1、 一、时态和语态 1. 如何解答时态问题 例 1： You ve already missed too many classes this term. You _ just last week. A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed 例 2： Anne asked Tom _ the key. A. when he left B. where he had left C. how he left D. why did he left 考试重点： 2. 与完成时有关的时态 现在完成时 (have done) since, for
2、/ in the past few months, up to now 例1： Collecting toy cars as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years. A B C D 例 2： English _ in a new way at my college in the past few years. A. has been taught B. was being taught C. has been taught D. had been taught. 过去完成时 (had done) 例 3
3、： Anne asked Tom _ the key. A. when he left B. where he had left C. how he left D. why did he left 例 4： The chemistry class_ for five minutes when we hurried there. A. had been on B. had begun C. has been on D. would began 将来完成时 (will have done) by 例 5： We re late I expect the film_ by the time we g
4、et to the cinema. A. had already started B. have already C. will already have started D. have already been started. 现在完成进行时 (have been doing) 例 6： It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right. A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaki
5、ng 过去完成进行时 (had been doing) 将来完成进行时 (will have been doing ) 例 7： By the time you arrive this evening, _for two hours. A. I will study B. I will have been studied C. I had studied D. I will have been studying. 3. 在时间和条件状语从句 中不用将来时态 用一般现在时代替一般将来时 例 1： When the mixture_, it will give off a powerful for
6、ce. A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated 例 2： please be sure to telephone me the next time you _. A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come 用现在完成时代替将来完成时 例 3： Smith is to study medicine as soon as he_ military service. A. will finish B. has finished C. finish D. would fin
7、ish 注意： 例 4： No one can be sure if the car on display fits him or her until he or she_ them. A. tries B. will try C. are trying D. have tried 4. 考试小窍门 考试中如果遇到与完成时态相关的选项，要重点加以研读，一般说来是正确答案。 二、情态动词 1. 几个情态动词的否定式的含义 cant may not mustnt needt 2. 表示推测的几个情态动词用法 must 表示肯定的推测 ，意思是“一定” +do 对现在情况的推测 must +have
8、 done 对过去情况的推测 例 1： I _ asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night. A. might fall B. must fall C. must have fallen D. can have fallen can t/could t 表示否定的推测，意思是“不可能” +do 对现在情况的推测 cant/couldnt +have done 对过去情况的推测 may/might not 表示可能性很小的推测，意思是“也许” +do 对现在情况的 推测 may/mi
9、ght +have done 对过去情况的推测 3. 情态动词的完成时虚拟语气的用法 neednt have done should have done should not have done ought to have done could have done 4. 考试小窍门 在遇到情态动词加完成时和情态动词加原形同时出现的情况下，一般说来情态动词加完成时是正确答案。 Must do Must have done 三、虚拟语气 赵文通 考试重点： 1. 条件句中的虚拟语气 例： I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him. A.
10、had known B. have known C. knew D. would know 例： If a better material _, the strength of the part would have been increased. A. had been used B. had been using C. being used D. using 条件句中的虚拟语气需要注意以下三点： 如果条件句中有 were, had, should 时，可以把 if 省略，然后把这三个单 词提前，形成倒装。 例 3： _ the advice of his friends, he would
11、 not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business. A. If he took B. if he should take C. Were he to take D. Had he taken 含蓄条件句中虚拟语气的应用 三级考试中经常出现的三个句型： But for/without， , otherwise/or , but/though. 例： But for your help, I _ the work in time. A. did not finish B. could not finish A. will not finish
12、 D. would not have finished 例： Without electricity, human life _ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be 例： He was very busy yesterday; otherwise he_ to the meeting. A. would have come B. would come C. could come D. had come 例： We would have made a lot of money, but we
13、 halfway A. gave up B. had given up C.would give up D. were to give up 错综时间条件句 例： If I were you, I would not have missed the film last night. 2. (should )+动词原形在某些从句中的应用 1)当宾语从句从的谓语是 suggest, request, insist, desire , demand, propose, order, command, arrange 等动词时 ,如 : 例： I suggested that we should go
14、 there on foot. 注意 :当 insist 表示坚持认为之意时 , 不用虚拟语气 ,用陈述语气 . 如 : 例： The man insisted that he had never stolen the money 2) It is ordered/desired/decided/requested/strange/important/natural/ 等后的主语从句中 例： It is desired that we should get everything ready tonight 3) advice, idea, order, plan, demand, propos
15、al, suggestion, request 等名词之后的表语从句和同位语从句中 .如 : 例： My suggestion is that we should hold a meeting this evening 3. wish 后的宾与从句中应当用虚拟语气 4. if only 引导的感叹句中 5. as if/as though 引导的状语从句中 6. would rather 后的句子的虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式 7. it is (high) time that .句型中 , 从句的谓语动词用过去式 四、非谓语动词 1. 不定式 不定式的逻辑主语 例： The road is wi
16、ld enough for cars to pass by. 例： It is important for you to work hard. 例： It is kind of you to help me. 不定式的时态和语态 例： The magnificent museum is said _ about a hundred years ago. A. to be built B. to have been built C. to have built D. to have being built 使用不带 to 的不定式 1)why not do 表示委婉的建议 例： Why not_
17、Professor Li for help He is kind-hearted and willing to help. A. ask B. you ask C. to ask D. your asking 2)使役动词 have, make, let 的后面接不定式做宾语补足语时，用省 to的不定式。 例： The teacher has the students _ a composition every other week. A. to write B. written C. writing D. write 例： While he was climbing the high mou
18、ntain, he had his leg_ A. broke B. break C. broken D. breaking 例： There was so much noise that the speaker couldn t make himself_ A. hearing B. being told C. to hear D. heard 3)表示生理感觉的动词如 see, watch, notice, observe, hear 后面接不定式做宾语补足语时，用省 to的不定式。 例： With tears on her face, the old lady watched the l
19、ittle boy_ to a hospital. A. send B. to be sent C. being sent D. sending 4)do something but/except do 例： There is nothing we can do _ wait. A. but B. rather than C. in spite of C. besides. 5)记住下列不带 to 的短语 cant but cant help but had better 2. 动名词 1. 有些动词后面既可以接动名词又可以接不定式，但意思有差异 remember forget regret
20、stop go on mean 2. 后面跟动名词的固定句式 have trouble/problems/difficult doing something feel like spend/wastedoing something cant help need/deserve/want be worth what about/how about 3. 分词 分词作表语 独立主格结构 例 1： During the discussion, Mr Boyd remained silent when asking his opinion. A B C D 例 2： Your experiment r
21、eports must be checked with care before_ A. handed them in B. them handing in C. being handed in D. handing them in 例： _ in the air fuels give off heat. A. T burn B. Burned C. T be burned D. Being burned 五、状语从句 赵文通 考试重点： 1 时间状语从句 while/ when/ as/ until 一就 no soonerthan/ hardlywhen/ scarcelywhen the
22、moment the minute the instant 固定句型 It is/has been .since 1. 原因状语从句 now that in that 2. 条件状语从句 unless as long as provided that 3. 让步状语从句 as though although even if even though while whatever 例 1： If you read the book a second time, and you will probably have quite a different A B C understanding of t
23、he events described in it. D 例 2： Hard as he worked, but Mr. Brown couldn t keep the shop properly. A B C D 六、平行结构 and, or, but 比较级 例 1： I enjoy eating in good restaurants and to go to the theater afterwards. A B C D 例： It usually takes much less time to fly from one country to another than travelin
24、g by train. A B C D 例： The rooms were then empty and most of them have been shut up. A B C D Prefer 引出的平行结构： Prefer something to something Prefer doing something to doing something Prefer to do something rather than do something Prefer 的特殊用法： Prefer somebody to do something e.g : I prefer you to spe
25、ak English in the class. 1、 a number of, the number of a number of +可数名词，谓语用复数，意为许多，大量的 the number of +可数名词，谓语用单数，意为的数目 2、 able, capable, competent able 为常用词，指具 有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，搭配是 be able to do s.th。如： A cat is able to see in the dark. （猫在黑暗中能看见东西。） capable 指满足一般要求的能力，搭配是 be capable of +doing。
26、competent 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如： A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. （医生应该能治多种病。） 3、 above all； after all； at all; in all above all 意为“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”，常位于句首或句中，作插入语，起强调作用。如： But above all tell me quickly what I have to do可首先快些告诉我该做什么。 after all 意为“毕竟”、“终究”、“终归”、“到底”，在句
27、中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如： After all， your birthday is only two weeks away毕竟 ，两周后就是你的生日。 He is， after all， a small child他毕竟还是个小孩子。 He failed after all他终于失败了。 at all 用于否定句时，意为“丝毫；根本”，用于疑问句时意为“究竟；到底”，用于条件句时，常译为“当真；实在”。用于肯定句中，表示说话人的某种情绪或情感（如怀疑或惊奇等），意为“竟然”等。如： He doesn t like you at all他根本不喜欢你。 Are you going
28、 to do it at all？你究竟做不做 这件事？ If you do it at all， do it well若你真要做这件事，就得做好。 I was surprised at his coming at all他竟然来了，我很惊讶。 in all 意为“总共”，既可放在句首，也可放在句末。如： There are 25,000 Inuit in all ( In all, there are 25,000 Inuit ) 这儿共有 25,000 因努伊特人。 4、 aboard, abroad, board, broad aboard 在 船（或飞机，车）上。如： I never
29、went aboard a ship. abroad 副词，在国外或海外。如： He often goes abroad. board 为动词，上（船，飞机，车）。如： The passengers are boarding the plane now. broad 为形容词，宽广的。如： He has very broad shoulders. 5、 accept, receive accept 接受， receive“接到”，“收到”。如： I received an invitation yesterday, but I didn t accept it. （昨天我收到了一个请柬，但并没
30、有接受邀请。） 6、 accident, incident, event accident 事故。如： a traffic accident （交通事故） incident“附带事件”，在政治上特指引起国际争端或战争的事件，事变。 event “事件”，指特别重要的事件，通常是由以前的努力而产生的结果，也指国家和社会的事件。 7-accurate, correct, exact, precise accurate 准确的，精确的。如： Clocks in railway stations should be accurate.（火车站的钟应该是准确的。）correct“正确的”，指符合一定的标
31、准或准则，含有“无错误的”意味。它的反义词是 incorrect, wrong.exact“精确的”，“恰好的”，比“大体上正确”更进一步，表“丝毫不差”。它的反义词是 inexact。precise 强调“精确”，“精密”。 8、 accuse, charge, sue accuse 指责，指控，常与 of 搭配。如： His boss accused him of carelessness. charge 常与 with 搭配。如： The police charged the driver with reckless driving. sue 常与 for 搭配。如： Smith sue
32、d his neighbor for damaging his house. 9、 acquire, require, inquire acquire 取得，获得，学到。如： acquire knowledge （获得知识） inquire 打听，询问。如： inquire a person s name（问一个人的姓名） require 需要。如： We require more help. （我们需要更多的帮助。） 10、 adopt, adapt adopt （）收养。如： Since they have no children of their own, they decided to
33、 adopt a little girl. （他们自己没有孩子，所以决定收养一个小女孩。）（）采纳，采用 ，通过。如： He adopted our suggestion.（他采纳了我们的建议。） adopt 与 adapt 词形相近，后者的意思是“使适合”，“改编”等。 11、 advantage, benefit, profit advantage 常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位，机会或时机。如： He had the advantage of good education. （受过良好的教育对他十分有利。） profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如 Did you make a
34、ny profit last year （你去年赚钱了吗？） benefit 指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如： I get no personal benefit from the business.（我个人从这家企业中并不获益。） 12、 1affect, effect affect 影响（动词）。如 Smoking affects health. effect 效果，影响（名词）。如： Government policy will not have any effect on us. 13、 afford, provide, supply 都有“提供，供给”的意思。 afford 一般只用
35、于抽象事物。 provide 和 supply 意思相同，两个词都和 with 连用，构成 provide /supply somebody with something的结构。 14、 ago, before ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。 before 指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。 例如， I saw him ten minutes ago.我十分钟之 前看到的他。 He told me that he had seen the film before.他告诉我他以前看过这场电影。 15、 agree
36、on； agree to； agree with agree on 作“就取得一致意见”解。例如： The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month 上月，就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。 agree to 有两层含义和用法： 其一是 to作为动词不定式符号，其后跟动词 原形，作“同意（答应）做某事”解。 例如： My father agreed to buy a new pen for me 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。 其二是 to作为介词，之后跟表示“计划条件建议等一类的名词或代词”。例如： They have a gree
37、d to our plan 他们已同意我们的计划。 agree with 作“同意某人的意见”解，其后可跟表示人的名词或代词，也可跟表示“意见”或“说的话”的名词或从句。例如： He agreed with my opinions 他同意了我的意见。 We agreed with what he said at the meeting 我们同意他在会上讲的话。 16、 alive, living, live alive 指虽有死的可能，但仍活着，一般只作表语。 living可用于人或物，作定语时可前可后。 live 只做前置定语，用于动物和个别事物前。 17、 almost, nearly 一
38、般说来， almost 比 nearly 表示的意思更接近“开始”、“完成” （目标）等。 在 all, every, always 前，两者都可用。如： He is almost (nearly) smoking. （他几乎每天抽烟。） almost 可同 never, no, nobody, none, nothing 连用，而 nearly 却不能。如： Almost no one believed her. （几乎没人相信他。） 18、 alone, lonely alone 只表“独自”的客观状态，没有感情色彩，只作表语； lonely 表“孤独”，：“寂寞”，能作定语和表语。如：
39、When she is left alone, she feels lonely. （剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。） alone, only 均可表“只有”，但 alone 须置于被修饰词之后， only 往往置于被修饰词前。如： He alone (Only he) can remember the story. （只有他才能记起这段经历。） 19、 altogether, all together altogether 总计，总共。如： Altogether there are six of us. （我们总计六人。） all together 全都在一起。如： We played the
40、game all together. （我们大家都一起来玩游戏吧。） 20、 although; though; as 三者均可表示“尽管；虽然”，引导让步状语从句。 although 用法较正式，语气较强； though 较常用； as 则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意： 状语从句由 although, though 或 as 引导，主句之前不可有 but, and, so, however 等并列连词，但可有 yet 或 still 等副词。 although 与 though 常可互换。例如 ： Although Though he believes it, yet he
41、will not act 他虽然相信它，但却不肯有所行动。 as 表示“尽管；虽然”，只能用于倒装句，即：将表语、状语或谓语动词放在 as 之前。 though也可这么用。例如： Young as though he is, he knows a lot 他虽然年纪不大，却懂得很多。 注意：如果表语是单数名词，要省略 a。例如： Child as though he is, he can speak two foreign languages 虽然他是个孩子，但他会说两门外语。 though 可以放在句末，表示“但是”， although 却不能。例如： They said they woul
42、d come; they did not, though 他们说他们会来，可是他们并没有来。 although 只用来陈述“事实”，不能表示“假设”。因此可以说 even though“即使”以及 as though“好像 ( as if)”，不能说 even although 或 as although。例如： I believe you are on duty even though you re in plain clothes 尽管你穿着便衣，我相信你是在值勤。 21、 among, between among 在中间（三者或三者以上之间）。如： Our house is hidden
43、 among trees. between 在两者之间。如： It is easy to distinguish between a Japanese and a Chinese. 22、 answer, reply, respond 用作动词，都可表“回答”，“答复”。 answer 是常用词，后可接 letter（回信）， question（回答问题）， doorbell（开门）， telephone（接电话）， advertisement（应征广告）等。 reply 较正式，一般只作不及物动词，可与 to连用。如： He has replied to my letter.（他回答了我信中
44、提的问题。） respond 作“回答”解，用得较少，也同 to 搭配。如： He quickly responded to the question. （他很快就回答了问题。） 另外， respond 还可表“对反应”，“响应”。 23、 approve, prove approve（ 1）赞成，同意。如： I don t approve of wasting time.（我不赞成浪费时间。） （ 2）批准，通过。如： The minister approved the building plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。 prove 和 approve 词形相似， prove 是“证明”，“表明是”等。 24、 arise/rise/raise/ arouse arise 是一个不及物动词，意思是“起源于（和 from 连用）和“出现”。 rise 是一个不及物动词，意思是“上升”，该词是不及物动词： rise, rose, risen raise 是一个及物动词，意思是“举起”。 arouse 的意思是“引起，导致”。 Black smoke rose from the chimney. He is t
