain that he is not dyslexic. If he is, specialist help should immediately be soughtParents should not ignore the young childs appeal to teach him to read. But the task
10、should be undertaken gently, with great patience and a sense of humour Reading should never be made to look like a chore and the child should never be forced to continue, if his interests start to falgSection Two Listening ComprehensionPart 1 DialoguesDialogue 1 Digital SoundMusicMIKE: Wow! Nice. CD
11、s have such good sound. Do you ever wonder how they make CDs?KATHY: Well, they get a bunch of musicians together, and they sing and play.MIKE: Come on. You know what I mean. Why is the sound quality so good? I mean, why do CDs sound so much clearer than cassette tapes?KATHY: Actually, I do know that
12、.MIKE: Really?KATHY: Its all based on digital sound. CDs are digital. Digital sound is like several photos, all taken one after another. Its kind of like pictures of sound. The intensity of the sound how strong it is - is measured very quickly. Then its measured again and again. When we hear the sou
13、nd, it all sounds like one long piece of sound, but its really lots of pieces close together. And each piece is really clear.M1KE: So digital is like lots of short “pieces“ of sound.KATHY. Exactly. This is different from analog* - thats how they used to record. Analog is more like one wave of sound.
14、 It moves up and down with volume and pitch. Anyway, analog is like a single wave. Digital is like a series of pieces.MIKE: OK, I understand that. But how do they make the CDs?KATHY: I told you, Mike. They get a bunch of musicians together, and they sing and play.MIKE: Kathy !KATHY: No. What really
15、happens is first they do a digital recording - on videotape.MIKE: On videotape.KATHY: Yeah, they use videotape. So then the videotape is played through a computer.MIKE: OK. What does the computer do?KATHY: Well, the computer is used to figure out the “pieces“ of sound we were talking about; how long
16、 everything is, how far apart spaces are.MIKE: OK. So the computer is figuring out those separate “pieces“ of sound.KATHY: Yeah. They need to do that to make the master.MIKE: The master?KATHY: The master is the original that all the other CDs are copied from. Its made of glass. Its a glass disk that
17、 spins around - just like a regular CD. And the glass disk is covered with a chemical. They use a laser to bum the signal, or the song, into the glass plate. The laser burns through the chemical, but not through the glass.MIKE: So the laser cuts the sound into the plate.KATHY: Right. What its doing
18、is cutting little holes . into the back of the disk.Those holes are called “pits.“ The laser puts in the pits.MIKE: So CDs really have little holes on the back? I didnt know that.KATHY: Yeah. Tiny pits. Theyre too small to see. Pause. Anyway, then theyve got the master, and they make copies from it.
19、 Then you buy your copy and put it in the CD player.MIKE: Put it in the CD player . That part I understand.KATHY: Theres another laser in your CD player. The light of the laser reflects off the CD. The smooth part of the CD reflects straight back, like a mirror. But the light that bounces off the pi
20、ts is scattered. Anyway, the computer in your CD player reads the light that bounces off the pits. And you get the music.MIKE: Reflected light, huh? . Uh . you knew what I like? Just relaxing, listening to music, and not really worrying about how it gets on the disk.KATHY: You want me to explain it
21、again?MusicA:Quality Recording techniqueDigital sound Much clearerDigital sound is like several photos all taken one after another. Its Kind of like pictures of sound, Digital is like a series of pieces. Analogical sound Aanlog is more like one wave of sound. It moves up and down with volume and pit
22、ch. Analog is like a single waveB:I. The making of the CDsA. Recordinga. They get a bunch of musicians together, singing and playing.b. First they do a digital recording - on videotape.c. Then the videotape is played through a computer.d. The computer figures out those separate “pieces“ of sound to
23、make the master.B. The making of the mastera. The master is the original that all the other CDs are copied from.b. Its made of glass, covered with a chemical.c. They use laser to burn the signal, or the song, into the glass plate. The laser bums through the chemical, but not through the glass.d. It
24、cuts little holes into the back of the disk. Those holes are called “pits.“e. They make copies from it.II. Playing backA. You buy the copy and put it in the CD player.B. The light of the laser reflects off the CD.a. The smooth part of the CD reflects straight back, like a mirror.b. But the light tha
25、t bounces off the pits is scattered.c. The computer in your CD player reads the light that bounces off the pits.d. You get the music.Dialogue 2 Lost in TranslationMan: Heres one I wouldnt have thought of. You know those “before and after“ commercials for laundry soap?Woman: The ones with a pile of d
26、irty clothes on one side and then the same clothes after theyvebeen washed? Sure.Man: There was an American company that had one of those ads. It was really successful inNorth America. In the ad there was a pile of dirty clothes on the left, a box of the laundry soap in the middle, and a pile of cle
27、an clothes on the right. So, the message was that a box of this detergent* would make really dirty clothes clean.Woman: Yeah?Man: So what do you think happened when they used the ad in the Middle East?Woman: I dont know.Man: Think about it. In the Middle East, languages are written from right to lef
28、t. People look at things from right to left.Woman: So it looked like the soap made the clothes dirty?Man: “Our soap will make your clothes dirty !“ Not a very smart ad campaign.Woman: They should have changed the order of the pictures. They should have put the picture of the clean clothes on the lef
29、t side and the dirty clothes on the right.Man: Really.Man: Oh, heres another one. Some shirt maker put an ad in a Mexican magazine.Woman: And?Man: Well, the ad was supposed to say, “When I wore this shirt, 1 felt good.“ But they made a translation mistake.Woman: What did they say?Man: Instead of “Wh
30、en I wore this shirt,“ the ad said, “Until 1 wore this shirt, I felt good.“Woman: “Until I wore this shirt, I felt good“? Gee, changing one little word gave it the oppositemeaning. Man : The article says sometimes its not just the advertising slogan that gets companies into trouble. Sometimes the co
31、mpany name can scare off business.Woman: What do you mean?Man: Well, there was a large oil company in the United States called Enco: E-N-C-O.Woman: Yeah, I remember them.Man: They opened some gas stations in Japan, and they advertised using their American name. Unfortunately, they didnt know what th
32、e word means in Japanese.Woman: What does it mean?Man: “Enco“ is a short way of saying “Engine stop“ in Japanese.Woman: Great. Would you buy gasoline from a company that said your car engine wouldstop? Man : No, and neither did the Japanese.Exercise:Product advertisedDescription of the ad Message Mi
33、stake madedetergent In the ad there was a pile of dirty clothes on the left, a box of the laundry soap in the middle, and a pile of clean clothes on the right.This detergent would make really dirty clothes clean.In the Middle East, theyshould have changed theorder of the pictures.shirt When I wore t
34、his shirt, I felt good.They made a translationmistake, which changed the meaning into “until I wore this shirt, I felt good.“gas They advertised using their American name. Unfortunately, which is a short way of saying “Engine stop“ in Japanese.Part 2 PassagesPassage 1 ToothbrushBrushing our teeth -
35、such a commonplace activity today, has been around for a long time. Imagine: the ancient Egyptians were already concerned about their dental hygiene! We know this today because they also had the good habit of being entombed* with all their treasures . So we were able to discover that tombs from 3,00
36、0 years before Christ contained small tree branches whose ends had been frayed* into soft fibers. Its comical to imagine an Egyptian stopping to brush his teeth after a meal, on his break from building a pyramid!The true ancestor of our toothbrush, however, was invented by the Chinese in the 15th ce
37、ntury and brought back to Europe by travellers. This toothbrush was made of hairs from the neck of a Siberian wild boar which were fixed to a bamboo or bone handle. The people of the Occident*, however, found the wild boar hairs too stiff. At the time, very few people in the Western world brushed th
38、eir teeth, and those who did preferred horse hairs, which were softer than those of the wild boar! In Europe, it was more customary after meals to use a goose feather toothpick, or one made of silver or copper. Other animals hair was also used for dental care, right up until this century. But it was
39、 the poor Siberian wild boar that took the brunt of it. The animal was imported for its neck hairs for a long, long time . in fact, until nylon was invented, in the 20th century!In 1937, in the Du Pont laboratories in Nemours, U.S., nylon was invented by Wallace H.Carothers. In 1938, this new materi
40、al became a symbol of modernism and prosperity through the commercialization of nylon stockings and of Dr. Wests miracle toothbrush with nylon bristles. The wild boars were finally off the hook!At first, even if there were many advantages to using this new brush instead of the one made with wild boa
41、r hairs (which fell out, wouldnt dry very well or became full of bacteria), the consumers were not entirely satisfied. This is because the nylon bristles were very stiff and hurt the gums. In 1950, Du Pont improved their toothbrush by giving it softer bristles.Today the brands, types, and colours of
42、 toothbrushes on the market are almost endless. In spite of this, certain African and American populations still use tree branches to care for their teeth!Exercise A:First, the toothbrush was made of hairs from the neck of a Siberian wild boar. Second, the toothbrush was made of horse hairs and othe
43、r animals hairs. In the 20th century, the toothbrush was made of nylon bristles.Exercise B:1.A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. DExercise C:1. In Egypt, tombs from 3,000 years before Christ contained small tree branches whose ends had been frayed into soft fibers.2. In the 15th century, Europeans us
44、ually use a goose feather toothpick, or one made of silver or copper to care for their teeth.3. People used animals hair for dental care right up until the 20th century when nylon was invented.4. In 1937, in the Du Pont laboratories in Nemours, U.S., nylon was invented by Wallace H. Carothers.5. Certain African and American populations still use tree branches to care for their teeth. Part 3 NewsNews Item 1
