1、1跨文化交际期末复习Unit1Term interpretationEconomic globalization 经济全球化The integration of national economics of national economics into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of the technology.Barter System 物物交换Farming communities traded t
2、heir surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of moneyGlobal Village 地球村All the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.Melting pot 大熔炉To assimilate the cultures of different backgroundsCult
3、ural Diversity 文化多样性Countries have been mixed instead of assimilateBrief Answer1.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?1)convenient transportation systems2)Innovative communication systems3)Economic globalization4)widespread migration2.What are the three aspects
4、 where the cultural differences exist?(选择)1)verbal difference; language, thought patterns2)Non-verbal communication; body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage3)values; world views, beliefs, attitudesUnit 1 后半Term interpretationCultureCulture can be seen as shared knowledge, what p
5、eople need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture2Enculturation 文化习得The process of learning ones own cultureAcculturation 文化适应Adapt the cultures learning by the other culturesPs：文化习得，文化适应需要对比Ethnocentrism 文化中心主义Think your culture is superior to the othersBrief AnswerWhat are the th
6、ree ingreduents of culture?Products, behaviors, and ideas.How to understand cultural iceberg?Culture like an iceberg can be divided into two parts: culture above the waterline and culture below the waterline. Culture above the waterline is explicit, visible, tangible, easy to change with time, a tip
7、 of the iceberg. Culture below the waterline is implicit, invisible, intangible, hard to change with time, the majorityWhat are the characteristic of culture?Culture is dynamic, shared, learned, ethnocentric(文化中心主义)Unit 2 Term interpretationSource 发出信息的人Person who send out informationEncoding 编码The
8、process of putting your thoughts into symbolsMessage Encoded thoughtsChannel 渠道The way the message is deliveredDecoding 解码Assign a meaning to the wordsReceiverPerson who attends to the informationContext 内容The physical environment that surround us3Brief AnswerWhat are the three characteristics of co
9、mmunication?（简答/选择）Communication is transactional（互换性） , dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic and contextual.What are the three basic aspects to communication? And on which aspect does the success of interpretation communication greatly depend on?Our individual personality, the culture we ope
10、rate in, the physical environment that surrounds us.Depend on the culture we operate in.Unit2 后半Term interpretationVerbal Intercultural Communication 非言语行为People from different cultural backgrounds communicate with other people through languagePragmatics 语言学The study of the effect that language has
11、on human perceptions（感知） and behaviorShort answer question1. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?In Chinese, the surname is put before the given name.In American, vice versa, the name order.In recent years, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given n
12、ames, even when meeting for the first time. But in Chinese, we tend to address each other with the full name.Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a persons title office, or professionTherefore, one can conclude that the Chinese customs of addressing members with the kinship terms(亲戚关
13、系) even not related by blood or marriage2. Who should be introduced first in the west?The senior, the female, the guest3. How is Chinese hospitality different from American hospitality?A: In China, a guest usually observes the principle of avoiding bringing trouble to the host.In American, in contra
14、st, it is the host who tries to avoid interfering in guests 4freedom of action by leaving room for the guests to make choices.B: The Chinese host usually goes to trouble to make sure there is something left after the meal; the “wastefulness” of this practice has been criticized in American, and some
15、 advocate ordering more sensible quantities.PS: 1.appropriate topics i .e Jim SmithUncle Jim2. response to complaint3. make apologyUnit3Term interpretationA cultural assumption 文化定式A cultural assumption Is when we assume that a person has particular values and attitudes based on their cultural backg
16、rounds.Brief AnswerHow would Americans misunderstand the Chinese responses to the compliments?1.In the first case, the implication was that the praisor had poor judgement2.The praisor was not sincere3.The Chinese would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”Why are the Chinese reluctant to pay a c
17、ompliment?1.The same compliment was given by a Chinese man to a Chinese woman, the compliment can be.taken as a kind of flirtation（调戏）2.People are cautious about drawing a line between compliment and flattery.3.A positive subtle form of request.（重要）How is the Chinese different from Americans in expr
18、essing gratitude?1.Chinese people dont usually say “thank you“ to those who are very close and who are in a lower position. Thank you is very common in American, so they tend to thank people all day long regardless of relationship2.Traditional Chinese customs dont require people to express thanks fo
19、r the small favors The Americans would thank you all the way for very small and most ordinary things.Unit4Term interpretation5Semantics 语意学The study of the meaning of wordsDenotation 本义The literal(字面意义) meaning or definition of a word-the explict, particular, defined meaningConnotation 延伸义Extended m
20、eaning of associated meanings, the suggestive （隐含）meaning.Taboo 禁忌语Some words, objects or actions that you should avoid in a certain culture.Euphemism 委婉语The act of substituting a mild, indirect or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensiveBrief AnswerWhat are the 4 major verbal differ
21、ences between Chinese and English ?1.A term in one language doesnt necessarily have a counterpart(对等的人事物) in the other language.2.Words or terms in both languages appear to refer to the same object or concept only on the surface, but actually refer to quite different things3.Things or concepts are r
22、epresented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language, for example, finer distinctions in the other language4.Terms have more or less the same primary meaning, but have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other.PS：mak
23、e some examples for the differencesThe thought patterns of people around the worldThe United States were more linear and direct The Semitic individuals solved problems using a combination of tangential and semi-direct approaches,Romance is circuitous(迂回) approachRussians employed a combination of in
24、direct and circuitous approachesUnit5(选择为主 )Term interpretationChroxemics 时间学6Mono chronic time = M-time 单时性文化Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.Polychronic time = P-time 多时性文化practiced by most other peoples is less rigid an
25、d clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several activities at the same time ,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered Proxemics 空间学the perception and use of spaceKinesics 身势学more than just hand or arm gestures ;it refers to any little movement of any part of the body Pa
26、ralanguage 副语言language lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words ,it means the set of nonphonemic properties of speech ,such as speaking tempo(节奏) ,vocal pitch（音高） and intonational contours （语音语调）Brief AnswerWhere are the different features of M-time and P-tim
27、e ？M-time :means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.P-time: practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several
28、activities at the same time ,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centeredPS: 1.touch/nontouch culture women are included; having full authority to make decisionsJapanese:(Chinese): Status, knowledge, age, seniority5. Problem-solving ProcessAmerican: universal problem solvers; rational
29、thinking and concrete data, utilize a factual inductive style of persuasionJapanese: consensus-building Chinese: high level authorities86. Organizational StructureAmerican: task-related stage is the most important; negotiating outcomes depend on events at the negotiation tableJapanese: pre-negotiati
30、on is slowly and cautiously; mediator is usedChinese: concession only comes at the endUnit9Brief AnswerWhat contrasting world views can be drawn from Buddhism and Christianity?1.Chiristans sees each one was born with sins and therefore we should salvage ourselves(自我拯救). The salvation of the individu
31、al is achieved through hard work and piety. Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property.2.Buddhists believes that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that the universes runs based on a dynamic balance.They dont attach themselves to the impermanent objects and the
32、 pursuit of material well-being. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.(重要)What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluekhohn and Strodthbeck?1.Human nature(人生) is evil but perfectible (American)Good but corruptible (Chinese)2.R
33、elation to the natureHuman beings can/should master/conquer with nature (American)Live harmoniously with nature (Chinese)3.Sense of timeAmericans are future oriented.Chinese are past oriented.4.Attitudes toward work and human activityAs to Americans, doing leads to external/achievementsChinese, bein
34、g-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace.5.Social relationshipAmerican: Self is more important than group (individualism)Chinese: In cultures with group values, people make decisions by consemsus(重要)Identify the features of each of four Hofstedes cultural dimensions 9and
35、 apply it in the case study辨别+分析+结合案例1.individualism VS collectivism (个人/集体主义 )2.low power distance VS high power distance(远/近权力距离)3.masculinity VS femulinity (男性/女性文化)4.low uncertainty avoidance VS high uncertainty avoidance (不确定性)5.high context culture VS low context culture考试题型1.T/F Exercise A Un
36、it1-9 原题2.Choice (单选) Exercise E 1/3 会变 1/3 Unit5 细节题Smilefriendness (USA) sharow (Korea) The land of smileThailand1/3 从简答题演变3.Term matching (术语匹配 ) 26 选 104.英译中 预言，习语 Unit1-4 Exercise C P74-76(见下)1.新官上任三把火。A new broom sweeps clean.2.人多好办事。Many hands make light work 3.今日事，今日毕。Dont put off until tomo
37、rrow what you can do today4.一箭双雕。Kill two birds with one stone.5.欲速则不达。Haste makes waste.6.无风不起浪。Where theres smoke, theres fire.7.这山望着那山高。The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.8.美貌是肤浅的Beauty is only skin deep.9.玉不琢不成器。Spare the rod and spoil the child.10.以其人之道还治其人之身。Give a pers
38、on a dose of his own medicine.11.良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。10Franks advice is like good herbal medicine: hard to take but ultimately beneficial.12.瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch; nor your hat under a plum tree.13.一人得道，鸡犬升天Even the dog swaggers when his master wins favor.14.越是不见越想念Absence
39、 makes the heart grow fonder.15.一天一苹果，医生远离我。An apple a day keeps the doctor away.16.莫惹是非。Let sleeping dogs lie.17.年逾花甲不堪教。You cant teach old dog new tricks.18.鱼与熊掌不可兼得You cant have your cake and eat it too.19.一个巴掌拍不响。It takes two to make a quarrel.20.锦上添花。Gilding the lily.21.喜出望外/晴天霹雳（褒义 /贬义）A bolt from the blue.5.简答+案例分析（详见 Unit9）
