1、中国的法治建设 Chinas Efforts and Achievements in Promoting the Rule of Law前 言 Foreword一、建设社会主义法治国家的历史进程I. Historical Course of Building a Socialist Country under the Rule of Law二、中国特色的立法体制和法律体系II. Legislation and Legal System with Chinese Characteristics三、尊重和保障人权的法律制度 III. Legal Systems of Respecting and
2、Safeguarding Human Rights四、规范市场经济秩序的法律制度IV. Legal Systems Regulating the Order of the Market Economy五、依法行政与建设法治政府 V. Administration by Law and Building a Government under the Rule of Law六、司法制度与公正司法 VI. Judicial System and Fair Administration of Justice七、普法和法学教育 VII. Popularization and Education of t
3、he Law八、法治建设的国际交流与合作 VIII. International Exchange and Cooperation in Legal Construction结束语 Conclusion附录：中华人民共和国现行有效法律分类目录（229 件）Appendix: List of Current Effective Laws of the Peoples Republic of China (229)前 言 Foreword法治是政治文明发展到一定历史阶段的标志，凝结着人类智慧，为各国人民所向往和追求。The rule of law signifies that a politica
4、l civilization has developed to a certain historic stage. As the crystallization of human wisdom, it is desired and pursued by people of all countries.中国人民为争取民主、自由、平等，建设法治国家，进行了长期不懈的奋斗，深知法治的意义与价值，倍加珍惜自己的法治建设成果。The Chinese people have made protracted and unremitting struggles for democracy, freedom,
5、equality and the building of a country under the rule of law. They know well the significance and value of the rule of law, and thus cherish the fruits they have achieved in building China into a country under the rule of law.一国的法治总是由一国的国情和社会制度决定并与其相适应。依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，是中国人民的主张、理念，也是中国人民的实践。The rule
6、of law in a country is determined by and conforms to its national conditions and social system. To govern the country according to law and build a socialist country under the rule of law is the Chinese peoples demand, pursuit and practice.中国共产党领导中国人民成功地开辟了中国特色社会主义道路。在这条道路上，中国适应经The Communist Party o
7、f China (CPC) has led the Chinese people in successfully opening up the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Along this 济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设不断发展的客观要求，坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国有机统一，坚持以人为本，弘扬法治精神，树立民主法治、自由平等、公平正义理念，建立和完善中国特色社会主义法律体系，全面实施依法行政，深化司法体制改革，完善权力制约和监督机制，保障公民的合法权益，维护社会和谐稳定，不断推进各项工作法治化。road,
8、China, in line with the objective requirements arising in the course of continuous economic, political, cultural and social development, has upheld the organic unity of the CPCs leadership, the position of the people as masters of the country and law-based governance, stuck to the principle of peopl
9、e first, advocated the spirit of the rule of law, fostered the idea of democracy and rule of law, freedom and equality, fairness and justice, developed and improved the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, promoted the exercise of administrative functions in accordance with the law i
10、n all respects, deepened the reform of the judicial system, perfected the mechanism of restraint of and supervision over the use of power, guaranteed the citizens lawful rights and interests, maintained social harmony and stability, and continuously promoted institutionalization of all work.中国人民正在全面
11、落实依法治国基本方略，加快建设社会主义法治国家。这是一场由中国共产党领导的、13 亿中国人民共同参与的、史无前例的伟大社会实践。有着悠久历史和灿烂文明的中华民族，正在民主与法治的道路上阔步前进，努力开创人类政治文明发展的新境界。The Chinese people are comprehensively implementing the rule of law as a fundamental principle, and speeding up the building of a socialist country under the rule of law. This is a great
12、, unprecedented social practice involving 1.3 billion Chinese people under the leadership of the CPC. The Chinese nation, with a long history and splendid civilization, is striding ahead on the road of democracy and the rule of law, and opening up a new realm in the development of human political ci
13、vilization.一、建设社会主义法治国家的历史进程I. Historical Course of Building a Socialist Country under the Rule of Law中国是一个具有五千年文明史的古国，中华法系源远流长。早在公元前 21 世纪，中国就已经产生了奴隶制的习惯法。春秋战国时期（公元前 770 年公元前 221 年） ，中国开始制定成文法，出现了自成体系的成文法典。唐朝（618 年907 年）时，中国形成了较为完备的封建法典，并为以后历代封建王朝所传承和发展。中华法系成为世界独树一帜的法系，古老的中国为人类法制文明作出了重要贡献。China has
14、 a 5,000-year history of civilization. And the Chinese legal system goes back to ancient times. As early as in the 21st century BC, consuetudinary law appeared in Chinas slave society. In the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BC), written law was promulgated in China, and a syste
15、matic written code of laws appeared. In the Tang Dynasty (618-907), China had a fairly complete code of feudal laws, which was passed on and developed in the following feudal dynasties. The Chinese system of law emerged as a unique one in the world. Ancient China made significant contributions to th
16、e legal civilization of mankind.1840 年鸦片战争后，中国逐渐沦为半殖民地半封建的社会。为了改变国家和民族的苦难命运，一些仁人志士试图将近代西方国家的法治模式移植到中国，以实现变法图强的梦想。但由于各种历史原因，他们的努力最终归于失败。After the Opium War broke out in 1840, China was reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. To obliterate the sufferings of the country and rejuvenate the C
17、hinese nation, people with lofty ideals tried to transplant to China modes of the rule of law from modern Western countries, but failed for various historical reasons.在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民经过革命、建设、改革和发展，逐步走上了建设社会主义法治国家的道路。Under the leadership of the CPC, the Chinese people, after revolution, construction,
18、reform and development, gradually took the road of building a socialist country under the rule of law.1949 年中华人民共和国的建立，开启了中国法治建设的新纪元。从 1949 年到 20 世纪 50年代中期，是中国社会主义法制的初创时期。这一时期中国制定了具有临时宪法性质的中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领和其他一系列法律、法令，对巩固新生的共和国政权，维护社会秩序和恢复国民经济，起到了重要作用。1954 年第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议制定的中华人民共和国宪法 ，以及随后制定的有关法律，规定了
19、国家的政治制度、经济制度和公民的权利与自由，规范了国家机关的组织和职权，确立了国家法制的基本原则，初步奠定了中国法治建设的基础。20 世纪 50 年代后期以后，特别是“文化大革命”十年（1966 年1976 年）动乱，中国社会主义法制遭到严重破坏。The founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 ushered in a new era for Chinas promotion of the rule of law. The period from 1949 to the mid-1950s was the period when Ch
20、inas socialist legal system was first set up. In this period, China promulgated the Common Program of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference, in the character of an interim constitution, and some other laws and decrees, which played an important role in consolidating the new-born poli
21、tical power, maintaining social order and reviving the national economy. In 1954, at the First Session of the First National Peoples Congress (NPC), the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China was promulgated. The Constitution and other laws enacted later defined Chinas political and economic
22、systems, citizens rights and freedom, set the standards for the organizational structure, functions and powers of state organs, and established the basic principles for Chinas legal system, thus initially laying the foundation for the rule of law in China. From the late 1950s, and especially during
23、the chaotic period of the “cultural revolution“ (1966-1976), Chinas socialist legal system was severely damaged.20 世纪 70 年代末，中国共产党总结历史经验，特别是汲取“文化大革命”的惨痛教训，作出把国家工作中心转移到社会主义现代化建设上来的重大决策，实行改革开放政策，并明确了一At the end of the 1970s, the CPC, after summarizing historical experiences, and especially learning pa
24、inful lessons from the “cultural revolution,“ made an important decision to shift the focus of national work to socialist modernization, and adopted the policies of reform and opening-up. It also made clear the importance of the principle of governing the country 定要靠法制治理国家的原则。为了保障人民民主，必须加强社会主义法制，使民主
25、制度化、法律化，使这种制度和法律具有稳定性、连续性和权威性，使之不因领导人的改变而改变，不因领导人的看法和注意力的改变而改变，做到有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究，成为改革开放新时期法治建设的基本理念。在发展社会主义民主、健全社会主义法制的基本方针指引下，现行宪法以及刑法 、 刑事诉讼法、 民事诉讼法 、 民法通则 、行政诉讼法等一批基本法律出台，中国的法治建设进入了全新发展阶段。by law. To guarantee democracy for the people, it is necessary to strengthen the socialist legal system,
26、institutionalize democracy and make laws to ensure democracy. The goal was to make the system and laws stable, consistent and authoritative - not changing with changes of state leaders or state leaders opinions or attention - and achieve the goal of having laws to go by, laws that must be observed a
27、nd strictly enforced, and lawbreakers prosecuted. This was set up as the basic idea for the rule of law in the new era of reform and opening-up. Under the guidance of the basic principle of developing socialist democracy and improving the socialist legal system, China promulgated the present Constit
28、ution and basic laws, such as the Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, Civil Procedure Law, General Principles of the Civil Law and Administrative Procedure Law, ushering in a new development stage of the rule of law.20 世纪 90 年代，中国开始全面推进社会主义市场经济建设，由此进一步奠定了法治建设的经济基础，也对法治建设提出了更高的要求。1997 年召开的中国共产党第十五次
29、全国代表大会，将“依法治国”确立为治国基本方略，将“建设社会主义法治国家”确定为社会主义现代化的重要目标，并提出了建设中国特色社会主义法律体系的重大任务。1999 年，将“中华人民共和国实行依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家”载入宪法。中国的法治建设揭开了新篇章。In the 1990s, China started to promote the development of a socialist market economy in an all-round way, further laying the economic foundation and putting forward highe
30、r demands for the rule of law. In 1997, the 15th CPC National Congress decided to make “the rule of law“ a basic strategy and “building a socialist country under the rule of law“ an important goal for socialist modernization, and put forward the significant task of building a socialist legal system
31、with Chinese characteristics. In 1999, “the Peoples Republic of China exercises the rule of law, building a socialist country governed according to law“ was added to the Constitution, ushering in a new chapter in Chinas efforts to promote the rule of law.进入 21 世纪，中国的法治建设继续向前推进。2002 年召开的中国共产党第十六次全国代表
32、大会，将社会主义民主更加完善，社会主义法制更加完备，依法治国基本方略得到全面落实，作为全面建设小康社会的重要目标。2004 年，将“国家尊重和Entering the 21st century, China is continuing this undertaking. In 2002, the 16th CPC National Congress decided to take further improvement of the socialist democracy and socialist legal system, comprehensive implementation of t
33、he rule of law as important goals for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. In 2004, “the state respects and guarantees human rights“ was included in the Constitution. In 2007, the 17th CPC National 保障人权”载入宪法。2007 年召开的中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会，明确提出全面落实依法治国基本方略，加快建设社会主义法治国家，并对加强社会主义法治建设作出了全
34、面部署。Congress expressly called for comprehensively implementing the fundamental principle of rule of the country by law and speeding up the building of a socialist country under the rule of law, and made arrangements for strengthening the rule of law in an all-round way.中华人民共和国成立近 60年来，特别是改革开放 30 年来，
35、在建设中国特色社会主义的伟大实践中，中国的法治建设取得了巨大成就。Over almost six decades since its founding, especially during 30 years since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policies, China has made tremendous achievements in promoting the rule of law in its great task of building socialism with Chinese characteristi
36、cs.确立了依法治国基本方略。实行依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，成为国家基本方略和全社会共识。以依法治国为核心内容、以执法为民为本质要求、以公平正义为价值追求、以服务大局为重要使命、以中国共产党的领导为根本保证的社会主义法治理念逐步确立。全社会法律意识和法治观念普遍增强，自觉学法守法用法的社会氛围正在形成。- The rule of law has been established as a fundamental principle. It is a fundamental state principle as well as the common understanding of all
37、 sectors of society to govern the country according to law and build a socialist country under the rule of law. Moreover, the socialist idea of the rule of law has been gradually established, with the rule of law at the core, law enforcement for the people as an essential requirement, fairness and j
38、ustice as a value to be pursued, serving the overall interests as an important mission, and with the leadership of the CPC as a fundamental guarantee. The awareness of law and the rule of law has been generally strengthened in all sectors of society, and a social atmosphere of consciously learning,
39、observing and employing law is coming into being.中国共产党依法执政能力显著增强。中国共产党不断增强科学执政、民主执政、依法执政的自觉性和坚定性。中国共产党领导人民制定宪法和法律，同时以宪法为根本的活动准则，在宪法和法律的范围内活动，坚持宪法和法律至上，带头维护宪法和法律的权威，最广泛地动员和组织人民依法管理国家事务和社会事务、管理经济和文化事业。通过领导立法、带头守法、保证执法，中国共产党执政地位不断巩固。- The CPC has markedly improved its governance capability. The Party h
40、as constantly enhanced its consciousness and firmness in governing the country in a scientific and democratic way, and by law. It has led the people in making the Constitution and laws. Meanwhile, it has carried out activities within the scope prescribed by the Constitution and the law, with the Con
41、stitution as the fundamental criterion; it upholds the Constitution and persists in the rule of law, and takes the lead in safeguarding the authority of the Constitution and the law; and it has mobilized and organized the people to the maximum extent to manage state and social affairs, the economy a
42、nd cultural undertakings. By leading the people in making and abiding by laws and guaranteeing law enforcement, the Party has continuously consolidated its ruling position.以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系基本形成。在现行宪法基础上，制定并完善了一大批法律、行政法规、地方性法规、自治条例和单行条例，法律体系日趋完备，国家经济、政治、文化和社会生活的各个方面基本实现了有法可依。立法的科学化、民主化水平和立法质量不断提高，法
43、律在促进经济社会发展、维护社会公平正义、保障人民各项权利、确保国家权力正确行使等方面的作用不断增强。- A Constitution-centered socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics has basically taken shape. On the basis of the present Constitution, the state has enacted and improved a large number of laws, administrative regulations, local regulation
44、s, autonomous regulations, and separate regulations, making the legal system more complete and providing the state with laws to go by in economic, political and cultural sectors, as well as in social life. Legislation has become more scientific and democratic, and its quality has been improved. Laws
45、 now play an increasingly greater role in promoting economic and social development, ensuring social fairness and justice, and guaranteeing the peoples rights and the proper exercise of the state power.人权得到可靠的法制保障。在通过经济社会发展改善人民的生存权和发展权的同时，国家高度重视通过宪法和法律保障公民的基本权利和自由。依法保证全体社会成员平等参与、平等发展的权利。随着法律规定、司法体制、
46、维护权益机制的不断完善，人权在立法、执法、司法等各个环节得到了更加充分的保障，人权事业全面发展，公民的政治、经济、社会、文化权利得到切实尊重和全面保障。- Human rights are under reliable legal protection. While improving the peoples rights to subsistence and development through economic and social development, the state attaches great importance to protecting citizens basic
47、rights and freedom in accordance with the Constitution and the law. It protects in accordance with the law the right of all members of society to equal participation and development. With the continuous improvement of laws, regulations, the judicial system and the mechanism for safeguarding rights a
48、nd interests, human rights have been better guaranteed in legislation, law enforcement, the judiciary and other aspects. The undertaking to protect human rights has been developing in a sound way, and citizens political, economic, social and cultural rights are now fully respected and guaranteed in
49、all aspects.促进经济发展与社会和谐的法治环境不断改善。按照建立社会主义市场经济的要求，加强经济立法，完善宏观调控，依法禁止任何组织或个人扰乱社会经济秩序。中国建立健全了一系列促进经济发展、维护市场秩序、实现社会公平正义的法律和制度，初步建立了社会主义市场经济的法律制度，以社会保险、社会救助、社会福利为基础，以基本养老、基本医疗、最低生活保障制- The environment for the rule of law, which promotes economic development and social harmony, has been constantly improved. In response to the demands of building a socialist market economy, the state has been strengthening economic legislation and improving macro-control. It prohibits any organization or individual from disrupting the economic and social order
