1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目UNDERSTANDINGPATTERNSOFFDITHECASEOFTURKEYANDITSAUTOINDUSTRY出处EUROPEANBUSINESSJOURNAL,152,2003,PAGES6169作者MJOHNFOSTERIPEKALKANIPEK原文PATTERNSOFFDIFORTURKEYACTUALITYANDEXPECTATIONTHESTARTINGPOINTARGUABLYFORANYASPIRANTDEVELOPINGECONOMYINITSSEARCHFORINWARDFOREIGNINVESTMENTFDIFROMTHEPERSPECT
2、IVEOFTHEINVESTORSISTHEGENERALUPSWINGINAGGREGATEGLOBALFDITRENDSFROMSOURCEECONOMIES,WHICHOCCURSFORAVARIETYOFWELLREHEARSEDREASONS,SEEEGPORTER1990,BUCKLEY1992ANDDUNNING1993THESEREASONSINCLUDEMARKETEXTENSIONPERHAPSBECAUSETHEHOMEMARKETISNEARSATURATIONACCESSINGSCARCEPRIMARYPRODUCTSPRIMARILYOILANDMINERALSPR
3、ODUCTIONEFFICIENCYSTRATEGIESBENEFITINGFROMLOCATIONSPECIFICCOSTADVANTAGESINSINKECONOMIESANDMOREORLESSCOMPLEXMIXTURESOFTHESEANDOTHERFACTORSFORDEVELOPINGECONOMIES,THEQUESTIONTHEYMAYREASONABLYASKISCANWEGETASHAREOFTHISINFLOWOFCAPITALTABLE1SUMMARISESGLOBALPATTERNSOFFDIINRECENTYEARSITSHOWSA238INCREASEINAGG
4、REGATEFDIOVERTHEPERIOD1994TO1999THISCOMPRISEDA338INCREASEINFDIINTODEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDA98RISEINTHEINFLOWSTODEVELOPINGECONOMIESINSHORT,WHILETHEREHASBEENSIGNIFICANTGROWTHINDEVELOPINGECONOMIES,FORTHEDEVELOPEDECONOMIESTHEGROWTHHASBEENMUCHMOREDRAMATICEVENCHINA,THEMUCHVAUNTEDSTAROFFOREIGNINVESTMENT,HASON
5、LYPERFORMEDSTEADILYWHENBENCHMARKEDAGAINSTGLOBALAGGREGATESTHETABLESHOWS,USINGVIETNAMASABENCHMARK,THATTURKEYHASNOTDONEVERYWELLINAGGREGATETERMSWHENCOMPAREDWITHNEWEREMERGINGECONOMIESOVERTHEPASTDECADETHISSIMPLEAGGREGATEPATTERNISFURTHERELABORATEDBYCONSIDERINGTHEFDIPERCAPITAFIGURESSHOWNINTABLE2THISCLEARLYS
6、UGGESTSTHATTURKEYISMISSINGOUTINTHATITSPERCAPITAPERFORMANCEOVERTHEDECADESHOWNHASBEENFLATWHILETHEPICTUREHASBEENONEOFSHARPGROWTHWITHINTHEOTHERDEVELOPINGECONOMIESTHECOMPARISONWITHVIETNAMISVERYSTARKVIETNAMISACOUNTRYWHICHHADTORELAUNCHITSECONOMYFROMAVERYLOWBASEAFTERTHEUSREMOVEDITSBLOCKONUSCOMPANIESINVESTME
7、NT,INSTITUTEDIMMEDIATELYAFTERITSWITHDRAWALFROMTHEVIETNAMWARIN1975INDEEDTHEFLATPERFORMANCEOFTHE1990SATATIMEOFAGGREGATEGLOBALINCREASEISEVENMORENOTABLEWHENCOMPAREDWITHTHE1980SDATAFORTHATPERIODSHOWTHATTHELIBERALISATIONORIENTEDCHANGEINREGIMEOFTHEPERIODDIDINDEEDPRODUCEAPOSITIVEINCREASEALBEITFROMALOWBASEHE
8、NCETHEFAIRLYMODESTAVERAGEPERFORMANCEAROUNDTHECHANGEOFDECADESEETABLE1NEVERTHELESSMARKEDAFIVEFOLDINCREASEONTHEFIRSTCOUPLEOFYEARSACORNERWASTURNED,SOTOSPEAK,BUTWASNOTFOLLOWEDBYTHEEXPECTEDACCELERATIONATANAGGREGATELEVEL,THERATIOFDIT/GDPT,,WHERETISTHEYEARORPERIODCHOSEN,ISSOMETIMESUSEDASANINDICATOROFHOWWELL
9、ACOUNTRYISDOINGINATTRACTINGFDIISACOUNTRYGETTINGITSSHARETHEUNRELIABILITYOFSOURCEDATACANBEAPROBLEMBUTTHERATIOISLIKELYTOBEFAIRLYROBUSTCERTAINLYTOANORDEROFMAGNITUDEBASEDONDATAFROMTHEUNSTATISTICALYEARBOOKUN,2001ANDTHEDATAINTABLE1,IN1999,TURKEYSRATIOWAS04,COMPAREDWITHTHAILAND55,VIETNAM58,CHINA38,UK57,ANDU
10、S31THESEDATASUGGESTTHATTURKEYFAILEDTOPERFORMITCLEARLYDIDNOTGETARELATIVESHARE,WHETHERCOMPAREDWITHDEVELOPEDORCOMPARABLEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESUNTILRECENTLY,MANUFACTURINGWASVERYIMPORTANTWITHINTHEPATTERNOFFDIINTOTURKEY,ANDTHEBIGGESTSUBSECTORTHEREINWASTHEAUTOANDTRANSPORTPARTSINDUSTRYHENCETHEAUTOINDUSTRYMIGHT
11、BEEXPECTEDTOBEAPARTICULARTARGETFORFDIBUTACTUALREALISEDFDIINTHATSECTORHASBEENMUTEDINABSOLUTEIFNOTINTERNAL,COMPARATIVETERMS,ASWEEXPLAININMOREDETAILINTHENEXTSECTIONWHYWEHAVEALREADYSTATEDTHATTURKEYSAGGREGATEFDIPERFORMANCEHASBEENWEAKERTHANMIGHTBEEXPECTEDBASEDONSIMPLEBENCHMARKINGAROUNDTHESIZEOFTHECOUNTRYS
12、POPULATIONANDGDPANEXAMINATIONOFSOMEOFTHEKEYELEMENTSOFTHECOUNTRYSBUSINESSENVIRONMENTWOULDTENDTOSUGGESTTHATTHEEXPECTATIONMIGHTWELLBEFORASTRONGERPERFORMANCETHANTHATFOUNDFIRSTOFALLTHEREISITSFAVOURABLEGEOGRAPHICALPOSITIONTURKEYSITSATTHENORTHEASTCORNEROFTHEMEDITERRANEANASSUCH,ITABUTSTHEEUVIAITSCURRENTMOST
13、EASTERLYELEMENT,GREECEANDHASITSCUSTOMSUNIONWITHTHEEU,HASBORDERSWITHOILRICHIRANANDIRAQANDMOREGENERALLYCANBESEENASWELLPLACEDTOSERVETHEGROWINGMIDDLEEASTMARKET,ANDHASIMMEDIATEACCESSTOANUMBEROFEXCOMECONECONOMIESEITHERVIADIRECTLANDBORDERSORBYSEAVIABLACKSEAPORTSITCONTROLSTHEBOSPHORUS,WHICHISTHEGATEWAYTOTHE
14、BLACKSEATHREEMOREPOSITIVEFACTORSCANBEREADILYIDENTIFIED,ALLOFWHICHMIGHTBETHOUGHTTOBESOURCESOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE1COMPETITIVELABOURRATES,CERTAINLYCOMPAREDWITHEURATES,IFNOTWITHTHOSEOFOTHERDEVELOPINGECONOMIESINOTHERREGIONSEGTHEBENCHMARKUSEDBEFORE,VIETNAM2AWELLDEVELOPEDINFRASTRUCTURE,INTHEWESTOFTHECOUNT
15、RYATLEAST,WHICHISALSOTHEINDUSTRIALIZEDAREAAND3ALARGEPRIVATISATIONPROGRAMME,OVERTHEPASTDECADEWECONCLUDETHISSECTIONBYNOTINGTHEMAJORSOURCESOFFDIINTOTURKEYRECENTLYTHEMAINSOURCESHAVEBEENFRANCE,GERMANY,US,NETHERLANDS,SWITZERLAND,UK,ITALYANDJAPAN,SEEEGLOEWENDAHLANDERTUGALLOEWENDAHL2000,TABLE1INOTHERWORDSTH
16、EEUANDTHEUSLEADSUCHINWARDINVESTMENTASISOCCURRING,NOTFOREXAMPLEITSOILRICHARABNEIGHBOURSTHEAUTOSECTORWITHINTHETURKISHECONOMYATTHETIMEOFTHERESEARCHIN2001,THEREWERE15AUTOMAKERSINTURKEYTAMS,OFWHICH10HAVEATLEASTSOMEELEMENTOFFDITHEPATTERNOFPRODUCTIONANDIMPORTSISSHOWNINTABLE3ITSHOWSAGROWINGSHAREOFTHETURKISH
17、MARKETFORAUTOUNITSBEINGTAKENBYIMPORTSEVENASTHEMARKETITSELFGREWTHEINDUSTRYISTHETHIRDLARGESTINDUSTRIALSEGMENTINTHEECONOMYANDEMPLOYS500000PEOPLEVEHICLEOWNERSHIPRATESCURRENTLYAREAROUND62PERTHOUSANDPERSONS,COMPAREDWITHAGLOBALAVERAGEOF82PERTHOUSAND,INDICATINGHIGHPOTENTIALDEMANDIFTHEECONOMYCANGROWGENERALLY
18、HOWEVER,THEREAREMAJORPERCEIVEDIMPEDIMENTSTOAUTOSALES,ASWEDISCUSSINTHENEXTSECTIONTHESEINCLUDELOWINCOMEPERCAPITAANDHIGHLEVELSOFFINALSALESTAXTHE15PRODUCERCOMPANIESHAVEACAPACITYTOBUILD667000PASSENGERCARSPERANNUMINFIVECOMPANIESANDAFURTHER223000VEHICLESOFOTHERTYPES,MAKING890000INTOTALTABLE4SHOWSTHERECENTE
19、XPORTPERFORMANCEOFTHETAMSWHILETHEYSHOWANUPWARDTRENDTHEYARESTILLNOTSUFFICIENTTOENABLETHETAMSTOACHIEVEACCEPTABLELEVELSOFPLANTUTILISATION,NOMORETHANTHEORDEROF50OVERANUMBEROFYEARSSURVEYOFFOREIGNINVESTEDTAMSGIVENTHETWINFACTSOFTURKEYSGENERALUNDERPERFORMANCEINTHEFDISTAKES,INCLUDINGTHEAUTOSECTOR,AND,APPAREN
20、TLY,THEPOTENTIALLYFAVOURABLECONDITIONSFORFDIINTURKEY,THEQUESTIONOFITSRELATIVELYPOORLEVELOFFDIREMAINEDINORDERTOEXPLORETHISISSUE,ASURVEYWASCONDUCTEDOFTHE10AUTOMAKERSINTURKEYWHICHHAVEATLEASTSOMEELEMENTOFFOREIGNINVESTMENTTHEFITAMSSEEAPPENDIX1FORALISTFIVEOFTHETENRESPONDEDANDSUPPLIEDSOMECONSIDERABLEDETAIL
21、,INCLUDINGANSWERSTOFOLLOWUPQUERIESBYTELEPHONE,WHEREANSWERSTOQUESTIONSWERENOTWHOLLYCLEARTHEQUESTIONNAIREWASSTRUCTUREDINTHEFORMOFACOMBINATIONOFCLOSEDFACTGATHERINGANDOPENOPINIONOFFERINGQUESTIONSPERCEIVEDBARRIERSTOFDIINTHEAUTOINDUSTRYITWASFOUNDTHATTHEMAINFACTORSBELIEVEDTOIMPEDETHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEAUTOIND
22、USTRYANDHENCEACTASBARRIERSTOFURTHERFDIINTOITWEREASFOLLOWSPOLITICALINSTABILITY,INCLUDINGCORRUPTIONRECURRINGECONOMICCRISES,WITHATTENDANTHIGHINFLATION,INTERESTRATESANDSTAGNATIONLOWINCOMELEVELSTHESEAREBELIEVEDTOBEHOLDINGBACKLATENTDOMESTICDEMANDHEAVYRELIANCEONIMPORTEDCOMPONENTSINPUTSTHISCANALSOBESEENASTH
23、EINDUSTRYNOTACHIEVINGSUFFICIENTMASSTOALLOWLOCALVERTICALINTEGRATIONANDHIGHTAXESONFINALVEHICLESALES,FROM37TO64ONECONSEQUENCEOFTHESEFACTORS,INCOMBINATION,WASLOWUTILISATIONRATESWITHINTURKISHAUTOPLANTSOFTHEORDEROF50,ASALREADYNOTEDACONSEQUENCEOFTHISINTURNISTHATUNITCOSTSAREHIGHERTHANWOULDBETHECASEWERESOMET
24、HINGCLOSETOFULLCAPACITYUSETOBEACHIEVEDTHISINTURNHASMADETURKISHEXPORTSLESSCOMPETITIVE,INTHEEUFOREXAMPLE,THANMIGHTHAVEBEENEXPECTEDINTHECASEOFTHEEUMARKETTHISLACKOFCOMPETITIVENESSOCCURSINSPITEOFMARKEDLYHIGHEREULABOURRATESTHISHIGHLIGHTSANIMPORTANTPOINT,MADEELSEWHEREINASOUTHEASTASIANCONTEXT,SEEFOSTER1997,
25、THATSIMPLYHAVINGLOWWAGERATESAVAILABLEISANINADEQUATEBASISFORANFDIDECISIONTHEPOINTSEEMSOBVIOUSONCEMADEBUTISOFTENGLOSSEDOVERBECAUSETHELOWWAGERATIONALEFORFDIISTHEONEMOSTFREQUENTLYDISCUSSEDTHESENSEOFTURKEYBEINGINANAPPARENTLYSTRONGCOMPETITIVEPOSITIONVISVISINWARDFDIBUTFAILINGTOREALISEITSPOTENTIALBECAUSEOFC
26、ONCERNSREGARDINGPOLITICALANDECONOMICSTABILITYISSUPPORTEDBYTHECONCLUSIONSOFARECENTPAPERBYLOEWANDAHLANDERTUGALLOEWENDAHL2000PROGNOSISFORTHEFUTUREOFFITAMSTHERESPONDINGAUTOCOMPANIESWEREALSOASKEDFORTHEIRPROGNOSISFORTHEFUTURETHOSEFOREIGNMANUFACTURERSALREADYCOMMITTEDTOTURKEY,ASWEREOURRESPONDENTS,ARECAUTIOU
27、SLYBULLISHCONCLUSIONS,INBRIEF,WERENONEOFTHERESPONDINGFITAMSHADPLANSTOWITHDRAWNOREXPECTEDCOMPETITORSTODOSOINDEEDTHREEOFTHEFIVERESPONDENTSHADFURTHERIMMEDIATEINVESTMENTPLANSINHANDANDAFOURTHHADRECENTLYCOMPLETEDASIGNIFICANTINVESTMENTTHECONSENSUSWASNEVERTHELESSTHATMOVESINTOTURKEYBYVOLKSWAGENANDNISSANWEREN
28、OTEXPECTEDPOLITICALSTABILITYWASSEENASTHEKEYTOSIGNIFICANTEXPANSIONOFTHEFITAMSTURKEYISPERCEIVEDTOPOSSESSCOUNTRYSPECIFICADVANTAGESCSASTHESECSASCOULDUNDERPINFUTUREFDIIFTHEQUESTIONOFPOLITICALSTABILITYCOULDBERESOLVEDCSASCOMMONLYINCLUDEDQUALITYOFLABOURMANAGERIALABILITYANINDUSTRIALMENTALITYAMINDSETABLETOCOP
29、EWITHANINDUSTRIALENVIRONMENTANALREADYWELLCONSTRUCTEDINDUSTRYBASEINAUTOSTHEISSUEOFMANAGERIALABILITYISOFPARTICULARINTERESTFORTURKEYSFUTUREINASTUDYOFUKFIRMSENGAGEDINFDI,ITWASNOTABLETHATCOMPANIESWEREMOREWORRIEDBYLACKOFCOMPETENTLOCALMANAGEMENTTHANLACKOFTRAINEDSHOPFLOORLABOURFOSTER,2002ASFORTHETHREATOFOTH
30、EREMERGINGECONOMIESBEINGALTERNATIVEDESTINATIONSFORAUTOINWARDFDI,THERESPONSESSHOWEDTHATTURKEYSOWNCSASWOULDENABLEITTOCOMPETEINADDITION,THEEUCUSTOMSUNIONAGREEMENTGIVESTURKEYADIRECTADVANTAGE,EVENIFALLOTHERFACTORSAREEQUALHOWEVER,PERHAPSTHEMAJORCOMPETITORDESTINATIONINSIMPLEAGGREGATEINVESTMENTTERMSISCHINAA
31、NDITSAUTOINDUSTRYISCURRENTLYINWARDLYFOCUSED,IESEEKINGTODEVELOPANDMEETGROWINGDOMESTICDEMANDASITSECONOMYCONTINUESTOGROWQUICKLYOFTHEORDEROF7TO8UNTIL2002THEMAJORCHANGEINTURKISHLIFEINLATE2002WASTHEELECTIONINNOVEMBEROFANEWGOVERNMENTTHETWOIMPORTANTFACTORSCONCERNINGTHENEWGOVERNMENTAREITSISLAMICROOTSANDTHEFA
32、CTTHATITHASANOVERALLMAJORITYINTHEPARLIAMENTTHELATTERCERTAINLYOFFERSTHEPOTENTIALTODELIVERSTABLEGOVERNMENTANDINITIATENECESSARYECONOMICREFORMSWHICHMAYHAVEBEENINFEASIBLEFORPRECEDINGCOALITIONSBECAUSEOFTHEINHERENTFRAGILITYOFTHOSECOALITIONSTHEFACTTHATTHEPARTYHAS,ASSTATED,ISLAMICROOTSRAISESDIFFERENTQUESTION
33、SINACOUNTRYWHOSEGOVERNMENTWASSECULARISEDBYATATURKSOMEEIGHTYYEARSAGOSOFARTHENEWGOVERNMENTHASSHOWNNOEXTREMETENDENCIESWHICHMIGHTWORRYWOULDBEINVESTORSANDRATHERHASPRESIDEDOVERTHEAGREEMENTWITHTHEEUOFATIMETABLEFORTURKEYSPOTENTIALACCESSIONACOMPLEMENTARYASSESSMENTAPPROACHHAVINGLOOKEDATTHEACTUALSITUATIONANDTH
34、EINDUSTRYSOWNPERCEPTIONSOFFUTUREPROSPECTS,WEAPPLYANEVALUATIVEFRAMEWORKFORFDISFOSTER,2002TOTHETURKISHAUTOINDUSTRYCONTEXTTHERESULTSWEREFOUNDTOBEHIGHLYCOMPATIBLEWITHTHOSEFROMTHEQUESTIONNAIREDATATHISISBOTHFURTHEREVIDENCEFORTHEVALIDITYOFTHEFRAMEWORKANDINTERESTINGINTHATITSOUTCOMESARECONSONANTWITHTHEPRECED
35、INGDISCUSSIONTHEFOSTERFDIEVALUATIONFRAMEWORK2002COMPRISESSIXFACTORSWHICHARESEENTOBEIMPORTANT,CONTEXTUALASPECTSOFTHEOVERALLFDIDECISIONASACOMPLEMENTTOTHEUSUALFINANCIALAPPRAISALSEACHFACTORHASANATTACHEDSUBJECTIVE,LIKERTBASEDSCORINGSCALEFOUROFTHESIXFACTORSHAVEPOSITIVEORAFFIRMATIVESCALES,WHILETHEOTHERTWO,
36、F4ANDF6,HAVENEGATIVELYINCLINEDSCALESIEAHIGHSCOREDENOTESPOTENTIALHAZARDFORTHISAPPLICATIONWEHAVEADOPTEDTWOCONVENTIONSFIRST,WEHAVEUSEDASEVENPOINTSCALEFOREACHFACTORSECONDLY,WEHAVEPRESENTEDTHECOMPLEMENTSOFTHETWONEGATIVELYORIENTEDFACTORS,IEIFTHESCOREFORFACTORF4WERE5,THENTHESCOREOFTHECOMPLEMENTF4CWOULDBE75
37、2BYDOINGTHISWEGENERATEAPICTURETHATISVISUALLYEASYTOINTERPRETAPATTERNTOTHERIGHTWILLBEFAVOURABLEANDTOTHELEFTWILLBEUNFAVOURABLEFINALLY,NOTETHATHEREWEAPPLYTHEFRAMEWORKTOTHETURKISHAUTOINDUSTRYTAIASANENTITYRATHERTHANUSINGITASACOMPLEMENTTOTHEFINANCIALASSESSMENTOFANINDIVIDUALINVESTMENTPROPOSALTHEFACTORSANDTH
38、EIRSCORESORTHESCORESOFTHECOMPLEMENTSARESHOWNINFIGURE1BRIEFDETAILSOFTHENATUREOFTHEFACTORSINTHEFOSTERMODELCANBEFOUNDINAPPENDIX2译文外商直接投资模式的解释基于土耳其汽车产业的分析土耳其的FDI模式现状和展望从投资者的角度研究对内外商投资时,可以认为FDI是个正普遍上升的经济来源。FDI的产生原因包括很多,如波特(1990)、巴克利(1992)、邓宁(1993)的研究理论。这些原因包括市场扩展(可能国内市场几近饱和);获得稀缺的初级产品(主要为石油和煤矿);在下沉经济过程中从
39、某个特定的成本优势中获得生产效率战略;其他原因或者以上原因的组合。处于发展中的经济体理所当然会疑问“我们能从这种资金的流动中受益吗”表1概况了近几年FDI在全球的分布规模。该表显示从19941999年总FDI流量增长了238。发达国家相应的增长了338,而发展中国家增长了98。简单的说,当发展中国家经济发生了较大的增长,发达国家的经济增长就要巨大的多。即使对外商投资的赞美很多,但跟全球的总量比,中国只是表现的很稳定。图表显示,拿越南作为参照,过去10年与一些新兴经济体比,土耳其在总体上看表现的并不好。在考虑了人均FDI后,简单的综合模式在表2中体现。从表中可以明显看出,土耳其在过去的10年里,
40、其人均FDI落后而其他发展中经济体是快速增长的,表现为土耳其的曲线平缓。土耳其与越南的之间比较是非常明显的;自从美国取消了他对美国公司投资的股份后,越南在经济基础极低的情况下开始重新开发经济,即从1975年越南战争的撤退后直接开始建立。确实,19世纪90年代在与80年代的全球总增长表现比较中,其平坦表现更为显著。那段时间的数据显示即使基数小,但政权自由化的改变确实产生了积极的增长。因此,10年来这种相当平均的表现仍然在最初几年有了5倍的增长。可以说原先的表现不好的观点被否定了,只是这还不及预期。在总和的水平上,选定的单位年或特定期间的FDI/GDP比例,有时可以很好地表示一个国家在吸引FDI上
41、做的有多少出色。一个国家能“得到份额”吗数据资料或许存在不可靠的问题,但对于一个数量集,比率是相当合理的。基于联合国统计数据(2001)和表1的数据,土耳其的比率为04,台湾为55,中国38,英国57,美国31。这些数据显示无论是与发达国家还是发展中国家比较,土耳其未能得到相应的市场份额。到现在为止,制造业是非常重要的FDI进入土耳其的模式,其中占绝大部分的是汽车和运输零部件产业。因此,汽车产业可能是研究FDI最理想的对象。但是我们观察到FDI对汽车产业并非如此,我们将在下一部分详细解释为什么以国家的人口和GDP为尺标,我们已经证明土耳其的FDI总额比预期的要差很多。一个针对该国商业环境中的关
42、键因素开展的检验,将提出预期的表现可能要比以发现的要更好。首先,是它有利的地理位置。土耳其坐落在地中海的东北角。照这样说来土耳其紧靠着欧盟,经过他最东边的邻国希腊(并与欧盟建立了海关联盟);与石油国家伊朗、伊拉克和被普遍看好且日益增长的中东市场有市场交涉;土耳其通过直接的土地边界和黑海的港口与许多的经济互助经济体取得联系,他控制了博斯普鲁斯海峡,即黑海的入口。三个积极因素应该确定,这三个都可能成为竞争优势1有竞争力的劳动价格,这自然是指与欧盟的价格对比,而不是与其他地区的发展中经济体(如之前用过的越南的标准);2良好的基础设施,起码在该国的西部同样也是个工业区拥有这优势;3过去几十年以来的巨大
43、的私有化体系。我们以对土耳其的FDI来源的关注来结束该节。近年来主要的来源有法国、美国、荷兰、瑞士、英国、意大利和日本,如见LOEWENDAHL和ERTUGALLOEWENDAHL(2000,表1)。换句话说,当下发生的外来投资都是受制于欧盟和美国,而不是如它的石油储量丰富的阿拉伯邻国。外商投资土耳其汽车制造商的研究土耳其在FDI股份中表现不佳的两个原因之一是在于汽车产业部分。汽车产业作为土耳其有潜力吸引FDI的有利条件,存在着FDI水平相对较低的问题。为了开展本项研究,我们对10家具有外商投资因素的土耳其汽车制造商开展了调查(即FITAMS,外商投资的土耳其汽车制造商,见附录1),10家中的
44、5家已经给予了回复并提供了足够的信息,包括通过后续的电话回访答的不是很清楚的问题。问题的设置为结合封闭式和开放式的问题。FDI在汽车产业中的壁垒的假设被认为阻碍了汽车产业发展而因此成为后续的FDI进入该产业的主要因素包括以下几点政局不稳定,包括腐败;经常性的经济危机,伴随高通胀,高利率和经济停滞;低收入水平被认为会消退潜在的国内需求;对进口零部件(投入)的高度依赖也可以从产业无法实现足够的量以保证当地的垂直一体化看出;对最终汽车销售的高税收,从37到64。结合以上因素得出的一个结论是土耳其汽车企业的利用率低(报道说是50)。这个结论反过来是说单位成本比那些效益得到充分使用的企业要高。这最终导致
45、土耳其的出口,比如在英国市场上的出口情况,比预期的欠竞争。如在英国的市场中,即使英国的劳动力价格要更高,这种缺乏竞争的现象仍会发生。这突出了由东南亚其他地区证明的一个要点,即仅仅依靠低工资率来吸引FDI是不充足的。这点看起来很明显但实际操作中却常常被掩盖,因为低工资作为FDI的理由是最容易被意识到的。土耳其给人的感觉是站在与对内FDI接壤的明显强有力的竞争性位置,却由于政局和经济的稳定性而无法实现他的潜力,该观点由LOEWANDAHL和ERTUGALLOEWENDAHL(2000)在近期的论文的结论中证实。预计未来外商对土耳其汽车制造商的投资做出回复的汽车制造商同时也被要求预测他们的将来。这些
46、致力于土耳其的外国制造商,作为我们的回复方,他们表现的谨慎乐观。简单的说,结论如下没有一个外商投资的土耳其汽车制造商计划撤离也不希望竞争对手这么做;五个回复者中的三个近期有直接投资的计划,一个回复者最近完成了一项大的投资;然而一直认为大众和日产不可能进入土耳其;政局的稳定性被认为是FITAMS扩展的关键;土耳其将获得国家特定优势(CSAS)这些优势将支撑FDI的将来,如果政局稳定性的问题能被解决。国家特定优势一般包括劳动力质量;管理能力;工业思维一种能应对工业环境的心态;一个已经建造好的汽车产业的基础。管理能力特别有利于土耳其的发展前景。在研究英国成功开展FDI的企业时发现企业更担心的是缺少地
47、方主管能力,而不是担心缺乏训练的基层劳动力(福斯特,2002)。至于来自于其他新兴经济体的威胁,即他们可能成为对内FDI的最终选择,企业家们的反应显示土耳其自有的国家特有优势可以抵御这种威胁。另外,欧盟的海关联盟协议给与了土耳其一种直接的优势,即使其他的国家也享有。然而,在对投资进行简单的加总计算时看出,中国可能是最大的竞争者,中国的汽车产业当下专注于国内市场,以实现在其经济不断快速增长的情绪下发展和满足日益增长的国内需求(到2002为止从7增长到8)。土耳其在2002年末期最主要的变动就是11月份的新政府的选举。考虑这个新政府时有两个主要要素,即伊斯兰根和新政府占了议会的绝大多数。后者自然保
48、证了稳定运行政府和初期必不可少的经济改革,这些对内部带有固有的脆弱性的前政府来讲是不可实施的。上述带有伊斯兰根的党派,在这个几个80年以前就已经被阿塔图尔克世俗化的国家里提出了不同问题。到目前为止,这个新政府还没有表示对未来投资者过度的担心,同样对与欧盟签订的关于土耳其一定时期内的市场准入性的协议也抱以这样的态度。评估方法的补充通过了解了土耳其汽车产业的实际情况和该产业自身对将来的预期后,我们提供了FDI的评估结构。该评估结果显示与不确定数据的结果高度相符。这证明了结构的可行性,也证明了结论与之前的讨论是一致的。福斯特的FDI评估结构(2002)包含了6个重要因素,FDI决定的内部因素,作为一般财政评估的补充。每一个因素都放在LIKERTBASED评分量表上。六个中的四个有积极的改革性的作用,而其他两个F4和F6具有消极的抑制作用(高的分数表示了潜在风险)。为了应用这个,我们采取了两项调整。首先,我们对每一个因素使用了七点法。第二,我们对两个消极的因素给与了补充,即如果F4的分值为5,那补充后的F4C将是(75)2。这样之后所产生的图片视觉上是很容易理解。在模型右边的是有利的,左边的是不利的。最后,要声明我们这里对土耳其所应用的结构是作为一个实体而不是个人在做投资决策时评估财政的方法。各因素和他们的分值或补充的分值表现在表1。(福特斯模型中的因素的简单介绍可以再附录2找到)。