1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目THEINFLUENCEOFNATIONALCOMPETITIONPOLICYONTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFNATIONS出处PHYSICAVERLAGASPRINGERCOMPANY作者ANDREASMITSCHKE原文THEINFLUENCEOFNATIONALCOMPETITIONPOLICYONTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFNATIONS3THEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFNATIONSTHEQUESTIONABOUTTHEINTERNATIONALE
2、CONOMICCOMPETITIVENESSOFNATIONSHASRECEIVEDALOTOFATTENTIONINRECENTYEARS,NOTONLYINACADEMICLITERATUREINTIMESOFECONOMICGLOBALIZATION,OPENECONOMIESARECONCERNEDABOUTAPOSSIBLELOSSOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESS302FURTHERMORE,INTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONSANDFORALIKETHEWTO,THEUNITEDNATIONSINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTOR
3、GANIZATIONUNIDO,THEORGANIZATIONOFECONOMICCOOPERATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOECD,THEINTERNATIONALMONETARYFUNDIMF,THEUNCTAD,ANDTHEWORLDECONOMICFORUMAREINTERESTEDINTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFNATIONSANDTHEIRINDUSTRIESANDFINANCIALMARKETS,TOO303THEYTRYTOASSESSNATIONALECONOMIESINORDERTOPREVENTFUNDAMENTALPROBL
4、EMSFORTHEGROWTHANDSTABILITYOFWORLDECONOMY,TOSUPPORTTHEINTEGRATIONOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINTOGLOBALTRADEANDTOFORECASTFUTUREDEVELOPMENTSONGLOBALMARKETSTHISMULTITUDEOFPUBLICATIONSABOUTTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFNATIONSCONTRASTSWITHTHEUNCERTAINTYABOUTITSEXACTMEANINGANDTHELACKOFITSTHEORETICALFOUNDATI
5、ON,SOTHATTHEAIMTOSTRENGTHENANATIONSINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSCOULDBEMISUSEDASAJUSTIFICATIONFORDIVERSEPOLITICALANDLEGISLATIVEAIMSANDPROJECTSDESPITETHESETHEORETICALANDPRACTICALPROBLEMS,THECONCEPTOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSSHALLBETAKENASATHEORETICALBASISOFTHISINVESTIGATIONTHEREFORE,INORDERTOBEABLE
6、TOANALYZETHEROLEOFNATIONALCOMPETITIONPOLICYFORTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFNATIONSINCHAP4,ITISNECESSARYTOGETCLEARABOUTTHECONCEPTOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESS31THEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTTHESUBSEQUENTSHORTHISTORYOFECONOMICTHOUGHTSONTRADE,WELFAREANDCOMPETITIVENESSDESCRIBESSOMEAPPROACHESWHICHHAVEPASS
7、EDTHEWAYTOTHEPRESENTCOMPETITIVENESSDEBATEALTHOUGHTHESEHISTORICALCONCEPTSAREGENERALLYTOOSIMPLEANDTOOUNBALANCEDTOEXPLAINTHECOMPLEXITYOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSINMODERNINDUSTRIESTHISISBECAUSETHEFOCUSOFTHESEHISTORICALIDEASWASSETONTHESTRUCTUREANDTHEBENEFITSOFINTERNATIONALTRADEASAMAINFACTOROFNATIONALW
8、ELFARE,NOTONTHEEXPLANATIONOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFNATIONS312THETHEORYOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGESINOPPOSITIONTOTHEEXPORTORIENTATEDTRADEPOLICYOFTHESOCALLEDMERCANTILISTS,ADAMSMITHPRESENTEDHISCLASSICALTHOUGHTSABOUTABSOLUTEADVANTAGESINHISINQUIRYINTOTHENATUREANDCAUSESOFTHEWEALTHOFNATIONSIN1776IFAFOREIGNC
9、OUNTRYCANSUPPLYUSWITHACOMMODITYCHEAPERTHANWEOURSELVESCANMAKEIT,BETTERBUYITOFTHEMWITHSOMEPARTOFTHEPRODUCEOFOUROWNINDUSTRYEMPLOYEDINAWAYINWHICHWEHAVESOMEADVANTAGETHISMEANSTHATIFONECOUNTRYISABLETOPRODUCEACERTAINPRODUCTWITHLESSCOSTANDTOSELLITMORECHEAPLYTHANOTHERCOUNTRIES,THENITHASANABSOLUTEADVANTAGEANAB
10、SOLUTEADVANTAGECANBETHERESULTOFABETTERPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYORABETTERFACTORENDOWMENTACCORDINGTOSMITH,AGREATERDIVISIONOFLABOURWOULDLEADTOPRODUCTIVITYGAINSANDTECHNOLOGICALIMPROVEMENTSFURTHERMORE,EVERYNATIONSHOULDSPECIALIZEITSELFONPRODUCTSWITHANABSOLUTEADVANTAGEANDEXPORTTHESEGOODSSOTHATALLCOUNTRIESCANPRO
11、FITFROMTHESEABSOLUTEADVANTAGESANDINCREASETHEIRNATIONALWEALTHACCORDINGLY,SMITHTRADETHEORYOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGESDOESNOTADHERETOTHEMERCANTILISTIDEATHATINTERNATIONALTRADERESULTSINAZEROSUMGAME,BUTINECONOMICGROWTHANDAPOSITIVESUMGAMEITISREMARKABLETHATSMITHDIDNOTTITLEHISWORKTHEWEALTHOFTHENATION,BUTTHEWEALTHOF
12、NATIONSHEUNDERLINEDTHATALLCOUNTRIESCOULDPROFITFROMINTERNATIONALSPECIALIZATIONANDFREETRADETHISSPECIALIZATIONANDGREATERINTERNATIONALDIVISIONOFLABOURINCREASESTHEPRODUCTIVITYSOTHATTHEABSOLUTEADVANTAGESEVENGROWTHETHEORYOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGESISANAPPROACHTOTHECONCEPTOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSANATIONISCOM
13、PETITIVEIFITPOSSESSESANABSOLUTEADVANTAGESOTHATITCANPRODUCECERTAINPRODUCTSLESSCOSTLYCOMPAREDTOOTHERCOUNTRIESABSOLUTEADVANTAGESSTILLPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEFORTHESTRUCTUREOFINTERNATIONALTRADEANDFORTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFFIRMSSOMEEVENSUGGESTTHATCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEISASYNONYMFORABSOLUTEADVANTAGESOM
14、ENATURALORPOLICYINDUCEDSUPERIORITYSUCHASLOWERTAXESORGREATERLABOURMARKETFLEXIBILITYWHICHREDUCESCOSTSFORALLHOMESECTORSNEVERTHELESS,THEREAREDEFICIENCIESWITHREGARDTOTHEPRESENTCOMPETITIVENESSDEBATETHECONCEPTOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGESISTOOSIMPLEANDTOOSTATICTOEXPLAINTHEMODERNDEBATEONINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSA
15、LTHOUGHSMITHALSOCONSIDEREDTHEDIVISIONOFLABOURANDTHENATIONALTECHNOLOGY,SMITHMAINLYSTARTEDFROMTHEASSUMPTIONTHATABSOLUTEADVANTAGESAREPRIMARILYNATURALADVANTAGES,THATTHEYRESULTFROMTHENATURALFACTORENDOWMENTOFACOUNTRYTHENATURALADVANTAGESWHICHONECOUNTRYHASOVERANOTHERINPRODUCINGPARTICULARCOMMODITIESARESOMETI
16、MESSOGREAT,THATITISACKNOWLEDGEDBYALLTHEWORLDTOBEINVAINTOSTRUGGLEWITHTHEMTHISCONCEPTOFNATURALADVANTAGESREVEALSATLEASTTWODEFICIENCIESFIRSTLY,LONGTERMNATURALADVANTAGESCANNOTEXPLAININTRAINDUSTRYTRADEANDTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSINMODERNINDUSTRIESTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFFIRMSANDCOUNTRIESINCREASINGLYDEPE
17、NDSONTEMPORARYANDDYNAMICFACTORSLIKESUPERIORTECHNOLOGY,MODERNDESIGN,PRODUCTDIFFERENTIATION,SERVICES,INFRASTRUCTURE,ECONOMIESOFSCALES,EFFECTIVESALESANDMARKETINGPRACTICESETCTHESEFACTORSPERMANENTLYGENERATENEWCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESWHICHCANNOTBEGUARANTEEDFORALONGTERMPERIODSOTHATITISNOTINVAINFORFIRMSTOCOMPE
18、TEWITHTHEPRESENTOWNEROFABSOLUTEADVANTAGESBYFOCUSINGONTHESOCALLEDNATURALADVANTAGES,SMITHUNDERESTIMATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFGOODGOVERNANCEANDESPECIALLYTHEACTIVEROLEOFGOODMANAGEMENTFORIMPROVINGTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFTHENATIONORITSFIRMSSECONDLY,THECONCEPTOFNATURALADVANTAGESFOCUSESONTHEPRODUCTIONCOSTS
19、ASTHEDETERMINANTOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGESTHISAPPROACHSEEMSTOBETOOUNBALANCEDBECAUSEPHENOMENALIKEINTRAINDUSTRYTRADEMAKEITDOUBTFULTHATTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFCOUNTRIESORFIRMSMAINLYDEPENDSONCOSTFUNCTIONSFURTHERMORE,SMITHMODELWOULDNOTWORKINCASETHATTRADINGCOUNTRIESORTHEIRFIRMSHAVETHESAMECOSTFUNCTIONSO
20、THATNOCOUNTRYHASANABSOLUTEADVANTAGEMOREOVER,THETHEORYOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGESWOULDSTOPTRADEBETWEENTWOCOUNTRIESINCASETHATONEOFTHETRADINGCOUNTRIESHASNOABSOLUTEADVANTAGEATALLTHIRDLY,ASREGARDSTHEROLEOFGOVERNMENT,SMITHHOLDSANAMBIVALENTANDPARTLYCONTRADICTORYPOSITIONONTHEONEHAND,HECRITICIZEDGOVERNMENTALINTERVE
21、NTIONSDURINGTHEPERIODOFMERCANTILISMIMPORTRESTRICTIONS,NATIONALMONOPOLIES,EXPORTSUBSIDIES,WAGEREGULATIONETCWHILETHEMERCANTILISTSSTRIVEDFORNATIONALSELFSUFFICIENCY,SMITHTHOUGHTTHATFREETRADEANDCOMPETITIONWOULDLEADTOINTERNATIONALSPECIALIZATIONANDECONOMICGROWTHSOTHATGOVERNMENTALPROTECTIONISTINTERVENTIONSB
22、ECOMEUNNECESSARYANDSHOULDBEREDUCEDTOAMINIMUM,FOREXAMPLETOERECTANDMAINTAINCERTAINPUBLICWORKSANDINSTITUTIONSWHICHWOULDNEVERBEERECTEDBYINDIVIDUALSONTHEONEHAND,CERTAINADDITIONALGOVERNMENTALACTIVITIESCOULDBEADVANTAGEOUSFORECONOMICGROWTH,INTERNATIONALWELFARE,ANDINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSFURTHERMORE,AFAR
23、REACHINGSPECIALIZATIONOFNATIONSASINTENDEDBYSMITHONLYCOULDBEREALIZEDBYSTRICTGOVERNMENTALINTERVENTIONSANDREGULATIONANDTHISWOULDBEINCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEAIMTOPROTECTINTERNATIONALCOMPETITION313THETHEORYOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESTHETHEORYOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESISANEXTENSIONOFTHETHEORYOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGESITWASFI
24、RSTDESCRIBEDBYROBERTTORRENSIN1815ANDBYDAVIDRICARDOIN1817THISTHEORYEXPLAINSINASIMPLEMODELWITHTWOCOUNTRIES,TWOGOODS,ANDONLYLABOURASINPUT,WHYITISBENEFICIALFORTHESETWOCOUNTRIESTOSTARTFOREIGNTRADEEVENTHOUGHONEOFTHETRADINGPARTNERSISABLETOPRODUCETHETWOTRADEDGOODSWITHLESSABSOLUTEPRODUCTIONCOSTSTHANTHEOTHERW
25、HEREASTHETHEORYOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGESCOMPARESTHEABSOLUTEPRODUCTIONCOSTSOFTWOCOUNTRIES,THETHEORYOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESCOMPARESTHEDOMESTICOPPORTUNITYCOSTSTHESEOPPORTUNITYCOSTSCANBEDEFINEDASTHEVALUEORTHEBENEFITSTHATCOULDBERECEIVEDFROMPRODUCINGTHEOTHERGOODMOREGENERALLYSPEAKING,INAMODELWITHMORETHANTWOGOOD
26、S,THEOPPORTUNITYCOSTSWOULDBEDETERMINEDBYTHENEXTBESTOPPORTUNITYTOUSETHEPRODUCTIONFACTORSFORGENERATINGWELFAREACCORDINGTORICARDOSMODEL,EVERYECONOMYSHOULDPRODUCEANDEXPORTTHEONEPRODUCTWHICHCAUSESLOWEROPPORTUNITYCOSTSCOMPAREDTOTHEOTHERCOUNTRYTHISMEANSTHATTHETWOTRADINGCOUNTRIESSPECIALIZEONTHEPRODUCTIONOFTH
27、EONEGOODWHERETHEYGIVEUPLESSOFTHEOTHERPRODUCTCOMPAREDTOTHEFOREIGNCOUNTRYFURTHERMORE,THEWELFAREINBOTHTRADINGCOUNTRIESWOULDINCREASEIFADEQUATETERMSOFTRADELEADTOINTENSEFREETRADETHEMOSTIMPORTANTRESULTWITHRESPECTTOTHECOMPETITIVENESSDEBATEISTHATEVERYCOUNTRYISINTERNATIONALLYCOMPETITIVE,BECAUSEEVERYCOUNTRYHAS
28、ACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINATLEASTONEINDUSTRYIFTHEFIRSTCOUNTRYHASACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINPRODUCINGONEGOOD,THENTHESECONDCOUNTRYMUSTHAVEACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINTHEOTHERGOODNOCOUNTRYCANLOSEITSCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINEVERYTHINGIFTHEOTHERCOUNTRYACHIEVESTECHNOLOGICALPROGRESSSIMULTANEOUSLY,NOCOUNTRYCANPOSSESSACOMP
29、ARATIVEADVANTAGEINALLITSINDUSTRIES,EVENIFITGENERATESMORETECHNOLOGICALADVANCESINALLITSINDUSTRIESCOMPAREDTOOTHERCOUNTRYTHISTHEORYOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESISSTILLIMPORTANTINFOREIGNTRADETHEORYTOJUSTIFYINTERNATIONALTRADEASANINSTRUMENTTOINCREASEOVERALLWELFARE,BUTITDOESNOTPROVIDEACOMPREHENSIVEFRAMEWORKFORANA
30、LYZINGTHEENTIRECOMPETITIVENESSPHENOMENONQUITETHEREVERSE,THETHEORYOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESRATHERSTOPSTHEDISCUSSIONABOUTTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFNATIONSBECAUSEOFITSSIMPLEANSWERTHATEVERYCOUNTRYISINTERNATIONALLYCOMPETITIVEFURTHERMORE,RICARDOSMODELINCLUDESSEVERALDEFICIENCIESMAKINGITINAPPLICABLEONM
31、ODERNINDUSTRIESANDOPENANDFREEMARKETSFIRSTLY,THEMODELCANNOTEXPLAINWHYTHEREAREDIFFERENTCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESBETWEENMODERNINDUSTRIALIZEDCOUNTRIESSIMILARTOADAMSMITH,TORRENSANDRICARDOHADUSEDAMODELINWHICHCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESRESULTFROMTHENATURALFACTORENDOWMENTOFACOUNTRYANDFROMADIFFERENTFACTORPRODUCTIVITYI
32、NHISPRINCIPLES,RICARDOEXPLICITLYMENTIONSTHECAPITALISTWHOMAKESTHEDISCOVERYOFAMACHINEORWHOFIRSTUSUALLYAPPLIESITTOGETANADDITIONALADVANTAGEEVENDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHATARELACKINGBEHINDINPRODUCTIVITYANDTECHNOLOGYHAVEACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEASSUMINGANINTERNATIONALIMMOBILITYOFPRODUCTIONFACTORS,THENATIONALPRODUC
33、TIONCONDITIONSRESULTINLONGTERMCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESINCONTRASTTOTHISMODEL,NATURALANDLONGTERMPRODUCTIONCONDITIONSARENOTTHEDECISIVEFACTORINTHEMAJORITYOFMODERNDYNAMICINDUSTRIESWHICHARECONFRONTEDWITHINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIONANDINTRAINDUSTRYTRADEFURTHERMORE,RICARDOSMODELDOESNOTWORKINCASETHATBOTHCOUNTRIESHA
34、VETHESAMEOPPORTUNITYCOSTSINPRODUCINGACERTAINGOODSOTHATNOCOUNTRYHASACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETHISISNOTANUNLIKELYSCENARIO,BECAUSEMODERNINDUSTRIESAREINCREASINGLYCHARACTERIZEDBYINTRAINDUSTRYTRADEANDAFASTTRANSMISSIONOFNEWTECHNOLOGIESANDKNOWHOWMOREOVER,ANINTERNATIONALCONVERGENCEANDHARMONIZATIONOFTECHNOLOGICALS
35、TANDARDS,HUMANCAPITAL,WAGES,CAPITALCOSTS,STANDARDOFLIVING,LAWSETCCOULDMAKEITMORELIKELYTHATCOUNTRIESOPPORTUNITYCOSTSCONVERGE,TOOBUTALTHOUGHTHISPROCESSOFCONVERGENCEANDHARMONIZATIONCOULDLEVELOPPORTUNITYCOSTS,ITISLIKELYTHATCOUNTRIESWOULDSTILLPOSSESSAMOREORLESSDIFFERENTDEGREEOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENES
36、SBECAUSETHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSDOESNOTONLYDEPENDONDIFFERENTOPPORTUNITYCOSTSTHIRDLY,THETHEORYOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESWOULDNECESSITATEANINTERNATIONALGOVERNMENTALCOORDINATIONOFTRADEANDPRODUCTIONINORDERTOACHIEVEAFARREACHINGINTERNATIONALSPECIALIZATIONTHISWOULDLEADTOAGLOBALLYPLANNEDECONOMY,ASUPREMA
37、CYOFTHESTATEOVERTHEECONOMYFORINSTANCE,IFONEOFTHETRADINGCOUNTRIESHASABSOLUTEADVANTAGESINBOTHINDUSTRIES,THENTHEGOVERNMENTWOULDHAVETODETERMINETHATTHEONEOFTHESEINTERNATIONALLYCOMPETITIVEINDUSTRIESWHICHDOESNOTHAVETHECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEWOULDHAVETOGIVEUPITSBUSINESSANDSTARTPRODUCINGTHEOTHERPRODUCTTHEGOVERN
38、MENTWOULDHAVETOCARRYTHROUGHASTRICTSPECIALIZATIONONTHEONEPRODUCTWHERETHEECONOMYPOSSESSESACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESUCHGOVERNMENTALINTERVENTIONSARENOTCOMPATIBLEWITHNOWADAYSDYNAMICINDUSTRIESANDINTERNATIONALCOMPETITION314THEHECKSCHEROHLINMODELSMITHANDRICARDODIDNOTPROVIDEATHOROUGHEXPLANATIONWHYACOUNTRYHASANAB
39、SOLUTEORACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETHEHECKSCHEROHLINMODEL324INTENDSTOOFFERASOLUTIONFORTHISPROBLEMBYFOCUSINGONTHERELATIVEFACTORENDOWMENTSOFCOUNTRIESTHENEOCLASSICALMODELSTARTSFROMRICARDOSTHEORYOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGES,BUTITREJECTSRICARDOSBASICASSUMPTIONSANDINTRODUCESSOMENEWASSUMPTIONSFIRSTLY,THEHECKSCHEROHLI
40、NMODELINTRODUCESASECONDFACTORCAPITALSOTHATITINCLUDESTWOPRODUCTIONFACTORSLABOURANDCAPITALSECONDLY,THEMODELASSUMESTHATTHEREARENOINTERNATIONALFACTORMOVEMENTSANDTHATALLCOUNTRIESUSETHESAMETECHNOLOGYSOTHATDIFFERENCESINPRODUCTIVITYONLYARISEFROMDIFFERENCESINFACTORENDOWMENTSANDFROMTHERESULTINGDIFFERENTCOMBIN
41、ATIONSOFLABOURANDCAPITALINCONTRASTTOTHIS,RICARDOSONEINPUTMODELEXPLAINSTHEGENERATIONOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESANDDIFFERENTLABOURPRODUCTIVITIESWITHTHEEXISTENCEOFDIFFERENTTECHNOLOGIESINTHETRADINGCOUNTRIESBYMEANSOFTHESEALTERATIONSCOMPAREDTORICARDOSTHEORY,THEHECKSCHEROHLINMODELHIGHLIGHTSTHEROLEOFDIFFERENTFA
42、CTORENDOWMENTSFORDIFFERENCESINNATIONALPRODUCTIVITYANDFORTHERESULTINGINTERNATIONALDIVISIONOFLABOURACCORDINGTOHECKSCHERANDOHLIN,EVERYTRADINGCOUNTRYFOCUSESONTHEPRODUCTIONOFTHOSEGOODSWHEREITPOSSESSESARELATIVEABUNDANCEOFTHENEEDEDINPUTSBECAUSETHISRELATIVEABUNDANCECAUSESLOWPRODUCTIONCOSTSANDBYTHISTHECOMPAR
43、ATIVEADVANTAGESOCALLEDFACTORPROPORTIONSTHEOREMCONSEQUENTLY,PATTERNSOFTRADECANBEPREDICTEDBYANALYZINGTHERELATIVEFACTORENDOWMENTOFALLTRADINGNATIONSASREGARDSTHEDISCUSSIONABOUTTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFNATIONS,THEHECKSCHEROHLINMODELHASMADEANIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTIONBYTURNINGTHEATTENTIONTOASPECIALFACTO
44、ROFCOMPETITIVENESSTHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFANATIONISCONSIDEREDTODEPENDONITSRELATIVEFACTORENDOWMENTITISSTILLUNDISPUTEDTHATTHEFACTORENDOWMENTISANIMPORTANTFACTOROFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESS,BUTITCANNOTEXPLAINTHEWHOLEPROBLEMTHEHECKSCHEROHLINMODELISTOOSIMPLEANDONESIDEDTOEXPLAINSTHEDIFFERENTCOMP
45、ETITIVEADVANTAGESBETWEENCOUNTRIESSEVERALDEFICIENCIESOFTHEMODELHAVETOBEMENTIONED原文国家的国际竞争力对国家竞争政策的影响3国家的国际竞争力近年来关于国家经济的国际竞争力问题，不仅在学术方面受到关注在其他方面也受到很多关注。在经济全球化时代，对开放的经济体而言有可能会降低国际竞争力。此外，国际组织和论坛如世界贸易组织（WTO），联合国工业开发组织（UNIDO），经济合作与发展组织（OECD），国际货币经济组织，贸发会议和世界经济论坛等对各国的国际竞争力和他们的产业和金融市场很感兴趣。他们试图去评估国家经济，以预防世界经
46、济增长和稳定的根本问题，支持发展中国家融入经济全球一体化中并对全球市场进行预测。许多关于国家的国际竞争力差异的刊物其确切含义的不确定性和理论基础的缺乏，以至于其目的在于加强国家国际竞争力的理由被不同的政治和立法所滥用。尽管这些理由和实际问题的存在，国际竞争力的概念被作为这次调查的理论依据。因此，为了能够分析各国国际竞争力的国家政策，有必要弄清国际竞争力的概念。在下面的31中简短的描述了几个历史经济概念和有关国家和国际福利的来源和国际贸易的利益理论。这些理论提供了进入一个对国际经济的概念进行辩论的历史介绍。此后，在32中介绍了现在辩论和争论的根本的问题是是否是一个国际竞争力的微观经济概念，除此之
47、外还有宏观经济概念。在32中将提供一些方法来确定国家的国际竞争力并确定相关指标和国际竞争力因素。31历史发展随后短暂的贸易经济思想，给出了一些通过争论的福利和竞争力，虽然这些历史概念太过简单太过不稳定不适合用来解释现代产业国际竞争力的复杂性。这是因为这些历史概念的重点是作为国家福利的主要因素设置国际贸易及其结构的好处，不是在说明国家的国际竞争力。312绝对优势理论在反对以所谓的重商主义者为导向的贸易政策里，亚当斯密提出的关于绝对优势在他1776年的书中“如果一个外国国家提供的商品价格比我们自己做的低，我们会更好的购买他们和一些自己的更有优势的工业制成品。”这意味着，如果一个国家能以更低的成本生
48、产某种产品，并卖的比其他国家低，那么他就有一个绝对的优势。绝对的优势可以成为一个更好的生产技术的成果或更好的要素禀赋。根据斯密的劳动分工将导致更大的生产力和技术的改进。此外，每个国家都应该专门出口具有绝对优势的产品，使所有国家都能受益于这些绝对优势，增加国家财富。因此，斯密的绝对优势理论不支持重商主义。值得注意的是，斯密没有他的工作头衔，但是“国富论”是“民族的财富”。他强调，所有国家都可以从国际分工和自由贸易中获利。这种专业化和劳动分工增加了生产力，以至于扩大了国际优势。绝对优势理论是国际竞争力的一种。如果一个国家具有竞争优势，那么与其他国家相比生产某些产品成本更低。绝对优势在国际贸易国际竞
49、争力的企业中扮演一个重要的角色。有的甚至认为，竞争优势是绝对优势的代名词，一些自然或政策性优势（如降低税收或更大范围的劳动力市场的灵活性），从而降低成本。然而，也有关于目前竞争力不足的辩论。绝对优势的概念对于解释国际竞争力的现代辩论太过单调和静态。虽然，斯密还审议了劳动和国家技术，斯密开始假设绝对的优势是先天的优势，他们是一个国家自然要素禀赋的结果“哪个国家的自然优势对某个特定商品有凌驾于其他国家之上，被世界公认为与他竞争都是白费的。”这个概念揭示的自然优势至少有两个缺点。首先，长期的自然优势也不能解析产业内贸易和现代产业的国际竞争力。企业和国家竞争力越来越依赖于暂时的动态因素，如卓越的技术，新颖的设计，产品的特意性，服务，基础设施，规模经济，有效的销售和营销手段等。这些因素产生新的竞争优势但是不能保证是长期的，所以他不是白费的进行竞争，是以目前拥有的竞争优势为保证的。以所谓的自然优势为重点，斯密低估了善治的影响，特别是良好的管理对于提高国家或企业的国际竞争力具有积极的作用。其次，自然优势的概念侧重于作为绝对优势决定了生产的成本。这种做法是乎过于不平衡，因为象产业内贸易现象的国家和企业国际竞争力取决于成本函数。此外，斯密的模式在这种情况下是行不通的，如交易的国家或企业有相同的成本函数，那么没有一个国家有成本优势。此外，在绝对优势理论情况
