基于中英文化差异的商务英语翻译【毕业论文】.docx

1、1（20_届）本科毕业设计英语基于中英文化差异的商务英语翻译BUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONBASEDONDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHCULTURES23摘要自2001年中国加入WTO后，跨国间的贸易活动越来越多。英语，作为一种国际语言，充当了重要的角色。因此，商务英语翻译活动越来越频繁。然而，中英文化差异很大，使商务英语翻译困难重重。忽视中英文化差异导致翻译失当，致使商务活动失败。翻译和文化密不可分，没有文化，就无从翻译，翻译促进了文化的传播；国际商务是一个翻译过程，翻译促进了国际商务活动的顺利进行。中英文化在宗教思想、地理自然环

2、境、风俗习惯方面存在很大差异。基于中英文化的这些差异，本文提出了商务英语翻译的基本方法，即直译、意译、音译加注。译者在翻译商务英语时，需要仔细思考其中的文化差异，灵活选择适当的翻译方法。关键词商务英语；文化差异；翻译4ABSTRACTWITHCHINASENTRYINTOWTOIN2001,INTERNATIONALTRADEOCCURSMOREANDMOREENGLISH,ASANINTERNATIONALLANGUAGE,PLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEINTERNATIONALBUSINESSTHEACTIVITIESOFBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATI

3、ONBECOMEMOREOFTENTHANEVERHOWEVER,THEREISAGREATDIFFERENCEBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHCULTURES,WHICHLEADSTODIFFICULTIESINBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONTHEREALWAYSEXISTFAILURESINBUSINESSACTIVITIESBECAUSEOFTHEIMPROPERTRANSLATIONWHICHIGNORESTHECULTURALDIFFERENCESWITHOUTCULTURE,THETRANSLATIONCANNOTCONTINUEANDTRAN

4、SLATIONPROMOTESTHESPREADOFTHECULTUREINTERNATIONALBUSINESSISINFACTACOURSEOFTRANSLATIONANDITMAKESTHEBUSINESSACTIVITIESSUCCESSFULBASEDONTHECULTURALDIFFERENCESINTERMSOFRELIGIOUSBELIEFS,GEOGRAPHICALANDNATURALENVIRONMENTS,ANDCUSTOMSANDHABITS,THISTHESISPUTSFORWARDBASICTRANSLATIONAPPROACHESOFBUSINESSENGLISH

5、,IELITERALTRANSLATION,FREETRANSLATIONANDTRANSLITERATIONWITHANNOTATIONBEFORERENDERINGTHEINTERNATIONALBUSINESS,ATRANSLATORNEEDSTOTAKETHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENCULTURESINTOCONSIDERATION,ANDFLEXIBLYSELECTSTHOSETRANSLATIONAPPROACHESTOPROVIDEAFINEVERSIONKEYWORDSBUSINESSENGLISHCULTURALDIFFERENCETRANSLATION5CONT

6、ENTSABSTRACTII1INTRODUCTION12TRANSLATION,CULTUREANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESS221TRANSLATIONANDCULTURE222CULTUREANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESS323TRANSLATIONANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESS33DIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHCULTURES431RELIGIOUSBELIEFS432GEOGRAPHICALANDNATURALENVIRONMENTS533CUSTOMSANDHABITS64TRANSLATIO

7、NAPPROACHES741LITERALTRANSLATION842FREETRANSLATION843TRANSLITERATIONWITHANNOTATION105CONCLUSION11BIBLIOGRAPHY12ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1361INTRODUCTIONWITHCHINASACCESSIONTOWTO,ENGLISH,ASANINTERNATIONALLANGUAGE,HASPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINWORLDCOMMUNICATIONINTERNATIONALBUSINESSENGLISHISONEBRANCHOFENGLISHFORSPE

8、CIFICPURPOSESINTERNATIONALBUSINESSENGLISHFOCUSESONSPECIFICCOMMUNICATIONREQUIREMENTSFORBUSINESSAFFAIRSDEALTWITHINCOMPANIES,FACTORIESANDRELATEDINDUSTRIES,SUCHASBANKING,INSURANCE,FINANCEANDTRANSPORTATIONANDTHEACTIVITYOFBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONBECOMESMOREANDMOREFREQUENTTHEREFOREMANYPEOPLEAREDEVOTEDTOS

9、TUDYINGBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONANDMOREANDMOREPEOPLEPARTICIPATEINTHEACTIVITYOFBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONCHINAHASAGREATEFFECTONTHESTUDYOFTRANSLATIONYANFUPUTSFORWARDTHREETRANSLATIONPRINCIPLES,IEFAITHFULNESS,EXPRESSIVENESSANDELEGANCE,WHICHAREPOPULARINCHINAHOWEVER,UPTONOW,THEREARENOTASMANYBOOKSONSTUDYI

10、NGBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONASTHOSECONCERNINGOTHERTRANSLATIONSINCHINAINTHEWEST,FUNCTIONALTHEORYISPOPULARTHETHEORYEMPHASIZESTHATTHETRANSLATIONSHOULDBEDONEBASEDONTHESOURCETEXTANALYSISANDTAKESTHEEXPECTEDFUNCTIONOFTARGETTEXTASTHEFINALAIMWHATFUNCTIONALTHEORYFOCUSESONISNOTWHETHERSOURCETEXTANDTARGETTEXTARE

11、EQUIVALENTORWHETHERTHETARGETTEXTISPERFECT,BUTTHEFUNCTIONOFTARGETTEXTSHOULDBEREALIZEDASWHATTARGETRECEPTORSEXPECTTHETHEORETICCOREOFFUNCTIONALTHEORYISTHEAIMOFTRANSLATIONANDTHEFUNCTIONOFTARGETJINMINNA,200623BUSINESSENGLISHISSUCHAKINDOFSTYLE,WHICHISOFOBVIOUSFUNCTIONANDAIMTHEREFOREITISQUITEREASONABLETOEMP

12、LOYFUNCTIONALTHEORYFORBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONMANYSCHOLARSADVOCATETOTRANSLATINGBUSINESSENGLISHBASEDONFUNCTIONALTHEORYATPRESENT,THEWHOLESITUATIONOFBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONISOPTIMISTICBUTTHERESTILLEXISTPROBLEMSBECAUSEOFIGNORANCEOFTHECULTUREANDSOONINTHEACTIVITIESOFBUSINESS,THEREOFTENEXISTFAILURESBE

13、CAUSEOFTHEIMPROPERTRANSLATIONWHICHIGNORESCULTURALDIFFERENCESITISNECESSARYTOSTRENGTHENTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHECULTUREINTHEPROCESSOFTRANSLATINGBUSINESSENGLISHTHISTHESISTRIESTOMAKEASTUDYOFDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHCULTURESANDITANALYSESTHEBASICBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONAPPROACHESINTHEPROCESSOFBUSINES

14、SENGLISHTRANSLATION,THEREAREMANYERRORSICHOOSETHISTITLEINORDERTOEMPHASIZETHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHECULTUREINTHEPROCESSOFBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATION,TRANSLATORSSHOULDPAYATTENTIONTOTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHCULTURES,ANDMAKEUSEOFTHEPROPERTRANSLATIONAPPROACHESTOMAKETHEACTIVITIESOFBUSINESSMUCHMORESUC

15、CESSFUL72TRANSLATION,CULTUREANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESSTRANSLATION,CULTUREANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESSARECLOSELYRELATEDINTHEPROCESSOFTRANSLATIONCULTUREISIMPORTANTWITHOUTCULTURE,THETRANSLATIONACTIVITYCANTCONTINUEWHENTRANSLATINGTHEBUSINESSENGLISH,THETRANSLATORSSHOULDTAKECULTUREINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEFOLLOWINGSE

16、CTIONATTEMPTSTOTALKABOUTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTRANSLATIONANDCULTURE,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCULTUREANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESS,ANDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTRANSLATIONANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESS21TRANSLATIONANDCULTURETHEWORD“CULTURE”ISANALIENWORDCOMINGFROMLATIN“CULTURA”,WHOSEEARLIESTBASICMEANINGWAS“CULTIVATION,

17、PLANTING,CROP”ITISAPARTOFSOCIALELEMENTANDCLOSELYRELATEDTOSOCIETYITISPEOPLESHISTORICALORSOCIALEXPERIENCEFROMHUMANBEINGSACTIVITYCULTUREISTHESPECIALPRODUCTOFANATIONINSPECIFICGEOGRAPHICALENVIRONMENTFUYAO,200036TRANSLATIONISANACTIVITYDEEPLYROOTEDINCULTURETRANSLATIONISTOEXPRESSTHEMEANINGORTHESENSEOFAWORD,

18、WHICHEXACTLYREFERSTOTHESENSEINACERTAINCULTURALBACKGROUNDITISINTRODUCINGONECULTUREINTOOTHERPLACESWHILETRANSFERRINGINFORMATIONSOTRANSLATIONISCLOSELYRELATEDTOCULTURETHEAIMISTOEXCHANGEIDEASANDCULTUREDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESANDAREAS,DIFFERENTNATIONSANDCOMMUNITIESHOPETOUNDERSTANDEACHOTHERWELL,WHICHISESSENTIALFO

19、RTRANSLATIONSEXISTINGTRANSLATIONISTHERESULTOFCULTURALEXCHANGEWITHOUTTHECULTURE,THETRANSLATIONCANNOTCONTINUEANDTRANSLATIONPROMOTESTHEUNDERSTANDINGAMONGPEOPLEFROMTHEDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESANDNATIONSTRANSLATIONISTHEBRIDGEOFCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENDIFFERENTCULTURESANDITALSOPROMOTESTHESPREADOFTHECULTUREASSOONASON

20、ESTARTSTHEACTIVITYOFTRANSLATION,HEORSHEJUSTAPPROACHESANOTHERCULTURETRANSLATIONISNOTMERELYTHEWORKFROMONETEXTTOANOTHERTEXT,BUTAPROCESSOFCULTURETRANSFERTRANSLATINGFROMONELANGUAGEINTOANOTHERCANNOTBEDONESATISFACTORILYWITHOUTADEQUATEKNOWLEDGEOFTHETWOCULTURESWHICHAREINVOLVEDCULTURESHOULDBECONSIDEREDINTHEPR

21、OCESSOFTRANSLATION22CULTUREANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESSTHEBUSINESSTALKEDINTHISTHESISISTHEINTERNATIONALBUSINESSINWIKIPEDIA,INTERNATIONALBUSINESSISATERMUSEDTOCOLLECTIVELYDESCRIBEALLOFTHECOMMERCIALTRANSACTIONSPRIVATEAND8GOVERNMENTAL,SALES,INVESTMENTS,LOGISTICSANDTRANSPORTATIONTHATTAKEPLACEBETWEENTWOORMORET

22、HANTWONATIONSHTTP/WWWWIKIPEDIACNINTERNATIONALBUSINESSISACOURSEOFCULTURALEXCHANGESLIUHUANYU,200334PARTIESFROMDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESHAVEDIFFERENTCULTURESCULTUREISTHEENTIREWAYOFLIFEOFASOCIETYITISTHESYSTEMOFSHAREDBELIEFS,CUSTOMSANDBEHAVIORSWHILENEGOTIATINGWITHAFOREIGNPARTNER,ONEISAPPROACHINGANOTHERCULTURESO

23、ITISNECESSARYTOUNDERSTANDTHEDIFFERENTCULTUREFORTRANSLATORS,IFTHETRANSLATORSWANTTOMAKETHEBUSINESSSUCCESSFULWITHCHINASOPENINGUPTOTHEWORLDANDITSENTRYINTOWTO,CHINAISPLAYINGANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEWORLDSECONOMICALFIELDSSUCHASIMPORTANDEXPORTBUSINESS,BUSINESSINTERVIEW,ACTIVITIESOFBUSINESSORGANIZATIONANDSOONCHI

24、NAISTRYINGITSBESTTOINTRODUCEITSPRODUCTSANDALSOITSCULTURETOTHEWORLDINTHEACTIVITYOFINTERNATIONALBUSINESS,CULTUREISIMPORTANTIFCULTUREISIGNORED,THEBUSINESSMAYFAILMEANWHILE,THEINTERNATIONALBUSINESSCANMAKEAGREATEFFECTONSPREADOFTHECULTURE23TRANSLATIONANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESSTHEKEYTOSUCCESSINBUSINESSISCOMMU

25、NICATIONINTERNATIONALBUSINESSISAPROCESSOFTRANSLATIONCAOTING,200556THEREFORE,TRANSLATIONISESSENTIALASATOOLOFCOMMUNICATIONTRANSLATIONHASBEENACTINGASANIMPORTANTMEDIUMININTERNATIONALBUSINESSASUCCESSFULCOMMUNICATIONISSIGNIFICANTTOCOMETOASATISFACTORYCONCLUSIONINTERNATIONALBUSINESSNEEDSTHEINVOLVEMENTOFTRAN

26、SLATIONSOTRANSLATIONBECOMESMOREANDMOREIMPORTANTINBUSINESSACTIVITIES,TRANSLATIONOFTHEMATERIALS,SUCHASDOCUMENTS,LETTERSANDADVERTISEMENTSINVOLVINGDIFFERENTWILL,GUARANTEETHESUCCESSOFBUSINESSAFFAIRSTHETRANSLATIONOFTRADEMARKWILLSTRAIGHTLYAFFECTTHESALEOFTHECOMMODITYATTHESAMETIME,INSOMEOCCASIONSUCHASBUSINES

27、SNEGOTIATION,INTERPRETATIONISANECESSITYFORTHECOMMUNICATIONOFALLPARTIESTHEAPPLICATIONOFTRANSLATIONPROMOTESTHESUCCESSINBUSINESSWITHOUTTRANSLATION,THEACTIVITYOFBUSINESSCANNOTCONTINUETRANSLATIONPROMOTESTHEPROCESSOFTHEBUSINESSMEANWHILE,THEACTIVITYOFINTERNATIONALBUSINESSPROMOTESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETRANSLAT

28、IONFOREXAMPLE,MOREANDMORECOLLEGESOPENCOURSESOFTRANSLATIONINTERMSOFTHEINTERNATIONALBUSINESS3DIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHCULTURES9TRANSLATIONISACOURSEOFCULTURETRANSFERITISNOTSIMPLYAMATTEROFSEEKINGOTHERWORDSWITHSIMILARMEANING,BUTAMATTEROFFINDINGAPPROPRIATEWAYSOFDESCRIBINGTHINGSINANOTHERLANGUAGEI

29、TAIMSATTHEPRESENTATIONOFCONTENTSANDCULTUREOFTHESOURCETEXTINTHETARGETTEXTSOINTHEPROCESSOFBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATION,CULTURALDIFFERENCESHOULDBEPAIDMOREATTENTIONONECULTUREDIFFERSFROMANOTHERCULTURETHATISTOSAY,DIFFERENTNATIONSHAVEDIFFERENTCULTURESBECAUSEOFCULTURALDIFFERENCES,ASAMEWORDORPHRASEMAYREFERTODI

30、FFERENTTHINGSTOPEOPLEOFDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESFULIJUN,200517THEREARESOMEASPECTSOFDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHCULTURESBRITAINISTHEMOTHERLANDOFENGLISHENGLISHOFOTHERENGLISHSPEAKINGCOUNTRIESORIGINATESFROMBRITAININTHEFOLLOWINGSECTION,BRITAINISTAKENINTOEXPLAININGINSTEADOFALLTHEENGLISHSPEAKINGCOUNTRIES31

31、DIFFERENTRELIGIOUSBELIEFSRELIGIONISANIMPORTANTPARTOFCULTUREPEOPLEFROMDIFFERENTAREASHAVEDIFFERENTRELIGIOUSBELIEFS,WHICHSHOULDBETAKENMUCHINTOCONSIDERATIONDURINGTHEPROCESSOFTHEBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONASRELIGIONISASENSITIVEANDSERIOUSPARTOFCULTURE,VIOLATIONTOTHERELIGIOUSBELIEFSMAYLEADTOTHEFAILUREOFBUSI

32、NESSWEALLKNOWTHATCHRISTIANITYISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTRELIGIONINBRITAINANDTHEMAJORITYOFPEOPLEINBRITAINBELIEVEINGODCHRISTIANITYHASBEENKNOWNTOTHEWESTERNFORMORETHAN2000YEARSHOLYBIBLEISTHEPRIMARYBOOKOFTHECHRISTIANS,WHICHCONSISTSOFTHEOLDTESTAMENTANDTHENEWTESTAMENTCHRISTIANITYWASTHENATIONALRELIGIONTOTHEBRITISHPE

33、OPLEINTHEMIDDLEAGEAFTERTHEN,HOLYBIBLETOUCHEDEVERYFIELDOFBRITAINANDMOREANDMOREPEOPLEBELIEVEDINGODALSOINMODERNTIMES,MANYBRITISHPEOPLESTILLBELIEVEINGODASARESULT,ENGLISHISRICHINTHEASPECTOFWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSRELATEDTOGODSOHOLYBIBLEISNOTONLYARELIGIOUSCLASSIC,BUTALSOACOLLECTOFMANYHISTORICALMATERIALSSUCHASH

34、ISTORIES,FAIRYTALES,POEMS,CUSTOMSANDLAWSOFTHEJEWISHPEOPLEANDSOONMANYWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSUSEDINTODAYSLITERARYWORKSAREFROMHOLYBIBLEACCORDINGTOTHEBIBLE,GODCREATESTHEHEAVENANDTHEEARTH,ANDALLTHETHINGSINTHEWORLDAREARRANGEDUNDERGODSORDERPEOPLEOFTENUSE“GOD”TOEXPRESSASTRONGEMOTIONAND“GOD”ISTHEMOSTINVIOLABLEOW

35、NERINTHEIRMINDSTHEYOFTENSAY“OH,MYGOD”PEOPLEOFTENUSEALLUSIONSFROMTHEBIBLEINBRITAIN,ITISNOTDIFFICULTFORTHEPEOPLETOKNOWTHEALLUSIONSHOWEVER,THECHINESEPEOPLEKNOWLESSABOUTTHEBIBLETHANTHEBRITISHSOITISNOTEASYFORTHEMTOHAVEACONSCIOUSNESSABOUTTHEALLUSIONFROMTHEBIBLEINCHINA,CONFUCIANISM,BUDDHISMANDTAOISMAREREGA

36、RDEDASTHEFIRSTTHREERELIGIONSTHESETHREERELIGIONSPLAYIMPORTANTROLESINCHINESECULTUREANDHAVEDEEPINFLUENCESONTHE10CHINESEPEOPLEHOWEVER,THEINFLUENCEISNOTASTHESAMEASTHATINBRITAININCHINESEPEOPLESVIEWS,THEMOSTPOWERFULISHEAVENCONFUCIANISMWASFORMEDBEFOREQINDYNASTY211206BCANDITWASCREATEDBYTHEGREATCHINESESCHOLAR

37、CONFUCIUSINFACT,ITISANACADEMICFAITHWITHMORALETHICALCOLORTHEFEUDALRULERSPROMOTEDCONFUCIANISMASATOOLOFRULING,WHILEPEOPLEREGARDEDCONFUCIUSASASAINTCONFUCIANISMFOCUSESONHUMANS,INCLUDINGHUMANPOSITION,PERSONALRELATIONSHIP,MORALITYANDHAPPINESSANDSOONITSBELIEFISTOREACHHARMONYANDUNITYOFTHEWORLDSOPEOPLEAREREQU

38、IREDTOBEMODEST,PEACEFUL,CAREFULANDFRUGAL,INSTEADOFBEINGGREEDYTHEYHAVETOCHASETHEHARMONYANDUNITYDURINGTHEHANDYNASTY206BC220ADANDTANGDYNASTY618907AD,BUDDHISMWASINTRODUCEDTOCHINABUDDHISMADVOCATESPEOPLETOGIVEUPALLDESIRESITPREACHESTHATIFPEOPLEDISCARDTHEILLUSIONSANDDOGOODTHINGS,THEYWOULDBEBUDDHASAFTERDEATH

39、BESIDES,TAOISMISANINDIGENOUSRELIGIONOFCHINAITSBELIEFISTHATPEOPLECANGOTOTHEHEAVENANDBELONGLIVEDTHROUGHSOMESPECIALPRACTICEBUTITSINFLUENCEISTHESMALLESTAMONGTHESETHREEITADVOCATESANESCAPEFROMSOCIALDUTIES,ANDANENJOYMENTOFFREEDOMANDPEACEINTHEACTIVITYOFBUSINESSCOMPETITION,THECHINESEUSUALLYSAY“道高一尺，魔高一丈”WHIC

40、HCANBETRANSLATEDINTO“WHILETHEPRIESTCLIMBSAFOOT,THEDEVILCLIMBSTEN”THEWORDSOF“PRIEST”AND“DEVIL”AREQUITEFAMILIARTOTARGETREADERS,ANDACHIEVETHETRANSFEROFCULTUREINTERMSOFRELIGION32DIFFERENTGEOGRAPHICALANDNATURALENVIRONMENTSDIFFERENTGEOGRAPHICALANDNATURALENVIRONMENTSALSOMAKECULTUREDIFFERENTPEOPLELIVINGINDI

41、FFERENTGEOGRAPHICALANDNATURALENVIRONMENTSHAVETHEIROWNWORDSTOEXPRESSALLKINDSOFTHINGSCULTUREISGEOGRAPHICALTHEUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELANDISANISLANDNATIONSURROUNDEDBYTHESEAITLIESINTHENORTHATLANTICOCEANOFFTHENORTHCOASTOFCONTINENTALEUROPEITISSEPARATEDFROMTHERESTOFEUROPEBYTHEENGLISHCHANNE

42、LINTHESOUTHANDTHENORTHSEAINTHEEASTITCOMPRISESTHEISLANDOFGREATBRITAINANDTHENORTHEASTERNONESIXTHOFTHEISLANDOFIRELAND,TOGETHERWITHMANYSMALLERISLANDSSOPEOPLEALWAYSHAVETHESPIRITOFADVENTUREANDITHASMARITIMECLIMATETHESEAFARINGANDTHERICEINDUSTRYAREWELLDEVELOPEDANDMANYENGLISHWORDSARERELATEDTOWATERORBOATSFOREX

43、AMPLE,TOSPENDMONEYLIKEWATER,TORESTONESOARS,TOBEALLATSEA,TOSINKORSWIM,TOSAILONESOWNBOAT,ETCCHINESEISANCESTRALHOMEINTHEASIANCONTINENTITSCULTUREISINEVITABLYAFFECTEDBY11NATURECHINASTRETCHESABOUT5,026KILOMETERSACROSSTHEEASTASIANLANDMASSTHEEASTOFTHECOUNTRY,WHOSESEACOASTISFRINGEDWITHOFFSHOREISLANDS,ISAREGI

44、ONOFFERTILELOWLANDS,FOOTHILLSANDMOUNTAINSTHEWESTOFCHINAISAREGIONOFSUNKENBASINS,ROLLINGPLATEAUSANDTOWERINGMASSIFS,INCLUDINGAPORTIONOFTHEHIGHESTTABLELANDTHEVASTNESSOFTHECOUNTRYANDTHEBARRENNESSOFTHEWESTERNHINTERLANDHAVEIMPORTANTIMPLICATIONSFORDEFENSESTRATEGYINSPITEOFMANYGOODHARBORSALONGTHEAPPROXIMATELY

45、18,000KILOMETERCOASTLINE,THECOUNTRYHASTRADITIONALLYORIENTEDITSELFNOTTOWARDTHESEABUTINLANDITISDEVELOPEDASANIMPERIALPOWERWHOSECENTERLAYINTHEMIDDLEANDLOWERREACHESOFTHEYELLOWRIVERONTHENORTHERNPLAINSSOTHEAGRICULTUREISTHEMAININDUSTRY,ESPECIALLYINANCIENTTIMESOTHEYAREMORECONSERVATIVEANDTHEREAREMORECHINESEWO

46、RDSRELATEDTOCULTIVATINGFOREXAMPLE,THEBRITISHCOMPANYOFCARUSES“ZEPHYR”ASTHETRADEMARKBUTTHETRANSLATION“西风”CANNOTLETCHINESEPEOPLEACCEPTANDUNDERSTANDTHECHINESEHASTHESAYING“东风送暖”,ASTHEWINDOFCHINAISFROMTHEEASTTHEREFORE，THECARTRADEMARKSHOULDBE“东风”RATHERTHAN“西风”IFTRANSLATEDINTOCHINESETHEMEANINGOFWORDSSOMETIM

47、ESCANBEDIFFERENTBECAUSEOFDIFFERENTGEOGRAPHICALANDNATURALENVIRONMENTSTRANSLATORSHAVETOCONSIDERTHISINTHEIRBUSINESSENGLISHTRANSLATIONWORK33DIFFERENTCUSTOMSANDHABITSTHECULTUREOFEACHPLACEISDIFFERENTASTHECUSTOMSANDHABITSAREONEASPECTOFTHECULTURE,THEYAREALSODIFFERENTINDIFFERENTPLACESASTOEATING,THECHINESELIK

48、ETOEATAROUNDTHETABLE,WHILETHEBRITISHPEOPLELIKETOEATTHEFOODWHICHISDISTRIBUTEDTOTHEMSOASNOTTOBOTHEROTHERSBRITAINISADEVELOPEDCOUNTRYSOTHEYCHASEFORTHESPEEDINBRITAIN,PRAISEISINCLUDEDINTHEIRTALKSWHENPRAISEDBYOTHERS,THECHINESEOFTENDENYTHEPRAISEANDSAY“NO,NOTGOODATALL”,ETCTHEBRITISHUSUALLYRESPOND“THANKYOUVER

49、YMUCH”ASTHEBRITISHTHINKTHATMARRIAGE,AGE,SALARYALLBELONGTOOTHERSPRIVACY,THEYSELDOMASKTHESEQUESTIONSHOWEVER,THECHINESEDONTTHINKSOTHEYOFTENASKTHEIRFRIENDSANDRELATIVESQUESTIONS,SUCHAS“HOWMUCHDOYOUEARNEACHMONTH”,“WHATSYOURJOB”INSTEAD,THEBRITISHPEOPLECHOOSETHECOMMONTOPICACCEPTABLETOALL,SUCHASTHEWEATHER,SPORTS,HOBBYANDNEWS,WHICHISNOTPRIVATEANDCANBREAKTHEICEATTHESAMETIMETHOSEDIFFERENCESCANBEEXPRESSEDINSOMEANIMALRELATEDVOCABULARYPHRASETHEBRITISHLOVEHORSES,HORSERIDING,HORSERACINGBRITISHCULTUREISTYPICALOFTHE“HORSECULTURE”ANDTHEENGLISH“ONTHEHORSE”MEANS“RICH”FOREXAMPLE,TALKHORSEBOASTINGGE