1、本科毕业论文外文翻译原文外文题目DOESFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTCROWDINORCROWDOUTDOMESTICINVESTMENT出处EASTERNEUROPEANECONOMICS,VOL40,NO2,MARCHAPRIL2002,PP3856作者JANMIUNANDVLADIMRTOMK原文DOESFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTCROWDINORCROWDOUTDOMESTICINVESTMENTABSTRACTINTHISARTICLE,WEATTEMPTTOESTIMATEWHETHERFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINTHEC
2、ZECHREPUBLIC,HUNGARY,ANDPOLANDCROWDSINORCROWDSOUTDOMESTICINVESTMENTWEUSEDAMODELOFTOTALINVESTMENTTHATINTRODUCED,FROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFTHERECIPIENTCOUNTRY,FOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTASANEXOGENOUSVARIABLEWEFOUNDTHATFORTHETIMEPERIOD19902000THEREWASEVIDENCEOFACROWDINGOUTEFFECTINPOLANDFORTHETIMEPERIOD19902000IN
3、HUNGARYANDFORTHETIMEPERIOD19932000INTHECZECHREPUBLIC,WEFOUNDACROWDINGINEFFECTFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTFDIISSAIDTOBEONEOFTHEMAINFACTORSINSUCCESSFULECONOMICTRANSFORMATIONANDARAPIDPACEOFECONOMICGROWTHINSOMECENTRALANDEASTEUROPEANCOUNTRIESCOUNTRIESTHATHAVEATTRACTEDLARGERAMOUNTSOFFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTHAVE
4、COMETHROUGHTHETRANSFORMATIONPROCESSFASTERANDUSUALLYWITHLOWERSOCIALCOSTSFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTBRINGSAVARIETYOFASSETSFORTHEHOSTCOUNTRYTECHNOLOGYPROBABLYISAMONGTHEMOSTPRIZEDASSETSOTHERSAREBRANDNAMES,SPECIALIZEDSKILLS,ANDTHEABILITYTOORGANIZEANDINTEGRATEPRODUCTIONACROSSCOUNTRIES,TOESTABLISHAMARKETINGNET
5、WORKANDTOHAVEPRIVILEGEDACCESSTOTHEMARKETFORPROPRIETARYASSETSALLTHESEASPECTSTOGETHERMEANTHATMULTINATIONALSCANCONTRIBUTESIGNIFICANTLYTOECONOMICANDSOCIALDEVELOPMENTINAHOSTCOUNTRYFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTCANTAKETHEFORMOFGREENFIELDINVESTMENT,MERGERSANDACQUISITIONSMAS,ORAJOINTVENTUREGREENFIELDFOREIGNDIRECTI
6、NVESTMENTISANEWINVESTMENTMADEBYSETTINGUPANEWFOREIGNAFFILIATEINVESTMENTTHROUGHCROSSBORDERMAS2ISMADEEITHERBYFOREIGNCOMPANIESMERGINGWITHDOMESTICCOMPANIESORFOREIGNCOMPANIESTAKINGOVEREXISTINGDOMESTICCOMPANIESJOINTVENTURESAREALSOAMONGTHEALTERNATIVEFORMSOFINCREASINGINTERNATIONALBUSINESSMULTINATIONALSSOMETI
7、MESENGAGEINJOINTVENTURESINUNFAMILIARMARKETSWHERETHEREAREDIFFERENTRESTRICTIONSANDCULTURALCHARACTERISTICSACQUISITIONSAREBECOMINGMOREIMPORTANTTHANMERGERSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHISISESPECIALLYTRUEFORCOUNTRIESTHATHAVEUNDERGONETHETRANSFORMATIONPROCESSINWHICHFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTTHROUGHMASPLAYEDAKEYROLEHO
8、WEVER,THEQUESTIONARISESWHETHERMASASOPPOSEDTOGREENFIELDFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTCANPLAYTHESAMEROLEINCONTRIBUTINGTOTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSBECAUSECROSSBORDERMASINVOLVEACHANGEOFASSETOWNERSHIPFROMDOMESTICTOFOREIGNSUBJECTS,ANDINITIALLYTHEYDONOTUSUALLYADDTOTHEPRODUCTIVECAPACITYOFAHOSTCOUNTRYBUTOVERTHELONGERTER
9、M,WHENDIRECTASWELLASINDIRECTEFFECTSARETAKENINTOACCOUNT,MANYDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEIMPACTSOFGREENFIELDFDIANDMASDISAPPEARINGENERAL,THEEFFECTSOFFDIONAHOSTCOUNTRYAREDIFFICULTTODISTINGUISHBYMODEOFENTRYAFTERTHEINITIALPERIODHASPASSEDINTRODUCTION(一)EMPIRICALEVIDENCEONFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINCENTRALANDEASTERN
10、EUROPEFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTHASPLAYEDASIGNIFICANTROLEDURINGTHETRANSFORMATIONPROCESSINTHECENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPEANCEECOUNTRIESSINCE1989SEETABLE1FOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINFLOWSHAVEBEENLINKEDFORMOSTOFTHEPERIODWITHPRIVATIZATIONOFSTATEOWNEDASSETS,WHICHISALSOONEREASONTHATSLOWLYREFORMINGCOUNTRIESHAVENOTATT
11、RACTEDASUBSTANTIALLEVELOFFDIAMONGTHECOUNTRIESTHATHAVEBENEFITEDTHEMOSTFROMFDIINFLOWSAREHUNGARY,THECZECHREPUBLIC,ANDPOLANDTHEYHAVERECEIVEDOVER60PERCENTOFTOTALINVESTMENTSINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPESINCE1989RUSSIAHASALSORECEIVEDRELATIVELYHIGHLEVELSOFFDI,BUTWHENCONSIDEREDINRELATIONTOTHESIZEOFITSECONOMY,THI
12、SISMUCHLESSIMPRESSIVEBYTHEENDOF1999,THECUMULATIVEFDIINFLOWSTOCEECOUNTRIES,ACCORDINGTOWORLDINVESTMENTREPORT2000,REACHEDUSD110BILLIONIN2000,THEFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINFLOWINTOTHECENTRALANDEASTEUROPEANCOUNTRIESWASPOSITIVELYINFLUENCEDBYAGENERALECONOMICRECOVERYINALLOFTHESECOUNTRIESANDBYFURTHERPROGRESSIN
13、TRANSFORMATIONANDEUROPEANMULTINATIONALSINVESTEDUSD28BILLIONUN/ECE2001INTHISREGION,ANINCREASEOFMORETHAN5PERCENTYEARONYEARACCORDINGTOTHESTATISTICALDATAOFTHEVIENNAINSTITUTEFORINTERNATIONALCOMPARATIVEECONOMICSTUDIESWIIW,ABOUTHALFOFTHEFDIINCEECOUNTRIESWASINVESTEDTHROUGHACQUISITIONSGREENFIELDINVESTMENTSAC
14、COUNTEDFORSOME1020PERCENT,THERESTWEREINVESTMENTSINEXISTINGFOREIGNINVESTMENTENTERPRISESTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFFDIINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPETHROUGHECONOMICACTIVITIESREFLECTSTHEOPENINGUPOFINDIVIDUALSECTORSTOFOREIGNINVESTMENTFORMOREDETAILS,SEEHUNYA1999INTHEEARLYSTAGE,MOSTFDIWENTINTOTRADEANDMANUFACTURING,AND,LA
15、TER,INTOTHEFINANCIALSECTORANDTELECOMMUNICATIONSINTHESECTORBREAKDOWNOFFDIINFLOWS,THESHAREOFSERVICESINCREASEDOVERTIMEATTHEEXPENSEOFMANUFACTURING,AND,IN1999,THESHAREOFSERVICESSURPASSEDTHESHAREOFMANUFACTURINGCOUNTRIESWHERENEWSECTORSHAVEBEENOPENEDTOFOREIGNINVESTMENT,THESHAREOFMANUFACTURINGDECLINEDTO40PER
16、CENTTHISMAYHAVEAPOSITIVEIMPACTONTHEECONOMICTRANSITIONBECAUSEINSOMECOUNTRIESEFFICIENCYGAINSINMANUFACTURINGARENOWALMOSTEQUALLEDBYEFFICIENCYGAINSINSERVICESTHISPROCESSLEADSTOTHEGENERALOTHERSAREBRANDNAMES,SPECIALIZEDSKILLS,ANDTHEABILITYTOORGANIZEANDINTEGRATEPRODUCTIONACROSSCOUNTRIES,TOESTABLISHAMARKETING
17、NETWORKANDTOHAVEPRIVILEGEDACCESSTOTHEMARKETFORPROPRIETARYASSETSALLTHESEASPECTSTOGETHERMEANTHATMULTINATIONALCANCONTRIBUTESIGNIFICANTLYTOECONOMICANDSOCIALDEVELOPMENTINAHOSTCOUNTRY(二)EFFECTSOFFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTONTOTALINVESTMENTITISGENERALLYACCEPTEDINTHEECONOMICLITERATURETHATINVESTMENTISAKEYVARIABL
18、EDETERMININGECONOMICGROWTH,AND,THUS,WHENEVALUATINGTHEIMPACTOFFDIONECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINAHOSTCOUNTRY,AKEYQUESTIONARISESDOESFOREIGNINVESTMENTCROWDINDOMESTICINVESTMENTSORDOESITHAVETHEOPPOSITEEFFECTOFDISPLACINGDOMESTICINVESTORSIFFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTCROWDSOUTDOMESTICINVESTMENTORDOESNOTCONTRIBUTETOCAPI
19、TALFORMATION,THENITSBENEFITSFORRECIPIENTCOUNTRIESAREQUESTIONABLETHEEFFECTOFFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTONDOMESTICINVESTMENTDEPENDSONSEVERALFACTORS,SUCHASDOMESTICCOUNTRYECONOMICPOLICY,SPECIFICKINDSOFFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTRECEIVEDBYTHEHOSTCOUNTRY,ANDTHESTRENGTHANDFINANCIALSITUATIONOFDOMESTICENTERPRISESFOR
20、EIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTTHATBRINGSINGOODSANDSERVICESTHATARENEWTOADOMESTICECONOMYUSUALLYHASFAVORABLEEFFECTSONCAPITALFORMATION4ONTHEOTHERHAND,IFFOREIGNINVESTORSINVESTINSECTORSWHERETHEREAREALREADYCOMPETINGDOMESTICCOMPANIES,THISMAYELIMINATEINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESFORDOMESTICINVESTORS5MOREOVER,THECONTRIBUTION
21、OFFOREIGNINVESTMENTTOCAPITALFORMATIONISUSUALLYMOREPOSITIVEWHENTHESECTORDISTRIBUTIONOFFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTISCONSIDERABLYDIFFERENTFROMTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEEXISTINGCAPITALSTOCK,INCONTRASTTOTHECASEWHENTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTISALMOSTTHESAMEASTHEEXISTINGDISTRIBUTIONOFTHECAPITALSTOCKINTH
22、ISARTICLE,WETRYTOESTIMATEWHETHERFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINTHECZECHREPUBLIC,HUNGARY,ANDPOLANDCROWDSINORCROWDSOUTDOMESTICINVESTMENTWEUSEAMODIFIEDTHEORETICALMODELUSEDALSOBYAGOSINANDMAYER2000FORTHEPERIOD19701996ANDFORTWOSUBPERIODS19761985AND19861996INTHREEDEVELOPINGREGIONS,AFRICA,ASIA,ANDLATINAMERICARESU
23、LTSOFTHEIRTESTINGINASIA,ANDLESSOBVIOUSLYINAFRICA,INDICATEDSTRONGCROWDINGINOFDOMESTICINVESTMENTBYFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTONTHEOTHERHAND,STRONGCROWDINGOUTWASIDENTIFIEDINLATINAMERICATHEAUTHORSSTATEDTHATONEREASONFORCROWDINGOUTINLATINAMERICAWASTHEMUCHWEAKEROVERALLINVESTMENTINTHEREGIONASCOMPAREDWITHASIAAND
24、THEFACTTHATLATINAMERICANCOUNTRIESHAVEALSOBEENLESSSELECTIVEABOUTFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTTHANHAVEASIANCOUNTRIESAGOSINANDMAYERCAMETOTHECONCLUSIONTHAT“THEEFFECTSOFFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTONDOMESTICINVESTMENTAREBYNOMEANSALWAYSFAVORABLEANDTHATSIMPLISTICPOLICIESTOWARDFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTAREUNLIKELYTOBEOPT
25、IMAL”AGOSINANDMAYER20001本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目DOESFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTCROWDINORCROWDOUTDOMESTICINVESTMENT出处EASTERNEUROPEANECONOMICS,VOL40,NO2,MARCHAPRIL2002,PP3856作者JANMIUNANDVLADIMRTOMK译文外国直接投资是否对国内投资存在挤入或挤入效应摘要在这篇文章中,我们试图估计在捷克共和国,匈牙利和波兰是否存在外国直接投资对国内投资挤入或挤出效应。我们用一个模型,从引进FDI的总投资该角度来看,外国直接投资作为受援国的外生变量。我们发
26、现19902000年期间有证据证明在波兰存在外国直接投资对国内投资的挤出效应。在匈牙利19902000的时间段和捷克1993年至2000时间段里,我们找到了外国直接投资对国内投资的挤出生效应。引言在一些东欧国家,外国直接投资被认为是经济增长的主要原因之一和加快经济转型的主要因素。国家吸收数额较大的外国直接投资来加快改革过程,并且产生较低的社会成本的效果。外国直接投资给东道国带来了各种资产品种。技术可能是其中最珍贵的资产。另外还有一些品牌,专业技能和对整个国家的生产和整合的组织能力,建立营销网络,并有特权进入非专有资产的市场。所有这些方面的合作意味着,跨国公司能够大大促进东道国经济和社会发展。外
27、国直接投资可采取新建投资,兼并和收购(并购),或合资的形式。格林菲尔德的外国直接投资是一个新的投资形式,通过设立一个新的外国子公司完成。投资通过跨界并购的AS2要么是由外国公司与国内合并公司或外国公司接管国内现有公司。合资企业也成为日益增加的国际业务的替代形式。当某一时跨国公司在做不熟悉的市场时,其中合资企业有不同的限制和文化的特点。在发展中国家收购越来越比并购重要。这尤其对于对于那些已经历了转型过程中,外国直接投资通过并购起到了关键作用的国家。然而,问题是,是否并购,而不是新建外国直接投资可以发挥在促进发展过程中相同的角色,因为跨国并购涉及来自国内的资产所有权变动的外国科目,最初他们通常不增
28、加对东道国的生产能力。但在较长时期内,当直接和间接影响都考虑在内,新建外国直接投资和并购的影响,许多不同之处消失。一般来说,在最初的时期已经过去,东道国的外国直接投资的影响通过进入模式是很难区分的。外商直接投资在中欧和东欧的实证论证外国直接投资中自1898年起在转型过程中的中欧和东欧国家发挥了重要作用。外国直接投资流入与私有化的大部分国有资产产生联系,这也是改革缓慢的原因之一。国家并没有达到吸引大量的外国直接投资的水平。其中那些受益于外国直接投资流入的大部分国家,如匈牙利,捷克共和国和波兰。在中欧和东欧投资总额1989年以来,他们已流入百分之六十以上,。俄罗斯也流入较高水平的外国直接投资,但相
29、对于经济规模的考虑时,这是更令人印象深刻。到1999年底,累计流入中欧和东欧国家的外国直接投资,根据世界投资报告2000年,达到1100亿美元。2000年,在中欧和东欧国家外国直接投资流入正影响整体经济的复苏和所有这些国家在经济转型以及进一步的进展。跨国公司在这一地区投资280亿美元(联合国/欧洲经济委员会2001年),每年超过5个百分点升幅。根据维也纳研究所的统计数据国际比较经济研究所(WIIW),约一半在中欧和东欧国家的外国直接投资是通过收购投资。新建投资占百分之1020,其余的是在现有的外商投资企业投资。在中欧和东欧的外国直接投资的分布,通过经济活动的反映个别行业的开放注册外国投资(详见
30、HUNYA1999年)。在早期,大多数外国直接投资进入贸易和制造业,后来,进入金融业和电信业。在随着时间的推移在制造费用的增长,并于1999年,这一比例,服务业超过了制造业的份额。在新部门已经开放外国投资的国家,对制造业的份额下降到百分之四十。这可能对经济产生积极影响,因为在一些国家过渡生产效率的提高已成为几乎等于在服务效率的提高。这个过程导致了一般主机性能的改善经济。表格1外商直接投资在中欧和东欧国家,19902000百万美元国家19901991199219931994199519961997199819992000捷克132513100465485625621428130037186324
31、4595匈牙利3111459147123391146445319832085203619442135波兰10117284580542113427413034512967578291捷克斯洛伐克18821001341701572061405082402075斯洛文尼亚46511111312817618531516583181保加利亚465424010590109438537819975罗马尼亚1837739434141926395620311041998爱沙尼亚NANA82162215202151267581305398拉脱维亚NANANANANANANANA357270391立陶宛NANANA
32、303173152355926487391资料来源牛顿控股数据库,对期浅析统计年鉴和东欧国家的基础。有低的外国直接投资流入也统计在斯洛文尼亚的原因数据仅包括股票投资,同时较高数额进来再投资的利润和贷款的形式影响外商直接投资总额投资这是普遍接受的经济学文献,投资是一个关键的变量决定经济增长,因此,当评估在东道国的外国直接投资对经济发展的影响,一个关键的问题是是否在国内投资的外国投资人群或是否具备取代国内投资者相反的效果如果外国直接投资挤出了国内投资或不利于资本形成,则对受援国的好处是有疑问。外国直接投资对国内投资的影响取决于几个因素,如国内经济政策的国家,外国直接投资所流入的种类,东道国,强度和
33、国内企业的财务状况。外国直接投资,在商品和服务领域,这是新生的国内经济,通常容易造成资本的形成,另一方面也给经济带来了良好的效果,如果外国投资者在部门中已经有竞争的国内企业投资,这可能消除国内的投资机会,投资者此外,外商投资对资本形成产生的贡献,通常是在比较积极的部门。从现有资本存量的分布相比,外国国直接投资的分布是相当不平衡的。这样,当外国直接投资的分布几乎是作为现有的资本存量分布相同。在这篇文章中,我们试图估计无论是外国直接投资在捷克共和国,匈牙利和波兰的挤出或挤出国内投资。利用改良的理论模型使用AGOSIN和MAYER(2000)。1976年至1985年19861996两个时间段里,对三个发展地区,亚洲,非洲和拉丁美洲进行分析。他们的测试结果在亚洲,非洲不太明显,表示外国直接投资对国内投资强烈挤入。在另一地区,拉丁美洲被证实外国直接投资对国内投资存在强大的挤出效应。