1、学术英语理工 2013-2014-21Unit 4 Writing a Literature ReviewI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit, you will learn how to:1.write a self-contained literature review2.write a literature review as a part of an essay3.cite sources by correct quotation and paragraphs4.give the appropriate documentation to the sour
2、ce you use5.avoid different kinds of plagiarism6.identify common knowledge7.acquire paraphrasing skills8.enhance language skills related with reading and listening material presented in this unitII. Teaching Procedures1 Writing a literature review Task 1 1 The four articles were published right afte
3、r the Fukushima disaster in Japan and all addressed the topic of potential risks of nuclear radiation. 2 Radiation is not so terrible as expected and human beings are exposed to different sources of radiation every day. Whether it will endanger human health or not depends on the duration and strengt
4、h of radiation exposure. 3 Amber Cornelio holds a different attitude from the other three authors. He believes that radiation exposure will certainly raise the risk of getting cancer and government officials downplay its potential danger to justify its use of nuclear power. 4 Answers may vary. 5 It
5、seems that Text 11, 12, 14 provide more scientific facts about nuclear radiation than Text 13 which is more emotionally charged by using many rhetorical questions and phrases like “I am simply floored”, “let officials be oblivious”, “not to be outdone”, “Do not tell us about that”. Hence it appears
6、less reliable and trustworthy. Task 2 Compared with uranium which the production of conventional nuclear power needs, there is more lithium in the sea water which can support 30 million years fusion fuel. Task 3 学术英语理工 2013-2014-221 Review the previous related studies 2 State the previous studies li
7、mitation 3 Announce the direction for further studies 2 Writing a self-contained literature review Task 1 1 Stigmatization, a kind of social rejection, is big challenge to the mentally ill. They are rejected by people because of the label they carry or that their behaviors indicate that they belong
8、to a certain labeled group. 2 To report the past studies of the topic. Studies have proved that stigmatization of the mentally ill is caused by the publics belief in myths about the dangerousness of the mentally ill and exposing those myths can reduce stigmatization. 3 Three articles. 4 Pescosolido
9、2) radioactive waste, if properly handled, causes negligible damage; 3) other radiation problems, such as accidents in transportation or radon exposures in mining, are also not so threatening as they seem to be. In summary he believes that radiation due to nuclear power will cause much fewer cancers
10、 and deaths than coal burning. (130 words) Text 12 Title: How Radiation Threatens Health Author(s): Nina Bai Source: Scientific American Summary: Nina Bai addresses the widespread concerns over the health effects of radiation exposure in the wake of Fukushima nuclear crisis. She discusses three dete
11、rminative factors: the 学术英语理工 2013-2014-23level, type and duration of radiation exposure. First, radiation sickness usually occurs when there is excessive dose of exposure, though the limits of radiation level differ for the general public, radiation workers, and patients going through medical radia
12、tion. Second, of the four types of ionizing radiation, gamma, X-ray, alpha, and beta, the latter two, albeit being lower energy, are more likely to cause health damage. Third, a very high single dose of radiation can be more harmful than the same dosage accumulated over time. Finally, Bai draws on t
13、he lesson of Chernobyl, and concludes radiation exposure within reasonable limit is not so fearful and it is good to exercise caution. (136 words) Text 13 Title: Should Nuclear Radiation Found in Domestic Milk Come as a Surprise? Author(s): Amber Cornelio Source: http:/www. Summary: Amber Cornelio
14、(2011) maintains that radiation from Japans Fukushima disaster has threatened the daily life of ordinary Americans. He challenges the governments view that radioactive materials detected in domestic milk, vegetables and rainwater will pose no public health concern. He suspects that the government is
15、 downplaying the potential dangers of radiation to justify its use of nuclear power. He believes the government has failed to do the job of protecting people. In the end, he urges the government to be more responsible and stop building power plants on a faulty line. He warns that covering up the fac
16、ts is not the key to avoid similar disasters in the future. (108 words) 66 Text 14 Title: Radiation and Health: The Aftershocks of Japans Nuclear Disaster Author(s): Susan Blumenthal Source: http:/www. Summary: Susan Blumenthal (2011) aims to inform people of nuclear radiation with scientific facts
17、. She starts the essay with a reference to the worldwide spread of fear in the wake of Fukushima disaster and then explains what radiation is. The explanation is followed by a report of different types of radioactive materials released into the air. She goes on to tell that an exposure tothose mater
18、ials will increase the risks of some major diseases. However, she concedes radiation is not so menacing as was assumed and humans are exposed to naturally occurring radiation every day. Whether radiation is harmful to health or not depends on two contexts: the duration and strength of the exposure.
19、She warns that exposure to high doses of radiation can lead to acute health problems. Long-term low dose exposure to radiation is equally fatal. (137words) Task 3 The release of substantial amounts of radiation into the atmosphere from Fukushima nuclear plant has triggered widespread concerns over t
20、he use of nuclear power and the health effects of radiation exposure. Since the Chernobyl disaster, especially the Fukushima nuclear crisis, many scientists and scholars have attempted to estimate the effect of nuclear radiation on human health. Cohen (2011) believes the fear that nuclear radiation
21、will cause a cancer or other genetic diseases is unnecessary. He made a detailed analysis of the effects of accidents in nuclear power plants, 学术英语理工 2013-2014-24accidents in transporting radioactive materials and escape of radioactive wastes from confinement systems on human health by comparing the
22、 effects of coal burning. Cohen arrived at the following conclusions: nuclear radiation, if properly handled, causes negligible damage and much fewer deaths than coal burning. Cohens idea is shared by Bai (2011). Bai discussed three determinative factors: the level, type and duration of radiation ex
23、posure. She found that radiation sickness usually occurs only when there is excessive dose of exposure. Second, of the four types of ionizing radiation, gamma, X-ray, alpha, and beta, the latter two are more likely to cause health damage. Third, a very high single dose of radiation can be more harmf
24、ul than the same dosage accumulated over time. Bai concluded that radiation exposure within reasonable limit is not so fearful and it is good to exercise caution. Blumenthal (2011) did similar research. She examined different types of radioactive materials released into the air. She found that an ex
25、posure to those materials would increase the risks of some major diseases. However, the radiation is not somenacing as was assumed as humans are exposed to naturally occurring radiation every day. She believes that whether radiation is harmful to health or not depends on two contexts: the duration a
26、nd strength of the exposure. Only exposure to high doses of radiation or long-term low dose exposure could lead to acute health problems. Contrary to the three scholars, however, Cornelio (2011) maintained that radiation from Japans Fukushima disaster threatened the daily life of ordinary Americans.
27、 He challenges the governments view that radioactive materials detected in domestic milk, vegetables and rainwater will pose no public health concern. He suspects that the government is downplaying the potential dangers of radiation to justify its use of nuclear power. Hence he urges the government
28、to be more responsible and stop building power plants on a faulty line. 3 Writing a literature review as a part of an essay Task 1 1 Content-based instruction (CBI) is an alternative approach to teaching English. In such an approach, language teaching is integrated within discipline-specific content
29、 courses. The major goal is to equip students with academic literacy skills across the curriculum. CBI has gained wide acceptance in U.S. undergraduate institutions. 2 Numerous research studies demonstrate consistently that content-based second language teaching promotes both language acquisition an
30、d academic success. 3 More than 10 articles. 4 The literature on CBI has focused mainly on its most immediate effects, i.e., the outcomes of one or two semesters in which content-based instruction was provided. Studies on the sustained or long-term benefits of content-based language instruction are
31、scarce. 5 The writer plans to study how will CBI impact students future performance both in terms of academic courses and English proficiency. Task 2 Nuclear Radiation and Its Long-Term Health EffectThere is a constant controversy as to the application of nuclear power and risks from nuclear radiati
32、on ever since the Chernobyl disaster. Especially the release of substantial amounts of 学术英语理工 2013-2014-25radiation into the atmosphere from Japans Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2010 has triggered the widespread fear and concerns over risks of radiation leaks, radiation exposure, and thei
33、r impact on peoples health. The commonsensical and intuitive response of the public is that nuclear radiation is most likely to cause a cancer or genetic diseases. Many researchers, however, assured the public that there is no substantial danger as assumed, and nuclear power is not as fearful or men
34、acing as it seems to be. Cohen (2011), Blumenthal (2011) and Bai (2011), for example, cited numerical evidence and resorted to scientific facts to illustrate that a certain level of nuclear radiation risks wont pose real danger if handled properly with the current technology available or by followin
35、g the prescribed rules. They do admit the possibility of radiation initiating certain kinds of diseases, though. Only exposure to high doses of radiation or long-term low dose exposure could lead to acute health problems (Bai 2011). Nevertheless, not everyone agrees. Cornelio (2011), on the other ha
36、nd, holds that nuclear radiation is most likely to threaten peoples health by contaminating milk, vegetables, and rainwater. The literature on the relationship between radiation and health largely focused on the manageability of nuclear risks and played down the damage that nuclear radiation is like
37、ly to cause. The researches generally took a detour as to whether there is any solid evidence to bear out the long-term health impact of nuclear radiation. There needs to be more well-grounded studies on the correlation between radiation and health, and on the possible long-term health effects in or
38、der to address the concerns of the general public. Besides, we also need to answer questions like “Why is there a disparity between the commonsensical feeling of the public and the explication offered by experts concerning nuclear radiation and health?”, “Are scientists biased and use the facts and
39、statistics to their favor?” and “Is there a long-term negative health impact if one takes moderate doses of nuclear contaminated food over a long period?” Task 3 Answers may vary. Task 4 Answers may vary. 4 Citation Task 1 Order Name and date Quotation Paraphrase1 Newell and Simon (1972) 2 Feigenbau
40、m and Feldman (1963) 3 Polya (1945) 4 Minsky (1968) Task 2 Technology plays an ever important role in the making discoveries. Throughout scientific history, many discoveries have been made because of the application of more sophisticated devises and equipment. For example, Galileos great discovery w
41、as attributed to the improvement 学术英语理工 2013-2014-26of machinery for making telescopes. And thanks to the Deep See Explorer II, life forms are nowknown to exist in the deeper parts of the Pacific Ocean despite the great pressure, a fact which defies the previous opinion that there was no life at the
42、 extreme depth. (Jones, 2001:125) Task 3 Human activities are chiefly responsible for climate change. Despite the dispute as to whether global warming is caused by human activities (McGuire, 2001), carbon dioxide has been proved the major factor for climate change. Carbon dioxide will form a thick g
43、as layer as it is constantly building up in the atmosphere. The gas layer is the killer of the ozone layerthe layer which protects the Earth from harmful radiation, thus causing global warming. It is documented that carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted in a number of ways, among which the burning of foss
44、il fuel can obviously release a great amount of CO2 into the atmosphere (Dalleva, 2007). Another way is deforestation, such as the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. According to Border (2011) 15 to 20% of total carbon dioxide emissions is attributed to land use changes. 5 Doc
45、umentation 6 Avoiding plagiarism Task 1 Answers may vary. Task 2 1 The sun rises in the east. (CK) 2 Paris is the capital of France. (CK) 3 Fudan is one of the best universities in China. (not CK) 4 Shanghai students speak better English than Sichuan Students because of less accent. (not CK) 5 Chine
46、se college students are mostly scientific illiterate. (not CK) 6 There are 1.3 billion residents in China in 2011. (CK) 7 One can never judge a person by his appearance. (CK) Task 3 1: a) lacks both the inside acknowledgement and the reference. 2: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement. 3: a) fails to
47、use the quotation mark when it uses the exact words of the original. 4: a) lacks both the inside acknowledgement and the reference. 5: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement. 6: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement. 7: a) doesnt use the quotation mark when it uses the exact words of the original. 8: a)
48、lacks the inside acknowledgement. 学术英语理工 2013-2014-277 Paraphrasing Task 1 1: a) 2: b) Task 2 3 Instructivists hold that the “real world”, external to individuals, can be represented as knowledge and determines what will be understood by individuals. This view has been shifting to a constructivist v
49、iew over the past decade (Merrinboer, 1997). 4 Two components must be present in an instructional design theory. The first component (methods) describes how human learning will be supported, and the second component (situation) describes when certain methods ought to be used (Reigeluth, 1999). 5 According to Heimlich (1992), man has always had an interest in the environment both as a source of raw materials and as a refuge for the human spirit. Nowadays, the two main environmental interest
