1、1本科毕业论文英文文献出处JOURNALOFGLOBALCOMPETITIVENESS原文THEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFPUERTORICOUSINGTHEPORTERSMODELLUZLEYDAVEGAROSADOEXECUTIVESUMMARYTHISPAPERISDIVIDEDINFIVEPARTSTHEINTRODUCTIONESTABLISHESTHEIMPORTANCEOFCOUNTRYCOMPETITIVENESS,ESPECIALLYFORTHEECONOMYOFPUERTORICO,ASMALLECONOMYINTHECARIBBEANTH
2、ESECONDPARTINCLUDESTHETHEORETICALFRAMETHETHIRDPARTDESCRIBESANDEXPLAINSTHEMETHODOLOGYUSED,DEVELOPEDIN1990BYMICHAELEPORTERFROMTHEHARVARDBUSINESSSCHOOLTHEFOURTHPARTINCLUDESTHETENINDUSTRIESTHATKEEPCOMPETITIVENESSINPUERTORICOFORTHEYEARS1987,1992,1997,2001AND2002ACCORDINGLYTOTHEMETHODOLOGYANDANANALYSISOFT
3、HEPORTERSDIAMONDONEACHINDUSTRYTHEFIFTHPARTINCLUDESTHECONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONSKEYWORDSPUERTORICO,CARIBBEAN,COMPETITIVENESS,CLUSTERS,INDUSTRYINTRODUCTIONACOUNTRYSCOMPETITIVENESSMUSTBEEXAMINEDBEFOREITCANBESUCCESSFULLYINTRODUCEDINTOTHEINTERNATIONALMARKETANDGLOBALIZEDECONOMYOFOURTIMEBEFORESUCCESSFUL
4、LYCOMPETINGATANINTERNATIONALLEVEL,ITISNECESSARYTOKNOWWHEREACOUNTRYSCOMPETITIVENESSLIESTHISTOPICISFREQUENTLYDISCUSSEDNOTONLYBYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESBUTALSOBYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESACCORDINGTODRMICHAELEPORTER1990OFTHEHARVARDBUSINESSSCHOOL,“COMPETITIVENESSHASBECOMEACENTRALPREOCCUPATIONOFBOTHADVANCEDANDDEVELOPI
5、NGCOUNTRIESINANINCREASINGLYOPENANDINTEGRATEDWORLDECONOMY”1THEREFORE,DETERMININGACOUNTRYSCOMPETITIVENESSISOFGREATIMPORTANCE,WHETHERITISBIGORSMALLPUERTORICOPRISANISLANDKNOWNFORITSPRIVILEGEDLOCATIONBETWEENTHEATLANTIC2OCEANANDTHECARIBBEANSEATHEBIGGESTOFTHEMINORANTILLES,ITSTERRITORYEXPANDS100BY35MILES8,9
6、00KMTHEISLANDISASSOCIATEDTOTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICAASTHECOMMONWEALTHOFPUERTORICOITSPOPULATIONISOFABOUTFOURMILLIONINHABITANTSALLOFTHEMAMERICANCITIZENSTHEGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDPISABOUT457BILLIONPURCHASINGPOWERPARITYTHEGDPPERCAPITAISAROUND11,5002PUERTORICOHASONEOFTHEMOSTDYNAMICECONOMIESINTHECARIBBEANRE
7、GIONLIKEALLCOUNTRIESTHATWISHTOBEINSERTEDSUCCESSFULLYINTHEGLOBALCOMMERCE,PUERTORICONEEDSTOKNOWWHEREITHASBEENCOMPETITIVEANDALSONEEDSTOIDENTIFYHOWITISBEINGPOSITIONEDINTERMSOFCOMPETITIVECAPACITIESWITHRESPECTTOTHERESTOFTHECOUNTRIESOFTHEWORLDTHISWORKEXAMINESWHICHINDUSTRIESPUERTORICOPRHAVEBEENCOMPETITIVEAT
8、THEINTERNATIONALLEVELTHERESEARCHCONSISTSOFTHEUSEOFTHEMETHODOLOGYTOPREPARECLUSTERCHARTS,DEVELOPEDBYDRMICHAELEPORTER1990,TODETERMINEWHICHHAVEBEENTHECOMPETITIVEINDUSTRIESFORTHEYEARS1987,1992,1997,2001AND2002WITHTHISMETHODOLOGYTHECLUSTERCHARTSFORPUERTORICOWERECONSTRUCTED3THEINDUSTRIESINCLUDEDINTHEMAPSAR
9、ETHOSEINWHICHTHECOUNTRYISCOMPETITIVEAMONGTHEINTERNATIONALMARKETSTHISPAPERCONCENTRATEDONTHEIDENTIFICATIONANDANALYSISOFTHETENINDUSTRIESTHATCONSISTENTLYAPPEAREONTHECLUSTERCHARTSOFTHEFIVEYEARSSTUDIEDITINCLUDESANANALYSISOFTHEFOURDETERMINANTSOFCOMPETITIVENESSCALLEDTHEPORTERSDIAMONDANDHOWTHESEHAVEIMPACTEDT
10、HECOMPETITIVENESSOFTHETENINDUSTRIESTHEORETICALFRAMETHETRADITIONALDEFINITIONOFCOMPETITIVENESSESTABLISHESTHATITISTHERATEOFPARTICIPATIONINTHEINTERNATIONALMARKETSTHETRUECOMPETITIVENESS,ATTHEINTERNATIONALLEVEL,EXISTSWHENMANYCOUNTRIESWINBECAUSETHEYAREMOREPRODUCTIVEANDCANCOMPETEMOREANDBETTERINTHEINTERNATIO
11、NALMARKETSGLOBALCOMPETITIVENESSREPORT,2003“THECOMPETITIVENESSISADYNAMICCONCEPTISAFUNCTIONOFMANYFACTORS,FROMTHEMACROECONOMICENVIRONMENTTOTHEQUALITYOFTHEPUBLICINSTITUTIONSANDTHEPOTENTIALTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTASARESULTOFTHEEDUCATIONANDTHEINVESTMENTINHUMANCAPITAL”4PORTER1990,SAIDTHATTHECOMPETITIVEADVA
12、NTAGEOFACOUNTRYISNOTINHERITED,ITISCREATEDTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFACOUNTRYDEPENDSON“CREATINGABUSINESSENVIRONMENT,ALONGWITHSUPPORTINGINSTITUTIONS,THATENABLETHENATIONTOPRODUCTIVELYUSEANDUPGRADEITS3INPUTS”5“COMPETITIVENESSISNOTNATURALLYENDOWEDBUTIS,INGOODMEASURE,MANMADEAND,THEREFORE,PARTLYMANAGEABLEBYTHEPUB
13、LICSECTORTHEGLOBALIZATIONOFBUSINESSFURTHERINCREASESTHENEEDFORPOSITIVEINTERACTIONOFMARKETFORCESANDSTATEACTION”6ATTHEMICROLEVEL,SOMERESEARCHERSDEFINECOMPETITIVENESSAS“THEABILITYOFTHEFIRMORTHEINDUSTRYTOACCOMPLISHBESTPERFORMANCEINTERMSOFPROFITSINCOMPARISONWITHITSCOMPETITORS”7THISSTUDYISABOUTTHECOMPETITI
14、VENESSOFPUERTORICOANDTHEINDUSTRIESTHATMAKETHATPOSSIBLEATTHEINTERNATIONALLEVELTHEREAREDIFFERENTAPPROACHESDESIGNEDTOMEASURETHECOMPETITIVENESSOFCOUNTRIESANDITSINDUSTRIESSOMEOFTHEMAREUSEDBYTHEWORLDECONOMICFORUMINTHEIRYEARLYPUBLICATIONTHEGLOBALCOMPETITIVENESSREPORTONESPECIFICMETHODOLOGYUSEDTOMEASURETHECO
15、MPETITIVENESSOFTHECOUNTRIESISTHEPREPARATIONOFCLUSTERCHARTSOFCOMPETITIVEINDUSTRIESTHISISTHEMETHODUSEDINTHISSTUDYTHEMEASURESUSED“SEEKTOPROXYTHEEXISTENCEOFTRUECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEININTERNATIONALTERMSINANINDUSTRY”8PORTERUSEDTHISMETHODIN1990TOMEASURETHECOMPETITIVENESSOFTENINDUSTRIALIZEDCOUNTRIESHISSTUDYW
16、ASTHEBASEFORTHEFAMOUSBOOKTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEOFNATIONSTHECLUSTERSAREGEOGRAPHICCONCENTRATIONSOFFIRMSORINDUSTRIESTHATCOMPETE,COLLABORATE,ANDARECOMPLEMENTARYANDINTERDEPENDENTTHEYDOBUSINESSWITHEACHOTHERORHAVECOMMONNECESSITIESOFTALENT,TECHNOLOGY,ANDINFRASTRUCTUREFISHERANDREUBER,2000THEGERMANECONOMISTA
17、LBERTHIRSCHMAN,WHOSTUDIESATTHESORBONNE,ATTHELONDONBUSINESSSCHOOL,ANDATTRIESTEUNIVERSITY,WAS,IN1958,THEPIONEERINTHEBUSINESSCLUSTERSCONCEPTANALYZINGTHETIESBOTHBACKWARDANDFORWARDBETWEENINDUSTRIESASMANYTIESASONEINDUSTRYHASWITHOTHERSINTHESAMESECTORORINSIDETHECLUSTER,THEMORESUCCESSFULITWILLBEPORTER1990EST
18、ABLISHESTHATTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEOFINDUSTRIESISDETERMINEDBYFOURFACTORSTHATAREPARTOFTHECOUNTRYINWHICHTHEINDUSTRYISLOCATEDTHESEFACTORSARECALLEDTHEPORTERSDIAMONDPORTER,1990“THEDIAMONDCREATESANENVIRONMENTTHATPROMOTESTHECLUSTERSOFCOMPETITIVEINDUSTRIES”9THEPORTERSDIAMOND1990INCLUDESTHEFOLLOWINGDETERMINA
19、NTSFACTORCONDITIONSHUMANRESOURCES,NATURALRESOURCES,CAPITALANDINFRASTRUCTUREDEMANDCONDITIONSESPECIALLYLOCALDEMANDRELATEDANDSUPPORTINGINDUSTRIESFIRMSTRATEGY,STRUCTURE,ANDRIVALRYBESIDESTHEFOURDETERMINANTSOFTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE,PORTER1990IDENTIFIESTWOADDITIONALVARIABLESTHATINFLUENCETHE4COUNTRYSYSTEMT
20、HESEARECHANCEANDGOVERNMENTTHEROLEOFTHEGOVERNMENTINTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEOFTHECOUNTRYINFLUENCESTHEFOURDETERMINANTSPORTER,1990THEROLEOFGOVERNMENTISTOCHALLENGETHEFIRMSSHAPINGTHECONDITIONSOFTHEFOURDETERMINANTSTOMAKEBUSINESSESINCREASETHEIRGOALSTHEIMPACTOFTHEGOVERNMENTINTHEFACTORCONDITIONSSHOULDINCLUDEIM
21、PROVEDEDUCATION,ABETTERMATCHBETWEENRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTRTHISPROVIDESMOREANALYTICALINFORMATIONTOTHESTUDYINTHISSTUDYTHERAWMATERIALARETHEPUERTORICOSEXPORTSBOTHMERCHANDISEANDSERVICESTHISDATAWASPROVIDEDBYTHEPUERTORICOPLANNINGBOARDTHEWORLDDATAUSEDTOCOMPARETHECOUNTRYWASOBTAINEDFROMTHEUNITEDNATIONSUNORGAN
22、IZATION11ANDFROMTHEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONWTO12THEDATAFORTOTALWORLDEXPORTSWASOBTAINEDFROMTHEWTOANDTHEDATAABOUTINDUSTRYEXPORTSWASOBTAINEDFROMTHEUNITWASNECESSARYFORTHISSTUDYTOMAKEACONGRUENCEBETWEENTWOEXPORTCLASSIFICATIONSYSTEMSTHESESYSTEMSARETHESTANDARDINDUSTRIALCLASSIFICATIONSIC,USEDINPUERTORICOUNTILT
23、HEYEAR2000ANDTHESTANDARDINTERNATIONALTRADECLASSIFICATIONSITC,USEDBYTHEUNTHE5CONGRUENCEWASMADEWITHTHEASSISTANCEOFTHECOMPUTERPROGRAMINTERNATIONALTRADECODESDATABASEOFTHEWORLDMARKETWATCH,INC2004TOBEGINTHEPROCESS,THEPUERTORICOSCUTOFFWASDETERMINEDFOREACHSTUDIEDYEARTHISCUTOFFISTHEPUERTORICOSRATEOFPARTICIPA
24、TIONINTHEWORLDSTOTALEXPORTSFORTHISSTUDYTHECUTOFFISDENOMINATEDPRRPPUERTORICOSRATEOFPARTICIPATIONINTOTALWORLDEXPORTSFORAGIVENYEARTOFINDTHEPRRPTHEFORMULAISINTHEPREVIOUSFORMULA,THEVALUEOFPUERTORICOSEXPORTSFORINDUSTRYXFORTHEYEARXISTHEVALUEREGISTEREDFOREACHINDUSTRYCLASSIFIEDBYSICATFOURLEVELSFOREACHOFTHEST
25、UDIEDYEARSBETWEEN450AND500INDUSTRIESRESULTEDFOREACHYEARTHEDENOMINATOROFTHISFORMULAISTHETOTALVALUEOFTHEEXPORTSPERINDUSTRY,BUTATTHEWORLDLEVELFORTHEXYEARTHISSECONDPIECEOFDATAWASTAKENFROMTHEINFORMATIONPROVIDEDBYTHEUNITEDNATIONSORGANIZATIONATTHEINTERNATIONALTRADESTATISTICSYEARBOOKAFTERTHECONGRUENCEWASMAD
26、EFORTHEWORLDSERVICESEXPORTS,THEWTODATAWASUSEDTHELISTOFPUERTORICANEXPORTERINDUSTRIES,BOTHOFMERCHANDISEANDSERVICES,HASBEENTHERAWMATERIALFORTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHECLUSTERCHARTSFORPUERTORICOTHECLUSTERCHARTSINCLUDEDTHEINDUSTRIESTHATHADAPRIREQUALORHIGHERTHANTHEPRRPTHISANALYSISWASMADEYEARBYYEARTHEINDUSTRIESTH
27、ATDIDNOTFULFILLTHISCRITERIONWERENOTINCLUDEDTHECLUSTERCHARTFOREACHYEARHASSIXTEENCOLUMNSANDFOURROWSTHESIXTEENCOLUMNSCLASSIFYTHEINDUSTRIESACCORDINGTOWIDEINDUSTRIALSECTORSSUCHAS1MATERIALS/METALS2FORESTPRODUCTS3PETROLEUM/CHEMICALS4SEMICONDUCTORS/COMPUTERS5MULTIPLEBUSINESS6TRANSPORTATION7POWERGENERATIONMA
28、CHINERYANDPRODUCTIONSPECIALTYINPUTSASSOCIATEDSERVICESAFTERTHECLUSTERCHARTSWEREPREPARED13,THEFOURDETERMINANTSOFTHEPORTERSDIAMONDWEREEXAMINEDFORTHEINDUSTRIESTHATREMAINCOMPETITIVEAMONGTHEFIVEYEARSSTUDIEDTENINDUSTRIESWERECOMPETITIVEFORTHISPARTOFTHEANALYSIS,FIRMSCLASSIFIEDBELOWTHESICATFOURLEVELSOFTHETENC
29、OMPETITIVEINDUSTRIESWEREIDENTIFIEDUSINGTHEPUERTORICOINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTCOMPANYDATABASEPRIDCO14THECHIEFEXECUTIVEOFFICERSOFTHOSECOMPANIESWEREINTERVIEWEDTHISPAPERCONCENTRATESONTHETENINDUSTRIESPUERTORICOSCOMPETITIVENESSACCORDINGTOPORTERSMODELCONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONSPUERTORICOHASTHEOPPORTUNITYTOBE
30、MORECOMPETITIVEINAREASRELATEDTOTHEHEALTHSECTORITCOULDBEMORECOMPETITIVENOTONLYINTHEPHARMACEUTICALAREA,BUTINTHECARDIOVASCULARANDOPHTHALMOLOGICAREASTHECONTINUINGSTRENGTHOFTHESEINDUSTRIALAREAS,PROMOTINGTHEEXPORTSOFSERVICESASSOCIATEDTOTHOSE,COULDBENEFITOTHERINDUSTRIESSUCHASTOURISMTHISLASTONECOULDBEDIVERS
31、IFIEDATTRACTINGTOURISTSFORREASONSDIFFERENTTHANRESTANDVACATIONS,BUTFORHEALTHCAREPUERTORICODEMONSTRATEDCOMPETITIVENESSINTHEFOODSECTORTHISONEHASMOREPRESENCEOFLOCALFIRMSINCOMPARISONWITHTHEHEALTHSECTORTHETECHNICALANDSPECIALISTEXPERTISEOFENGINEERSTHATHAVETHEKNOWHOWTOWORKWITHTHECHEMICALFORMULATIONSANDTHEOP
32、ERATIONSOFTHESEFIRMSISLOCALTHEYATTAINWITHTHISEXPERTISETHESTANDARDSOFTHEFEDERALDRUGADMINISTRATIONLOCALHUMANRESOURCESBRINGTECHNICALSUPPORTTOFOREIGNFIRMSTHATHAVETHETRADEMARKS,BUTDONOTHAVETHEEXPERTISETOPREPARETHEPRODUCTSPUERTORICOHASTHECAPACITYTODEVELOPTHISSECTORMUCHMOREANDATTAINMORELOCALAND7INTERNATION
33、ALPRESENCEONITFORPUERTORICOITISVERYIMPORTANTTOEXAMINEVERYQUICKLYWHATDECISIONSWILLTAKETHEFIRMSTHATAREMEMBERSOFTHEINDUSTRIESTHATKEEPCOMPETITIVENESSDUETOEXOGENOUSELEMENTSTOTHEPORTERSDIAMONDANDTOTHELOCALGOVERNMENTTHECOUNTRYFACESTHETHREATTHATTHOSEINDUSTRIESWILLLEAVETHECOUNTRYINTHENEARFUTUREITISNECESSARYT
34、OPROVIDEALTERNATIVESTOUSETHEBUILDINGSTHATTHEYHAVE,MOSTOFTHEMPROPERTIESOFTHEGOVERNMENT,ANDTOPROVIDEALTERNATIVESTOGENERATENEWEMPLOYMENTPROMOTINGNEWINDUSTRIESTHATDIVERSIFYTHEEXPORTSOFTHECOUNTRYANDTHATINCREASEITSCOMPETITIVENESSININTERNATIONALMARKETS1INSUMMARY,THECONTRIBUTIONSOFTHISRESEARCH1DETERMINEDWHI
35、CHARETHECOMPETITIVEINDUSTRIESOFPUERTORICOATTHEMAXIMUMDESEGREGATIONLEVELALLOWEDBYTHESICANDFORFIVEYEARS2ANALYZEDWHICHARETHEDETERMINANTSTHATHAVECONTRIBUTEDTOTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFTHETENINDUSTRIESTHATKEEPCOMPETITIVENESSDURINGTHEFIVESTUDIEDYEARS2THERECOMMENDATIONSASARESULTOFTHISSTUDYARE1UTILIZEANDANALYZESC
36、IENTIFICSTUDIESTODECIDETHEECONOMICSTRATEGICDIRECTIONFORTHECOUNTRY2PROMOTEURGENTLYANDAGGRESSIVELYTHEDIVERSIFICATIONOFEXPORTERINDUSTRIESOFTHECOUNTRY3STRENGTHTHEELEMENTSOFTHEPORTERSDIAMONDINALLTHEEXPORTERINDUSTRIESASAWAYTOINCREASETHECOMPETITIVENESSOFTHEM4CREATECONDITIONSTOFACILITATEEFFECTIVELYANDEFFICI
37、ENTLYTHEEXPORTOFTHOSEINDUSTRIESWHERETHECOUNTRYHASMORESTRENGTHONTHEPORTERSDIAMONDEVALUATETHEAREASTHATSUPPORTEXPORTANDIMPORTINFRASTRUCTURE5INCREASETHECOMMERCIALEXCHANGEWITHCARIBBEANANDWITHOTHERLATINAMERICANCOUNTRIES6EXAMINETHEPOTENTIALOFTHELATINMARKETOUTOFPUERTORICOFORTHEFOODSECTORANDHOWTHISSECTORCOUL
38、DBEASTRONGNICHEFORPUERTORICANEXPORTERFIRMS7EVALUATETHESTRATEGYWITHTHETOURISMINDUSTRYAPOSSIBILITYISTOPROMOTETHECOUNTRYINAUNIFIEDWAYBETWEENTHEGOVERNMENT,ACADEMIA,ANDTHEPRIVATESECTORTHISWILLOBTAINBENEFITSFROMTHELINKSBETWEENSECTORSFOREXAMPLE,THECOMPETITIVENESSOFTHE8COUNTRYCOULDINCREASEWORKINGTOGETHERBET
39、WEENTHEHEALTHANDTOURISMSECTORTHECOUNTRYCOULDBEPROMOTEDINTHECARIBBEANANDLATINAMERICAASACENTEROFCARDIOVASCULARANDOPHTHALMOLOGICHEALTHCARESERVICESPUERTORICOISACOUNTRYWITHAPRIVILEGEDGEOGRAPHICPOSITIONFOREXPORTMANAGEMENT,WITHMANYSKILLEDANDPROFESSIONALHUMANRESOURCES,WITHGREATCAPITALINVESTMENTSINHIGHTECHNO
40、LOGY,WITHASTRONGPOSITIONININDUSTRIESOFGREATVALUEATTHEGLOBALLEVEL,ANDWITHRESOURCESTOBRINGMORETOURISMTOTHEISLANDPUERTORICONEEDSTOBROADENITSVISIONTHECOUNTRYCANNOTRESTINTHESTRONGCOMPETITIVENESSOFAFEWINDUSTRIESITHASTOSTRENGTHTHEFOURDETERMINANTSOFTHEPORTERSDIAMONDWITHITSEXISTINGINDUSTRIESANDWITHNEWONES,ES
41、PECIALLYATTHESERVICESECTORTHEGOVERNMENTHASTOMAKEITSROLEOFFACILITATORTOIMPACTTHEDETERMINANTSINAPOSITIVEWAYTHECOUNTRYHASTOTAKEITSSTRENGTHSANDREINVESTTHEMTOSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASETHECOMPETITIVENESSOFPUERTORICOATTHEINTERNATIONALLEVEL9译文基于波特模型的波多黎各的国际竞争力分析LUZLEYDAVEGAROSADO摘要本文分为五个部分。引言是说明国家竞争力的重要性,特别是对波多黎
42、各,在加勒比小经济体的经济。第二部分包括理论框架。第三部分描述和解释所采用的方法,研究迈克尔波特在1990年从哈佛商学院时提出的理论。第四部分研究包括10个产业,包括1987年,1992年,1997年,2001年和2002年,波多黎各的竞争力研究的方法和利用波特的钻石模型分析产业。第五部分分析包括的是结论和建议。关键词波多黎各,加勒比,竞争力,集群,工业一、引言一个国家的竞争力,必须加以研究,才能成功地打入国际市场,我们在这个全球化经济的时代中,之前成功地在国际层面竞争,但要知道一个国家的竞争力优势所在。不仅是发达国家,而且发展中国家经常讨论这个话题。根据迈克尔波特博士(1990)在哈佛商学院
43、发表的“竞争力已经成为发达国家和发展中国家都核心关注点,在一个日益开放和一体化的世界经济。”因此,确定一个国家的竞争力是非常重要,无论是大或小。波多黎各是以其优越的地理位置闻名的岛屿在大西洋和加勒比海之间的国家。是安的列斯群岛最大的岛,其领土有10035英里(8,900平方公里)。该岛为和美利坚合众国为联合体的波多黎各。它的人口约四百万居民,其中所有为美国公民的,占国内生产总值(GDP)约457亿美元(购买力平价)。人均国内生产总值约为11,500万美元波多黎各在加勒比地区是最有活力的经济体之一。像所有其它的国家,希望在全球商业中成功,波多黎各需要知道它已有的竞争力,还需要确定它是如何被定位的
44、,竞争能力方面面向世界其它国家。这项工作考察的是波多黎各各个行业在国际上的竞争力。这项研究包括已确定为1987年,1992年,1997年,2001年和2002年的,用群集竞争性行业的方法研究博士迈克尔波特(1990)的模型。使用这种方法对波多黎各构建了集群图表。地图上的工业是那些在该国有国际市场竞争力的产业。关于查明十大产业,始终是5个研究集10群,按年分析。它包括一个竞争力的四因素分析称为波特的钻石理论,以及这些如何影响了10个产业的竞争力。二、理论体系的框架从竞争力的传统定义上看,是建立在国际市场上的。真正的有竞争力的参与国际一级市场竞争,在许多国家存在着赢家,因为他们有较高的生产力和竞争
45、力,能够更多更好的在国际市场(全球竞争力报告,2003年)上竞争。竞争力是一个动态的概念。是许多因素的作用,从宏观经济环境对公共机构的质量和潜力上分析,是科技发展和教育的结果,是人力资本投资“波特(1990年)说,具有竞争力的优势国家没有继承其优势,则需要创建它。一个国家的竞争力取决于“创造的营商环境,以及政府机构支持,国家高效利用和不断升级的投入。”但是竞争力不是自然赋予,需要良好的措施,人为的创造,因此,这部分是由公共部门管理承担的。业务的进一步全球化增加了市场力量和国家的行动,积极互动的需要。在微观层面上,一些研究人员定义竞争力为,企业或行业的能力,在利润方面做到表现比较与它的竞争对手好
46、的。“本研究是关于波多黎各和使该行业在国际上可能的竞争力。旨在衡量各国及其产业的竞争力不同的做法。其中有些是被众多世界经济论坛公布的全球竞争力年度报告。一个具体的方法来衡量国家竞争力,准备了竞争力的产业集群图表。这是本研究使用的方法。所使用的措施,寻求一个行业在国际上的存在真正的竞争优势。波特在1990年使用此方法来衡量工业化国家的竞争力,他的研究是的国家竞争优势的基础。各专题组的企业或行业,相互竞争,协作和相互补充,相互依存的地理间的联系。他们彼此的联系有业务或人才,技术和基础设施(费舍尔和REUBER,2000)等。德国经济学家赫希曼,他在伦敦索邦大学的商学院研究,并在里雅斯特大学研究共同
47、必需品,1958年,是研究商业集群分析产业之间的关系(向后和向前)概念的先驱。由于许多联系,一个产业已经与在同一部门或内部的集群个别的分析,很可能会越成功。波特(1990年)提出,对产业的竞争优势是由四个因素决定,它们是该行业根据所在国部分情况而决定的。这些因素被称为波特的钻石模型(波特,1990)。“钻石理论提出制造一种环境,促进优势产业集群。波特的钻石理论(1990)包括以下因素要素条件(人力资源,自然资源,资金和基础设施)需求条件(特别是本地的需求)有关及配套产业,企业策略,结构和竞争。除了竞争优势的四个因素,波特(1990年)确定了两个国家,影响系统的其他因素,这些是机会和政府。11政
48、府在该国竞争优势的作用是影响四个基本因素(波特,1990)。政府的作用就是挑战公司,塑造四个因素的条件,使企业增加他们的目标。而政府在要素条件的影响应包括改进教育,科研与发展(RD)和竞争力,更好地配合,改善基础设施,税收优惠,并确保投资和风险资本(BERMANN,1990年)的可用性。其他经济学家,如克鲁格曼(1987)指出,少数国家和少数几个行业都需要政府的支持,以便进入国际市场推出。三、波特模型方法应用到波多黎各在这项研究中采用的方法是根据波特理论(1990年)建造的方法,准备在一个国家具有竞争力的产业集群。修改一些原来的方法,以使其适应波多黎各。这是第一次,该方法在波多黎各使用。对波多
49、黎各的出口货物(包括商品和服务)进行了分析,以确定该国所选年内国际竞争力的产业。所研究的是1987年,1992年,1997年,2001年2002这些年,经过长时间的讨论,并与波多黎各规划委员会成员和研究人员、顾问共同分析。这些年份被选定考虑到,确定经济和改善经济结构变化的信息的可用性,稳定性。多年的大部分的研究调查报告,这提供了更多的分析资料进行研究。本研究使用的原料为波多黎各的出口(包括商品和服务)数据。这些数据是由波多黎各规划委员会提供的。使用世界上别的国家数据进行比较,从联合国(UN)的组织和从世界贸易组织(WTO)中取得世界总出口的数据。这是必要的研究,以使两个出口分类系统上的数据保持一致性。这些系统是标准产业分类(碳化硅,在波多黎各的使用,直至2000年)和标准国际贸易分类(SITC,由联合国使用)。得到与该计算机程序代码相同的国际贸易和世界市场观察公司的数据库(2004年)的援助。要开始这个过程,波多黎各的划分研究的时间被确定为每个一年。这是波多黎各的世界出口总额的划分截止时间。在这项研究中选取的货币PRRP(波多黎各的世界出口总额中的某一年的参与率)。以此建立PRRP的计算公式为。在前面的公式中,波多黎各的产业出口值X和Y年,以SIC对所研究的每一个行业进行研究每年登记的价值划分四个层次。在450和500行业中。此公式的分