1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目THETECHNOLOGICALSTRUCTUREANDPERFORMANCEOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYMANUFACTUREDEXPORTS,19851998出处OXFORDDEVELOPMENTSTUDIES,VOL28,NO3,2000作者LALLSANJAYA原文THETECHNOLOGICALSTRUCTUREANDPERFORMANCEOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYMANUFACTUREDEXPORTS,198519981TECHNOLOGYANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEWHATI
2、STHEECONOMICRATIONALEFORANALYZINGTHETECHNOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYEXPORTSTHATTECHNOLOGYPLAYSASIGNIFICANTROLEINTHETRADEPATTERNSOFADVANCEDINDUSTRIALCOUNTRIESISWIDELYACCEPTEDWHATNEEDSEXPLAININGISWHYITISIMPORTANTINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESMOSTCONVENTIONALTRADETHEORYASSUMESTHATTECHNOLOGICALACTIVITYP
3、LAYSNOROLEINTHECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,ANDTHATTHEMAINDETERMINANTSREMAINRELATIVEFACTORENDOWMENTSDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESAREASSUMEDTOBETECHNOLOGICALFOLLOWERS,IMPORTINGINNOVATIONSFROMDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDUSINGTHEMPASSIVELYINTERNATIONALTECHNOLOGYMARKETSARETAKENTOBEEFFICIENTFIRMSINDEVELOPING
4、COUNTRIESCANFIND,SELECT,BUYANDTRANSFERTHETECHNOLOGIESTHEYNEEDWITHOUTADDITIONALCOSTAPARTFROMTHELEGITIMATEPRICEOFTHETECHNOLOGYOREQUIPMENTOREFFORTMOREIMPORTANTLY,ONCETHEYIMPORTTHETECHNOLOGY,THEYCANUSEITEFFICIENTLY,AGAINWITHOUTEXTRACOSTOREFFORTTHEREISNODIFFERENCE,INOTHERWORDS,BETWEENCAPACITYPHYSICALPLAN
5、T,EQUIPMENTORBLUEPRINTSANDCAPABILITYTHEABILITYTOUSETHESEEFFICIENTLYCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETHENDEPENDSENTIRELYONFACTORENDOWMENTS,ANDANYATTEMPTTOCHANGETHISAPARTFROMPROVIDINGTHECONDITIONSFORFASTERACCUMULATIONOFFACTORSISBYASSUMPTIONINEFFICIENTTHUS,ALLGOVERNMENTSHAVETODOTOOPTIMIZECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEIS“GETP
6、RICESRIGHT”SOTHATFIRMSWILLSELECTTHETECHNIQUESAPPROPRIATETOTHEIRFACTORPRICESCONSIDERABLEFIRMLEVELRESEARCHUNDERTHEBROADHEADINGOF“TECHNOLOGICALCAPABILITY”ANALYSISSUGGESTSTHATTHISAPPROACHISOVERSIMPLIFIEDANDFOCUSESONTHEWRONGDETERMINANTSOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETHECAPABILITYAPPROACHGIVESADIFFERENTDEPICTIONOF
7、HOWFIRMSBECOMETECHNICALLYEFFICIENT,ANDLEADSTODIFFERENTPOLICYCONCLUSIONSTHISLITERATUREREVIEWEDBYLALL,2000SHOWSTHATTHEREISASIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEBETWEEN“CAPACITY”AND“CAPABILITY”FIRMSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESOPERATEWITHIMPERFECTKNOWLEDGEOFTECHNOLOGICALALTERNATIVESFINDINGTECHNOLOGIESISADIFFICULT,OFTENCOSTLY,
8、PROCESSONCETECHNOLOGYISIMPORTED,ITSEFFICIENTUSEREQUIRESCREATINGNEWSKILLSANDKNOWLEDGETOMASTERITSTACITELEMENTSTACITELEMENTSVARYGREATLYBYTECHNOLOGYINSOMEACTIVITIESTHELEARNINGPROCESSISCOSTLY,PROLONGED,RISKYANDUNPREDICTABLEANDINVOLVESSERIOUSEXTERNALITIESANDCOORDINATIONPROBLEMSSKILLSANDTECHNOLOGY“LEAK”OUT
9、TOOTHERFIRMS,ORTHEREISCOLLECTIVELEARNINGBETWEENFIRMSINOTHERS,THEPROCESSISRELATIVELYEASY,SHORTANDPREDICTABLE,WITHNEGLIGIBLEEXTERNALITIESWHILEALLLEARNINGCANFACEMARKETFAILURESTHATPREVENT,CURTAILORDISTORTIT,THEEXTENTANDSPREADOFFAILURESVARYSIGNIFICANTLYBYACTIVITYPOLICIESTOCORRECTTHEFAILURESTHUSHAVETOVARY
10、BYACTIVITYMOREDIFFICULTTECHNOLOGIESTENDTOCALLFORGREATERINTERVENTIONTOHELPFIRMSOVERCOMELEARNINGCOSTSANDCOORDINATIONPROBLEMSTHECAPABILITYAPPROACHSUGGESTSTHATCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEDEPENDSMOREONTHENATIONALABILITYTOMASTERANDUSETECHNOLOGIESTHANONFACTORENDOWMENTSINTHEUSUALSENSEGIVENTHEMARKETFAILURESFACINGCAP
11、ABILITYBUILDING,THISINTURNDEVOLVESTOONEORBOTHOFTWOTHINGSTHATIMPROVETECHNOLOGICALLEARNINGTHEFIRSTISGOVERNMENTPOLICIESTOOVERCOMETHEFAILURESINLEARNINGINDOMESTICFIRMSTHESECONDISTHEATTRACTIONOFFDITHATBRINGSINNEWTECHNOLOGIESANDISBETTERABLETOOVERCOMETHEMARKETFAILURESINVOLVEDINDEPLOYINGTHEMTHELATTEROPTIONMA
12、YITSELFREQUIRESELECTIVEPOLICIESTOOVERCOMEFAILURESINTHEFDIPROCESSITSELFMOREOVER,THETWOSOURCESOFCAPABILITYBUILDINGCOMPLEMENTEACHOTHERWHENMOREADVANCEDACTIVITIESAREINVOLVEDFDIINCOMPLEXACTIVITIESANDFUNCTIONSNEEDSADVANCEDDOMESTICCAPABILITIESINTHISAPPROACH,THEREFORE,PATTERNSOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEBETWEENDEV
13、ELOPINGCOUNTRIESVARYACCORDINGTONATIONALPOLICIESFORTECHNOLOGICALLEARNINGANDTECHNOLOGYIMPORT,EVENIFTHEYHAVESIMILAR“ENDOWMENTS”OFLABOR,CAPITALORSKILLSTRADITIONALTHEORIESOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEMAYBERELEVANTINCASESWHERETHEIRASSUMPTIONSCONFORMTOTHESPECIFICCONDITIONSOFCAPABILITYBUILDINGINGIVENINDUSTRIESANDL
14、OCATIONS,NOTASGENERALRULESFORINSTANCE,HECKSCHEROHLINHOFACTORPRICERATIOSCANAFFECTTRADEPATTERNSINACTIVITIESINWHICHTECHNOLOGICALCONDITIONSAPPROXIMATEPERFECTCOMPETITION,IENOSCALEECONOMIES,UNIVERSALLYAVAILABLETECHNOLOGIESANDEASYLEARNINGTHESEAPPLYTOSIMPLELABORINTENSIVETECHNOLOGIESWHERESMALLFIRMSCANMAKEUND
15、IFFERENTIATEDPRODUCTS,EASILYMASTERINGTHETECHNOLOGIESINVOLVEDUNDERTHESECONDITIONS,RELATIVEWAGEDIFFERENCESPERSEBECOMEANIMPORTANTCOMPETITIVEFACTORHOWEVER,THISREPRESENTSONEENDOFTHETECHNOLOGICALSPECTRUMITDOESNOTMEANTHATHOASSUMPTIONSAREGENERALIZABLEACROSSTHEINDUSTRIALSECTORTHEREARETWOOTHERIMPORTANTPOINTSO
16、NEXPORTSTRUCTURESFIRST,DIFFERENTEXPORTSTRUCTURESHAVEDIFFERENTIMPLICATIONSFORGROWTHANDEFFECTSONDOMESTICINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTTECHNOLOGYINTENSIVESTRUCTURESOFFERBETTERPROSPECTSFORFUTUREGROWTHBECAUSETHEIRPRODUCTSTENDTOGROWFASTERINTRADETHEYTENDTOBEHIGHLYINCOMEELASTIC,CREATENEWDEMANDANDSUBSTITUTEFASTERFORO
17、LDERPRODUCTSTHISISWHYHIGHTECHNOLOGYINDUSTRIESWITHININDUSTRIALANDSEMIINDUSTRIALCOUNTRIESAREGROWINGFASTERTHANOTHERINDUSTRIESTHEYALSOHAVEGREATERPOTENTIALFORFURTHERLEARNINGBECAUSETHEYOFFERMORESCOPEFORAPPLYINGNEWSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGETHEYHAVELARGERSPILLOVEREFFECTSINTERMSOFCREATINGNEWSKILLSANDGENERICKNOWLEDG
18、ETHATCANBEUSEDINOTHERACTIVITIESGUERRIERIIFTHEYWERE,COUNTRIESWOULDNOTNEEDTOWORRYABOUTWHICHSTRUCTURETHEYHADINTHECAPABILITYAPPROACH,STRUCTURESARE,WHILECERTAINLYNOTRIGID,PATHDEPENDENTANDDIFFICULTTOCHANGETHEYARETHEOUTCOMEOFLONG,CUMULATIVEPROCESSESOFLEARNING,AGGLOMERATION,INSTITUTIONBUILDINGANDBUSINESSCUL
19、TUREMOVINGFROMALOWTECHNOLOGYSTRUCTURETOAHIGHTECHNOLOGYONEISTHUSDIFFICULT,ANDMAYINVOLVEABROADANDINTEGRATEDSETOFPOLICYINTERVENTIONSREDDING,1999RODRIK,1996ITISTHEREFOREIMPORTANTFORANALYTICALANDPOLICYPURPOSESTOEXAMINENATIONALEXPORTSTRUCTURES,PARTICULARLYTOSEEHOWQUICKLYTHEYHAVECHANGEDOVERTIME2、TECHNOLOGI
20、CALSTRUCTUREOFEXPORTSPRIMARYPRODUCTSANDSPECIALTRANSACTIONS,EXCLUDEDCOMPLETELYBELOWDONOTNEEDMUCHANALYSISINTERMSOFTHETECHNOLOGICALBASISOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEWITHINMANUFACTUREDEXPORTS,THETECHNOLOGICALCATEGORIESANDSUBCATEGORIESAREASFOLLOWSRESOURCEBASEDRBPRODUCTSTENDTOBESIMPLEANDLABORINTENSIVEEGSIMPLEFOO
21、DORLEATHERPROCESSING,BUTTHEREARESEGMENTSUSINGCAPITAL,SCALEANDSKILLINTENSIVETECHNOLOGIESEGPETROLEUMREFININGORMODERNPROCESSEDFOODSSINCECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESINTHESEPRODUCTSARISESGENERALLYBUTNOTALWAYSFROMTHELOCALAVAILABILITYOFNATURALRESOURCES,THEYDONOTRAISEIMPORTANTISSUESFORCOMPETITIVENESSHOWEVER,THESEG
22、MENTSWITHSKILLANDTECHNOLOGYINTENSIVETECHNOLOGIESDORAISEIMPORTANTCOMPETITIVENESSISSUESWEDRAWADISTINCTIONBETWEENRB1,AGRICULTUREBASEDPRODUCTSANDRB2,OTHERSLOWTECHNOLOGYLTPRODUCTSTENDTOHAVESTABLE,WELLDIFFUSEDTECHNOLOGIESTHETECHNOLOGIESAREPRIMARILYEMBODIEDINTHECAPITALEQUIPMENTTHELOWENDOFTHERANGEHASRELATIV
23、ELYSIMPLESKILLREQUIREMENTSMANYTRADEDPRODUCTSAREUNDIFFERENTIATEDANDCOMPETEONPRICETHUS,LABORCOSTSTENDTOBEAMAJORELEMENTOFCOSTINCOMPETITIVENESSSCALEECONOMIESANDBARRIERSTOENTRYAREGENERALLYLOWTHEFINALMARKETGROWSSLOWLY,WITHINCOMEELASTICITYSBELOWUNITYHOWEVER,THEREAREEXCEPTIONSTOTHESEFEATURESTHEREAREPARTICUL
24、ARLOWTECHNOLOGYPRODUCTSINHIGHQUALITYSEGMENTSWHEREBRANDNAMES,SKILLS,DESIGNANDTECHNOLOGICALSOPHISTICATIONAREVERYIMPORTANT,EVENIFTECHNOLOGYINTENSITYDOESNOTREACHTHELEVELSOFOTHERCATEGORIESWESHOULDNOTETHATPRODUCTSOFMAJORINTERESTTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTENDTOBEINTHELOWERQUALITYSEGMENTS,ANDAREREALLYBASEDONSIMP
25、LETECHNOLOGIESANDPRICERATHERTHANQUALITYCOMPETITIONMEDIUMTECHNOLOGYMTPRODUCTS,COMPRISINGTHEBULKOFSKILLANDSCALEINTENSIVETECHNOLOGIESINCAPITALGOODSANDINTERMEDIATEPRODUCTS,ARETHEHEARTLANDOFINDUSTRIALACTIVITYINMATUREECONOMIESTHEYTENDTOHAVECOMPLEXTECHNOLOGIES,WITHMODERATELYHIGHLEVELSOFRRODRIK,1996因此，基于审查国
26、家出口结构的分析和中策目的非常重要，尤其是在观测一段时间内的变化方面二、产品出口的技术结构在建立检验出口结构表格的情况下，来考虑产品的分类。这些数据不能对技术层面面面俱到。初级产品（及特殊交易，下面完全排除）不需要在比较优势的技术基础上多分析。在工业制成品出口方面，技术类别和子类别如下基于资源的产品（RB）是倾向于简单技术和劳动密集型产品（例如简单食品和皮革加工），但是它们的一部分利用资本、规模经济和技能密集型技术（例如石油提炼或者现代加工产品），来自当地的天然资源供应的竞争优势在通常情况下是上升的，但并不总是这样，他们不提高竞争力的重要问题。然而，拥有技能技术密集型生产技术的部分能够提升进口
27、竞争力。低技术含量（LC）产品倾向于拥有稳定的技术扩散的产品。这些技术主要体现在资本设备；低端领域的技能要求相对简单。许多贸易产品是未分化的，体现在价格方面的竞争因此，劳动成本成为竞争成本中的主要因素。规模经济和进入壁垒普遍偏低，最终市场增长缓慢，收入弹性低于整体弹性。但也有例外，即使技术密集度达不到其他类别的水平，拥有高质量部分的特定的技术产品在产品品牌，技术，设计和技术成熟方面是非常重要的。我们应当注意到发展中国家的利润主要来自于低质量部分，主要依赖简单技术和价格优势而不是质量竞争。中等技术（MT）产品，包括大量包含技能规模密集型技术的资本产品和中间产品，它是成熟经济体工业活动的中心地带，往往具有复杂的技术，适度的高水平的溢出效应，先进的技术需求和冗长的学习期限。在工程和汽车分组的联系是非常紧密的，企业之间需要长期互动以便达到“最佳实践”的技术效率。高技术（HT）产品拥有先进和快速转换的技术，很高的投资溢出效应，主要注重产品设计。最先进的技术要求最先进的技术技能，企业与企业之间，企业与国家以及研究机构之间要有最紧密的互动，像一些电子产品最后的组装是劳动密集型的，其高价值与重量的比例使其将这部分劳动放在低工资地区，这些生产活动导致了新的国际一体化生产系统，跨国公司基于生产成本而在生产的不同阶段选择不同的区位。
