1、一： Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM) （ 电子测距仪 ） The Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM) was first introduced in 1950s by the founders of Geodimeter Inc.（电子测距仪的概念是由 Geodimeter【 光电测距仪 商标名】公司的创始人在 20世纪 50年代引入的。） The advent of EDM instrument has completely revolutionized all surveying procedures, res
2、ulting in a change of emphasis and techniques.（ EDM 测量手段的出现【 advent】是对所有测量手段的完全的革命，导致了 侧重点 和 技术的改变。 ） Distance can now be measured easily, quickly and with great accuracy, regardless of terrain conditions.（现在距离可以被很容易、快速和精确的测量 ，而又不受地形【 terrain】影响。） EDM instruments refer to the distance measurement eq
3、uipments using light and radio waves.EDM 是利用光波和无线电波测距的设备 Both light waves and radio waves are electromagnetic.（光波和无线电波都是电磁波【 electromagnetic 电磁的】） They have identical velocities in a vacuum (or space) to 299,792.458 0.001km/sec. （它们在真空中都有一样的速度 299,792.458 0.001km/sec） These velocities, which are aff
4、ected by the airs density, are reduced and need to be recalculated in the atmosphere.（ 由于会受到空气密度的影响而降低， 它们的速度，在大气中需要重新计算） The basic principle of EDM instruments is that distance equals time multiplied by velocity. （ EDM 的基本原理是距离等于时间乘速度） Thus if the velocity of a radio or light wave and time required
5、 for it to go from one point to another are known, the distance between the two points can be calculated .（这样，如果无线电波或光波的速度和其从一点到另一点所需的时间已知了，两点之间的距离就可以计算出来） The EDM instruments may be classified according to the type and wavelength of the electromagnetic energy generated or according to their operati
6、onal range.（可以依照 电磁波产生【 generate】的类型和波长或根据它们的运作范围给 EDM 分类。） EDM instruments use three different wavelength bands: (1)Microwave systems with range up to 150km, wave length 3 cm, not limited to line of sight and unaffected by visibility; (2)Light wave systems with range up to 5 km (for small machines)
7、, visible light, lasers and distance reduced by visibility; (3)Infrared systems with range up to 3 km, limited to line of sight and limited by rain, fog, other airborne particles.（ EDM 使用三种不同波长的波段： (1)微波系统【波段】，其测距范围达 150km，波长 3cm，不受限于视线范围，也不受可见度的影响； (2)可见光波段，有效范围 5km（小型仪器），可见光、激光 【 laser】 ，其距离受可见度的影
8、响会降低； (3)红外线【 Infrared】波段，测程 3km，受限于视线范围 ，雨、雾和其他大气尘 ） Although there is a wide variety of EDM instruments available with different wavelengths, there are basically only two methods of measurement employed which may divide the instruments into two classification as electro -optical (light waves) and
9、microwaves (radio waves) instruments.（尽管 有 不同 波长 的 EDM， 但 基本上只有两种测量方法在使用，可以将其分为光电测距仪和微波测距仪） These two basic methods are namely the pulse method and more popular phase different method.（这两种基本方法即脉冲【 pulse】法和更流行的相位【 phase different 相位的不同】法） They function by sending light waves or microwaves along the p
10、ath to be measured and measuring the time differences between transmitted and received signals, or in measuring the phase differences between transmitted and received signals in returning the reflecting light wave to source. （ 这两种仪器 沿着要测的路径发射光波或微波， 通过测出发射和收到反射信号之间的时间 差 或者 相 差【 phase differences】来运行）
11、 Modern EDM instruments are fully automatic to such an extent that, after the instruments, set up on one station, emits a modulated light beam to a passive reflector set up on the other end of the line to be measured. The operator need only depress a button, and the slope distance is automatically d
12、isplayed.（现代的 EDM 全自动化到这样的程度【 to such an extent that到这样的程度】 在站点 上 安置 仪器 ，发射 【 emit】 一束 【 beam】 已调制【 modulated已调制的】的光束到 需测距离线的另一边安置好的反射 棱镜 【 passive reflector】 上后 ， 操作者仅仅需要按一个键，斜距就 会 自动显示出来。） More complete EDM instruments also have the capability of measuring horizontal and vertical or zenith angles
13、as well as the slope distance. （ 除了测量斜距， 功能更完备的 EDM 还具有测水平角、竖直角和天顶角的功能） These instruments referred to as total station instruments. （这种仪器 就是 全站仪） 二： As we mentioned above, a closed traverse provides checks on the measured angles and distances.（如上所述，闭 合导线 【 traverse】 可以提供角度和距离的检核） For example, the ge
14、ometric sum of the interior angles in an n-side closed figure should be (n-2) 180 , but due to systematic and random errors of the measurements, when all the interior angles of a closed traverse are summed, they may or may not total the number of degrees required for geometric closure.（例如，在一个 n边闭合图形
15、当中，内角【 interior angle】和【 geometric 几何的 可不翻译】应该是： (n-2) 180，但是由于测量中系统误差和偶然误差的存在，当闭合导线所有的内角加起来后，其角度和可能等于或不等于其几何理论闭合差值） The difference between the geometric sum and actual field sum of the interior angles is called angular closure.（内角和的理论值和实际值的差值被称为角度闭合差【 angular关于角的】【 closure 闭合度】） The total error of
16、angular closure should be distributed evenly to each angle (if all angles were measured with the same precision) before mathematical analysis of the traverse.（在导线进行数学分析【即导线计算】之前，角度闭合差应该平均分配【 distribute 分配】到每个角上（如果所有的角都是相同观测精度） The important point before doing this is that the overall angular closure
17、 cant be beyond the survey specifications.（ 平差前很重要的一点是 ，所有的闭合差都不得超过测量规范【 specification规范】） Closed traverses provide also checks on the measured distances, and the position closure can be determined mathematically, which means that an indication of the consistency of measuring distances as well as an
18、gles should be given to a traverse that closes on itself.（闭合导线同时提供测量过的距离的检核，位置的闭合差可以计算得到，这就意味着测量的距离同测角一样，应当予以闭合【像上面角度那样 traverse 为什么不翻译？】【 consistency 一致性】） Theoretically this position closure from the origin back to itself should be zero.（理论上，从起点闭合到它自己，位置的闭合差应该是 0） But the Errors in the measured di
19、stances and angles of the traverses, however, will tend to alter the shape of the traverse, therefore we should compute the algebraic sum of the latitudes and algebraic sum of the departures, and compare them with the fixed latitude and departure of a straight line from the origin to the closing poi
20、nt.（但是距离和角度的测量误差，会改变导线的形状，因此我们应当分别计算纵距【 latitude 纵距】与横距【 departure】的代数【 algebraic 代数的】和，然后与从起点到终点的连线的确定的【 fixed】纵距与横距相比较） By definition, latitude here is the north/south rectangular component of a line and departure is the east/west rectangular component of a line.（ 准确地 说【 definition定义】，这里的纵距就是指一条直线
21、的直角坐标的【 rectangular 矩形的、直接坐标的】南北分量【 component 分量】，横距【 departure】就是指一条直线的直角坐标的东西分量） To differentiate direction, north is considered plus, whereas south is considered minus. （对于不同的方向来说，北方向为正，南方向为负） Similarly, east is considered plus, whereas west is considered minus.（同样的，东为正，西为负） Then the discrepancy
22、should be adjusted by apportioning the closure both in latitudes and in departures on a reasonable basis.（然后 将 差值【 discrepancy】 以合理的原则【 basis原则】进行调整【平差】 【 by】分配【 apportion分配 v.】闭合差到纵距和横距上去） The adjusted position of each traverse point is determined with respect to some origin.（ 每一个导线点的位置调整是根据来源来定的）
23、This position is defined by its Y coordinates and its X coordinates with respect to a plane rectangular coordinate system in which the Y axis is assumed north-south whereas the X axis east-west.（其位置由平面直角坐标系的 Y 坐标和 X坐标来定义， Y 轴代表【 assume 担任】南北方向，而 X轴代表东西方向） 三： Trigonometric Leveling（三角高程测量） Trigonomet
24、ric leveling is used where difficult terrain, such as mountainous areas, precludes the use of conventional differential leveling.（三角高程测量适用于困难地形，例如在山区，不能【 preclude 排除 v.】使用常规的【 conventional】微差水准测量。） The modern approach is to measure the slope distance and vertical angle to the point in question.（现代的三
25、角高程测量方法是 测量到未知点的斜距和垂直角） Slope distance is measured using electromagnetic distance measurers and the vertical (or zenith) angle using a theodolite, or the total station that integrate these two instruments into a single instrument.（斜距由电磁波测距仪【 measurer 测量器】测得，垂直角（或天顶距）由经纬仪 【 theodolite】测得，或者利用整合了这两种仪器
26、为一体的全站仪来测） Total stations contain built-in microprocessors that calculate and display the horizontal distance from the measured slope distance and vertical height.（全站仪包含了内置的【 built-in内置的】微处理器，用来计算和显示由 测得的斜距和垂直角 得到的 水平距离） This latter facility has resulted in trigonometrical leveling being used for a
27、wide variety of heighting procedures, including contouring.（这种后来的设备 使 三角高程测量被广泛用于 包括测绘等高线【 contour等高线】的 多种高度测量工作， The basic concept of trigonometrical leveling can be seen from Figure 2.（三角高程测量的基本原理可以 从 图 2看明白 ） When measuring the vertical angle and the horizontal distance S is used, then the differ
28、ence in elevation hAB between ground points A and B is therefore:（当我们用 和 S 分别表示垂直角和水平距离时， A 点和 B 点之间的高差为：） hAB=Stan+i v where i is the vertical height of the measuring center of the instrument above A and v is the vertical height of the center of the target above B.（ i 是 A 点上仪器中心的高度， v 是 B点上目标中心的垂直高
29、度） The vertical angles are positive for angles of elevation and negative for angles of depression.（垂直角为仰角【 elevation 仰角】时为正，俯角【 depression俯角】时为负） The zenith angles are always positive, but naturally when greater than 90 they will produce a negative result. （天顶距总是正的，但是自然的当超过了 90时，它们将产生一个相反的结果【指的是相对于地
30、平线来说】） Trigonometrical leveling method of determining difference in elevation is limited to horizontal distance less than 300 m when moderate precision is sufficient, and to proportionately shorter distances as high precision is desired.（普通【 moderate】精度要求下，三角高程测量方法测高差水平距离不能超过 300m，如果要求 更 高的精度，则要相应【
31、proportionately 相应地】缩短距离。） For the distance beyond 300 m the effects of curvature and refraction must be considered and applied.（因为超过 300m 时，地球曲率【 curvature】 和折光 【 refraction】 影响必需考虑 并进行改正 ） To eliminate the uncertainty in the curvature and refraction correction, vertical-angle observations are made
32、 at both ends of the line as close in point of time as possible.（为了消除【 eliminate 消除】地球曲率和折光改正【 correction修正、改正】的不确定因素，垂直角观测时应采用在观测方向两端尽量同时【 as close in point of time as possible】相向观测的方法。） This pair of observations is termed reciprocal vertical-angle observation.（这种观测称为【 is termed】垂直角对向观测【 reciprocal
33、 observation 对向观测】） The correct difference in elevation between the two ends of the line is the mean of the two values computed both ways either with or without taking into account curvature and refraction（线两端正确的高程之差是计算得到的两高程值的平均值，不管 是否 考虑 了 球气差 .） The important notes should be mentioned here is tha
34、t surveyors used to working with spirit levels have referenced orthometric heights (H) to the average surface of the earth, as depicted by MSL.（这里需要注意的是，测量者在水准测量工作中使用的是参考地球 平均 表面的 正高 【 orthometric heights】 ，这个平均表面 称为 【 depicted】 MSL） However, the elevation coordinate (h) given by GPS solutions refer
35、s to the height from the surface of the ellipsoid to the ground station.（然而， GPS 方法给出的是地球椭球面到地面站【 ground station】的大地高【其实大地高的英文名字应该是： geodetic height，或 ellipsoidal height，但这里讲的就是大地高，直接译为大地高】） 四： Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪 ） A late 1980s adaption of the total station is the addition of servo motors
36、 to drive both the horizontal and the vertical motions of these instruments.（ 80年代末，全站仪 的 改进是加入 了 伺服【 servo】电动机【 motor】，用以驱动仪器的水平和垂直移动） For all the complex electronics inside a robotic total station, the motion is still provided by simple servo motors with a reduction gear system.（ 智能型全站仪内所有的复杂的电子元件
37、的活动仍然是由带有一个变速【 reduction变速、减速】齿轮系统的 简单 伺服电动机 带动的） The end result must be light weight, durable and fast and have sub-second positioning accuracy.（最终结果 必定是，质量轻，耐用的和快速的、有着亚秒级定位精度的仪器 ） When those total stations have been designed with automatic target recognition (ATR) function, they allow the user to
38、automatically track, measure and record targets.（当带有自动目标识别功能【 automatic target recognition】的全站仪被设计出后，自动跟踪【 track】、测量和记录目标 的功能才 得以实现。） Current technology provides robotic (motorized) total stations that are able to measure angles with an accuracy of 0.5and distances with an accuracy of 1mm+1ppm to a
39、range of 3500m.（当前的技术能够使智能型全站仪在3500m 的范围内的测角精度达到 0.5，测距精度达到 1mm+1ppm） Latest models are capable of searching automatically for targets and then locking onto them precisely, turning angles automatically to designated points using the uploaded coordinates of those points, repeating angles by automatic
40、ally double-centering, and even equipped with automatic data transfer systems.（最 新 的样式可以自动搜寻目标并将其精确锁定， 利用上载的【 uploaded】这些点的坐标 自动转角到指定【 designated】点， 并 通过自动两次置中复测角度，甚至装备了自动数据转换系统） These instruments, when combined with a remote controller held by the prism surveyor, enable the survey to p roceed with
41、a reduced need for personnel.（ 当这种仪器 与一个可被持镜【 prism 棱镜】测量者持有的遥控装置【 remote controller 遥控装置】结合后，测量工作就可以减少人员【 personnel人员 n.】的需要） All these characteristics make the robotic total stations very useful for geomatics engineering tasks. （这些特性使得智能型全站仪在测绘工程任务当中非常有用） Using a robotic total station with ATR, fi
42、rst, the telescope must be pointed roughly at the target prismeither manually or under software controland then the instrument does the rest.（使用带有 ATR的智能型全站仪时，首先，望远镜必需大致地【 roughly 粗略地】照准目标棱镜 手动 【 manually 用手 adv.】或者软件控制 然后剩下 的就交给仪器去 完成 了） The ATR module is a digital camera that notes the offset of t
43、he reflected laser beam, permitting the instrument then to move automatically until the cross hairs have electronically set on the point precisely.（ ATR模块是一个数字照相机，可以记录【 note】反射激光束的偏移量【 offset】，使得【 permit使 有可能】仪器能够自动移动【转动】，直至十字丝电子的调整到正好照准那个点） After the point has been precisely sighted, the instrument
44、 can then read and record the angle and distance.（当该点被正好看到 ，仪器就可以读出并记录角度和距离） Reports indicate that the time required this process is only one-third to one-half of the time required to obtain the same results by conventional total station techniques. （有报告指出，该过程所需时间仅是使用常规【 conventional】全站仪获得同样结果所需时间的一
45、半或三分之一） With the proper ATR-based instrument Leica TCA2003, the surveyor will be able to handle new applications and address existing jobs with a different spin.（利用基于 ATR 的 Leica TCA2003，测量者 可以从事新的工作）【 application应用】，也可以以不同的方式【 spin方式】从事【 address 从事 v.】现有的工作） Because of the co-axial target detection
46、 system and the use of conventional EDM prisms, daily operation will remain unchanged. What will change is the speed with which data is collected.（因为同轴【 co-axial】目标探测【 detection】系统和常规 EDM 棱镜的使用，例行的【 daily 日常的、例行的】操作 仍 没有 改 变 ，改变的是数据采集的速度） Topographical surveys are automated by putting the TCA in Aut
47、o-record modethe instrument follows the rod person and automatically records a point at specified distances, time intervals, or whenever the rod is held steady for more than a certain time.（地形测量 【 Topographical surveys】 自动化，将 TCA 设置为自动记录模式 仪器跟踪持镜人 【 rod person】 并按指定的【 specified】距离、 时间间隔 【 intervals】
48、或者当棱镜保持不动超过一定时间就自动记录） Take advantage of the measuring speed and have multiple rod people on larger jobs.（在大型项目中，利用测量的速度和复合棱镜 ） The TCA2003 can even turn sets of angles while the user prepares for the next traverse point. （当使用者为下个导线点作准备时， TCA2003 可以连贯地【 even】转过若干组角度） Take automation a step further an
49、d do some no-man surveying. Robotic total stations are already being used in hazardous areas to provide continuous monitoring of structures or processes.（将自动化更进一步，用于一些 无人 测量工作。智能型全站仪已经被应用于危险领域，用来提供对建筑 物或活动的持续的监测） Certain sites link measurement systems with civil defense agencies and law enforcement groups.（某些【 Certain】场合【 site】下将测量系统与民防机构和执法【 law enforcement】团体联系起来） An offspring of no-man surveying is machine guidance.（无人测量的一个产物【 offspring】 是机械的导向。） TCAs guide road headers, tunneling moles and paving mac
