1、B1 适 应适 合 度 适合度是个体生产能存活后代、并能对未来世代有贡献的能力的指标。个体的相对适合度是有变化的，这种变化部分决定于个体的遗传区别，部分决定于环境的影响。自然选择 种中 具有最高适合度的个体将会对未来世代作出特别高的贡献。如果适合度的差别含有遗传的成分，则后代的遗传组成会有改变。这个过程称为自然选择或 “最适者生存 ”。要 点野生放养B1 ADAPTATIONKey NotesFitness is measure of the ability of an individual to produce viable offspring and contribute to futur
2、e generations. Individuals vary in their relative fitness, and this variation is due partly to genetic differences among individuals and partly to environmental influences.The individuals in a species which have the highest fitness will contribute disproportionately to the subsequent generations. If
3、 fitness differences have a genetic component, then the genetic make-up of the subsequent generations will be altered. This process is known as natural selection or survival of the fittest.FitnessNatural selection适 应 有机体所具有的有助于生存和生殖的任何可遗传特征都是适应。适应性特征可以是生理的或行为的。适应是自然选择的结果。基因型和表型 基因型是个体的遗传组成。表型是各个有机体，
4、它是基因型与环境的相互作用的产物。由于环境对基因型的影响，表型发生变化的能力叫做 表型可塑性 （如人的晒黑、风造形的植物、蝗虫的单生或群居型）。相关主题 生态学的 10个规律（ A2） 物种形成（ 02）遗传变异（ 01）基因工程操作流程Any heritable trait possessed by an organism which aids survival or reproduction is an adaptation. Such traits may be physiological, morphological or behavioral. Adaptation is the r
5、esult of natural selection.The genotype is the genetic composition of an individual. The phenotype is the individual organism, a product of the interaction between its genotype environmental influences on its genotype is known as phenotypic plasticity (e.g. human suntan, wind-shaped plants locust mo
6、rph (solitary or migratory).Related topics Ten rules in ecology (A2) Speciation (O2)Genetic Variation (O1)AdaptationGenotype and phenotypeB2 应付环境变异要 点条 件 引起有机体对其反应的 、可变的环境因子是条件(conditions)， 例如温度、酸度和盐度。条件是不可能被减少的 它不能被有机体用掉或消耗掉。资 源 有机体消耗的任何东西，对该有机体而言，就是资源。例如，蜜是蜜蜂的资源，光是一切绿色植物的资源。植物的光合作用Key NotesVariabl
7、e environmental factors which organisms respond to are conditions. Examples include temperature, acidity and salinity. Conditions are not depletable they are not used up or consumed by an organism.Anything which the organism uses up or depletes is a resource for that organism. Thus, nectar is a resource for honey bees, and light is a resource for all green plants.B2 COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATIONConditionsResources环境变异 大多数有机体都必须应付在一定时间尺度范围内不断变化着的外界环境。某些环境因子的变化以秒或分计（如当有云块时的阳光强度），另一些因子的变化以日或季计，甚至更长更长的时期（如冰河周期）。内 调 节 生物细胞不可能在剧烈的变动环境中运行，因此，有机体要采取 行动以限制其内环境的变异性。
