1、句子成分讲解与练习 1英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习句子句子从目的上分： 1.陈述句2 疑问句 1）一般疑问句 2）选择疑问句3）反意疑问句 4）特殊疑问句5）双重疑问句3祈使句4感叹句句子从结构上分：1简单句2并列句（并列复合句）3复合句（主从复合句）1）名词性从句：（1）主从 (2) 宾从 (3)表从 (4)同从2）形容词性从句定从 （限定性的定语从句和非限定性的定语从句）3) 副词性从句（状从）简单句的五种基本句型五种句子的基本结构 ，主谓主谓宾主系表主谓双宾语（ 间宾 直宾）主谓复合宾语（宾+ 宾补）主语 （subject ）: 是执行句子的行为或动作的主体 。The sun r
2、ises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词）To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语 （predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study
3、English. He likes playing the games.表语 （predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. （名词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词）His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a rin
4、g. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有 : be feel (摸起来, sound（听起来） , look（看起来）, taste （尝、吃起来）, smell（闻起来）keep, stay ,remain（保持，仍是） get, become, turn feel（感觉）.It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The f
5、ood tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.宾语 ：1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词
6、-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3） 双宾语 -间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.宾补 ：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in.
7、( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省 to 不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带 to 不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词）主补 ：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to
8、 teach the lazy boy a lesson. 定语 ：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boy
9、s playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）状语 ：用来修饰 v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步怎样划分英语句子中的成分？ 怎样划分英语句子中的成分？主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语分别有什么用法，应该怎样划分？首先
10、，要熟悉五种句子的基本结构，其次，要系统学习名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词等此类，了解什么词可以充当句中的什么要素。一般的，名词做主语和宾语，动词作谓语，形容词修饰名词和做表语，副词修饰句子或者动词定语、状语一、 定语： 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰 some,any,every,no 构成的复合不定代词时， （如：something、nothing） ；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。句子成分讲解与练习 2形容词作定语：The little boy need
11、s a blue pen.(little 修饰名词 boy；blue 修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom 是个英俊的男孩。There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要 Tom 的钢笔。His
12、name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有 Tom 家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个 9 岁的，三个 10 岁的男孩。名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。It is a ball pen./这是
13、一支圆珠笔。There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是 Tom。不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。
14、 分词（短语）作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There
15、are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。二、状语 ：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The bo
16、y calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成 男孩喊教室里的女孩（此时 in the classroom 为 girl 的定语） ，也可以理解为 男孩在教室里喊女孩（此时 in the classroom 为地点状语） ，最好写作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。 （程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔
17、。 （宾语较长则状语前置）The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。 （程度状语）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。 （时间状语） 介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。 （地点状语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays,there is
18、 no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语 ) 分词（短语）作状语：He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。 （表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。 （原因状语）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。 （原因状语） 不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩
19、需要一支笔写家庭作业。 （目的状语）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣 . 名词作状语：Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语） 状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 三、同位语 ：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students 是 we 的同位语
20、，都是指同一批学生 ）We all are students. / (all 是 we 的同位语，都指同样的我们） 独立成分 ：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构 )。感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词 yes否定词 no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps 也许,maybe 大概,act
21、urely 实际上,certainly 当然，等。分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例：错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：错句中分词 studying 没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就句子成分讲解与练习 3是句子的主语，既 your score . 显然做 study 的应是人，不应是your
22、 score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为 you );正确句 (2)则使用条件分句带出 study 的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词独立结构常省略 being,having been.不过There being.的场合不能省略.如：Game (being) over,he went home.He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用 with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如：With nothing to do,h
23、e fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡着了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。 （注意，此句 on his nose 不可省略！）划分句子成分练习一 (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last yea
24、r. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C.go D. b
25、us There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.A.
26、want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B.did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10 分，10 分钟） My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world s
27、peak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will
28、find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who “Father Christmas“ really is.(四) 挑出下列句中的表语（5 分， 5 分钟） The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She w
29、as the first to learn about it.(五) 挑出下列句中的定语（6 分，6 分钟） They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六)
30、 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6 分， 6 分钟） She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just
31、now?(七) 挑出下列句中的状语（8 分， 8 分钟） There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves b
32、ooks. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5 分， 5 分钟） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.句子成分讲
33、解与练习 4 Did he leave any message for me?划分句子成分练习二1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city7. -I
34、 love you more than her，child 8. Tees turn green when spring comes.9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12.All the students think highly of his teaching13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14
35、. He asked us to sing an English song. 15. Dont get nervous，help yourself to what you like16.We will make our school more beautiful.17. He didnt comeThat is why he didnt know 18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 19. The old man lives a lonely life. 20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happ
36、en in the center of town.21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany22. There are so many people in the hall that its hard for me to find him23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.24. Go back where you came from. 25. We must do whatever the people w
37、ant us to do.26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 27. Would you please pass me the cup? 28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 29. Do you know the latest news about him?30. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.翻 译 练 习：主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1 你应当努力学习。 2 她昨天回家很晚。 3 那天早上我们谈了很多。4 会议将持续两个小时。 5 在过去的十年里，我的家乡
38、已经发生了巨大的变化。 6 这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 7 1919 年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 8 每天八时开始上课。9 这个盒子重五公斤。 10 五年前我住在北京。主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ）1 昨晚我写了一封信。 2 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3 这本书他读过多次了。 4 他们成功地完成了计划。 5 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 6 那位先生能流利地说三种语言。7 我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 8 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 9 我们大家都相信 Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 10 他不知道说什麽好。主系表结构 （主语 系动词表语 ）1 我的兄弟都是大学生。 句子成分
39、讲解与练习 52 冬季白天短，夜晚长。 3 布朗夫人看起来很健康。 4 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 5 孩子们，请保持安静。 6 这本书是有关美国历史的书。 7 她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 8 他失业了。 9 树叶已经变黄了。 10 这个报告听起来很有意思。 双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 ）1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. Mary 把钱包交给校长了。 4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 5. 他把车票给列车员看。 6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 8. Robinson C
40、rusoe 给自己做了一只小船。 9. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ 10. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？复合宾语结构 （主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 ）1 我们叫她 Alice. 2 他的父母给他取名为 John. 3 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。4 他们把门推开了。 5 他们把小偷释放了。 6 我们要使学校变得更美丽。 7 他请我们参加做游戏。 8 我要你把真相告诉我。 9 卫兵命令我们立即离开。 10 明天我要找人来修理机器。 11 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。12 痛苦使得他叫喊起来。 13 我们不会让她在晚上外出的。14 他每个月理一次发。 15 我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。16 那
41、可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了17 她正在听人家讲故事。 18 男孩子们都在看士兵们操练。 19 我从来没看见这个字这样用过。20 他感到很难跟你交谈。 21 我想乘船去那里更舒服些。22 我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 23 学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。24 我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 There be 句型1 今晚没有会。 2 这个村子过去只有一口井。 3 这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。 4 客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 5 天气预报说下午有大风。 6 灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 7 战前这儿一直有家电影院的。8 恰好那时房里没人。 9 从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一
42、位老渔夫。 10 公共汽车来了。 11 就只剩下二十八美元了。 12 在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。 13 铃响了。 句子成分讲解与练习 614 二月份有二十八天。答案(一) teacher man dictionary To do(二) B A C A C C D C A A (三)homework. English. attention words to go swimming he was ill. him monitor bridge museum itschool. who“Father Christmas“really is.(四)tired. worried yellow.
43、interested the first(五) family giventhird some downstairs of the other shoe!(六)to read newspapers and books to take the boy difficult Lily get on the bus playing football(七) on her face. Every night when he was eleven. too fast. With the medicine box under her arm because she loves books. if youve l
44、ost it to see the other machine.(八) us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语句子成分二分析下列句子成分1. 主语 系动词 表语 2. 主语 系动词 表语 3. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 4. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 5. 主语 及物动词 宾语 6. 主语 动词 形式宾语 it 宾语补足语+宾语7. 主语 及物动词 宾语 8. 主语 系动词 表语 9. 主语 动词 宾
45、语 宾语补足语 10. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 11. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 12 主语 及物动词 宾语13. 主语 及物动词 宾语 14. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 15. 主语 系动词 表语 16. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 17. 主语 系动词 表语 18. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语19. 主语 不及物动词 20. 主语 不及物动词 21. 主语 系动词 表语 22. 主语 系动词 表语 23. 主语 及物动词 宾语 24. 主语 不及物动词25. 主语 及物动词 宾语 26. 主语 不及物动词 27. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 28. 主语双宾动词间接宾语
46、直接宾语 29. 主语 及物动词 宾语 30. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语翻 译 练 习：主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1You should study hard. 2 She went home very late yesterday evening. 3That morning we talked a great deal. 4The meeting will last two hours. 5Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 6Things of that sort are happening all over the world every
