1、A1 什么是生态学要 点生态学是研究有机体与其环境相互作用的科学。 “环境 ”是物理环境（温度、可利用水等）和生物环境（对有机体的、来自其他有机体的任何影响）的结合体。生态学的定义长白山森林保护区A1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY?Key NotesA definition of ecologyEcology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. The environment is a combination of the physical environment (tempera
2、ture, water availability, etc.) and any influences on an organism exerted by other organisms-the biotic environment.个休、种群、群落和生态系统生态学所研究的有 4个可辨别尺度的亚部分： (i)探讨个体对其环境的反应； (ii)研究单个物种的种群对于环境的反应，和探讨诸如多度 (abundance)及其波动等的过程；（ iii） 群落（出现在确定面积中的种群集合）的组成和结构； (iv)生态系统（群落与环境的非生物成分的结合）内的各种过程，例如能流、食物网和营养物的循环等。物质能量
3、流Individuals,populations,communities andecosystems There are four identifiable subdivisions of scale which ecologists investigate;(i) considering the response of individuals to their environments;(ii) Examining the response of populations of a single species to the environment,and considering proces
4、ses such as abundance and fluctuations;(iii) The composition and structure of communities (the populations occurring in a defined area); (iv)the processes occurring within ecosystems (the combination of a community and the abiotic components of the environment), such as energy flow, food webs and th
5、e cycling of nutrients.A2 生态学的 10个规律要 点这些规律是什么？生态学的授课实践使得本书作者能够觉察到大学生学习生态学时常常陷入的某些一般性错误。本目录是为克服这些错误而设计的，既不全面，也不互相排斥，但是我们希望它将作为有用的指南。规律 1：生态学是科学生态学是一门纯科学学科，目标是了解有机体与其广阔环境的相互关系。分清楚科学观点与生态学知识的政治和社会影响这一件事是十分重要的。A2 TEN RULES IN ECOLOGY?Key NotesWhat are these rules?The authors experience of teaching ecol
6、ogy has given them experience of some common pitfalls which ecology students often make. This list, designed to counter these pitfalls, is neither comprehensive nor mutually exclusive, but we hope will nevertheless serve as a useful guide to protocol. Rule 1 Ecology is a science.Ecology is a purely
7、scientific discipline which aims to understand the relationships between organisms and their wider environment. It is important to segregate political and social impacts of ecological understanding from the scientific viewpoint.规律 2：生态学只有按照进化论才可理解有机体巨大的多样性，以及其形态学、生理学和行为的变异的丰富性，全都是亿万年进化的结果。这个进化历史对于每一个个体都留下了不能去除的影响。我们今天发现的种种模式，只有按照进化论的观点才可能有意义。规律 3： “对动物种有利 ”现象并不存在对于那些看起来对个体是花费的有机体行为模式，认为其出现是由于 “对物种有利 ”的这种想法是一个非常普遍的误解。这是绝对和完全错误的。自然选择将会有利于那些传给大多数后裔的基因，即使这些基因有可能导致物种种群大小的下降。趋同进化
