1、- 1 - BOOK2 11-1 坚持教育适度超前发展，为国民经济和社会发展服务。 发展教育，要面向现代化，面向世界，面向未来，着力推进素质教育，促进学生德，智，体，美全面发展。我们要巩固基本普及九年义务教育和基本扫除青壮年文盲的成果，加快高中阶段教育和高等教育的发展，重点建设一批高水平大学和学科。我们要大力发展职业教育和职业培训，建立职业教育和普通教育相互沟通的教育体系，发展成人教育和多种形式的继续教育，逐步形成终身教育体系，利用信息发展远程教育。我们要根据经济和社会发展的要求，继续调整教育的布局，优化专业设置，更 新教材，改革课程体系，考试评价制度和教学方法，提高教学质量。改进德育教育方法
2、，加强学校思想政治工作。我们还要不断搞好教师队伍建设，全面提高教师素质。 我们要深化办学体制和教育管理体制改革。要依法落实高校办学自主权，继续推进高校后勤服务社会化。鼓励，支持和规范社会力量办学。同时，增加国家和社会对教育的投入，加大中央财政和省级财政对贫困地区教育的转移支付和专项投入，加强县级政府对基础教育经费的统筹，落实教师个工资统一发放的措施。我们还要健全奖学金，助学金和助学贷款等制度，采取有力措施，切实制止学校乱收费。 Persisting in the appropriate development of future-oriented education to serve nati
3、onal economic and social development. In developing education, we should meet the needs of mordernization, the world and the future, and concentrate on improving quality-oriented education to ensure that students improve in terms of their moral qualities, intellectual ability, physical fitness and a
4、esthetic appreciation. We need to consolidate the achievements of making nine-year compulsory education basically universal in the country and eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people, accelerate the expansion of senior secondary school education and higher education and develop hig
5、h-level programs in selected universities and disciplines. Great efforts have to be made to develop vocational education and training and to establish an educational system featuring the integration of vocational education wither general education. We need to develop adult education and various form
6、s of continuing education and gradually establish a system of lifelong education. Information technology needs to be used to develop long-distance education. In light of the needs of economic and social development, we need to continue to revise the educational structure and organization, optimize t
7、he division of disciplines, update teaching materials ,reform the curriculum, examination and evaluation systems, improve the methods and quality of instruction, strengthen moral education and ideological and political work, recruit a strong corps of capable teachers ,and improve the overall quality
8、 of teachers. We need to deepen the reform of the systems for operating schools and managing education. We need to allow institutions of higher learning to make operating decisions according to law, and to continue the transformation to a system of independent operation of support services in univer
9、sities and colleges. We need to encourage and help all sectors of society to run schools, and we need to exercise oversight over their operation. The state and society need to invest more in education .more transfer payments and investment in special projects from the central and provincial financia
10、l departments have to be provided for education in poverty-stricken areas .country governments need to strengthen overall planning of funds for elementary education. Measures must be implemented to guarantee the coordinated payment of teachers salaries. We need to improve the systems of scholarships
11、, grants and loans to support students, and we need to take effective measures to curb arbitrary charges levied by schools . - 2 - 11-2. 1978 年 12 月 26 日， 52 位中国学者前往美国留学。他们来自全国 22 个单位，从事的是国家经济建设急需专业的研究工作。 Some 52 Chinese scholars set out for the United States on December 26, 1978, they came from 22
12、units across the country and they were all engaged in the research of disciplines badly needed for national economic construction. 选送留学生的决定标志着中国对外开放 ,当时引起全世界的关注 .在过去的 20 年 ,留学渠道多种多样 :国家公派 ,单位公派 ,交流项目或自费 . The decision to send students abroad symbolized chinas opening to the outside world. It aroused
13、 worldwide attention at that time. Over the past two decades, channels for studying abroad have been diversified .instead of the single option of going at the states expense, many people are sent by their work units, and many study outside china on exchange programs or at their own expense. 1992 年，中
14、央政府提出对出国留学人员采取“支持留学，鼓励回国，来去自由”的工作方针。至今有 96000 人学成回国，成为中国改革开发，经济发展和社会进步的中坚力量。 In 1992, the Central Government put forward a policy concerning the sending of students abroad. According to the policy, the country encourages students to go abroad and return after accomplishing their study. These student
15、s can leave and return freely. To date, the 96000 returned students have formed a vital force in the countrys reform and opening drive, economic development and social progress. 从 20 世纪 80 年代初期起 ,中国开始与联合国开发计划署 ,儿 童基金会 ,世界银行 ,联合国教科文组织在师资培训 ,职业教育 ,成人教育 ,基础教育 ,视听教育和出版教材等各领域进行合作与交流 .通过引进国际上先进的技术 ,教育管理经验
16、与国外资金 ,提高了开发国内教育资源的能力 . From the early 1980s onwards, china began its cooperation and exchange with the undp, the un childrens fund ,the world bank and the unesco in various fields such as the training of teaching staff, vocational education, adult, basic and audio-visual education and teaching mate
17、rial publishing. Through the introduction of international high-tech and advanced educational managerial expertise and overseas funds, the country has improved its capability to tap domestic educational resources. 引进外国智力 ,聘请外国专家帮助经济建设 ,是我国改革开放的重要组成部分 .改革开放以来 ,特别是近 5 年来 ,我国每年聘请大量外国专家来华工作 ,他们在我国的经济 ,教
18、育等各项事业中发挥了积极作用 .据国家外国专家局负责人介绍 , 我国将加大引进外国智力工作 ,为外国专家创造良好的工作和生活条件 ,保护其知识产权和其他合法利益 . To introduce foreign intellectuals and recruit foreign experts for chinas economic construction is an important component in opening to the outside world. Since the reform and opening, especially over the past five ye
19、ars, china has recruited numerous foreign experts to work in china each year. They have played an active role in various fields including economic and educational sectors. According to an official from the state administration of foreign expert affairs, china will redouble its efforts to bring in mo
20、re foreign intellectuals, create good working and living conditions for foreign experts and pro tect their intellectual property rights and other lawful rights and interests. 11-3 实施科教兴国战略 ,是中国实现经济振兴和国家现代化的根本大计 . 科教兴国 ,基础在教育 . 要继续把教育防在优先发展的战略地位。 今年 ,要使全国 80%以上的人口普及九年义务教育 ,扫除青壮年文盲 300 万人左右 ,积极发展各种形式的
21、职业教育和成人教育 .大力推进素质教育 ,注重创新精神和实践能力的培养 ,使学生在德 ,智 ,体 ,美等方面全面发展 . 依法增加政府对 教育的投入 ,充分利用教育资源 ,注重提高办学效益 . - 3 - 振兴教育事业 ,一要加大改革力度 .继续积极改革教育思想 ,体制 ,内容和方法 .按照 ”共建 ,调整 ,合作 ,合并 ”的方针 ,进一步改革政府专业部门办学的体制 ,加快高等教育向中央和省两极管理 ,在国家宏观政策指导下以省级政府统筹为主的新体制过渡 . 深化高校内部管理体制和其他各类学校管理体制的改革 .积极探索发展民办教育的机制 . 二要更加重视质量 .全面提高各类学校的教育质量 ,特
22、别是中小学阶段的教育质量。严格教师标准 ,努力提高教师队伍的政治素质和业务水平 ,继续改善教师的工作和生活条 件 . 三要更加重视思想政治和品德教育 .坚持用马克思列宁主义 ,毛泽东思想 ,特别是邓小平理论教育学生 ,使他们树立坚定的社会主义思想和信念 , 努力提高一代新人的全面素质 . Implementation of the strategy of developing china by relying on science and education is a major measure for ensuring vitality in the economy and for mode
23、rnizing the country. The strategy is based on education. We should continue to make education a strategic priority. We will be working to make nine-year compulsory education available in more areas this year so that more than 80% of the total population is covered and we will reduce the number of il
24、literate young and middle-aged people by about 3 million. We should actively work to develop vocational and adult education in various forms. We will also vigorously push ahead with quality-oriented education, attach importance to developing innovative spirit and practical ability of students and en
25、sure that they can improve in terms of their moral, intellectual and fitness level as well as in their aesthetic appreciation. The government will be increasing investment in education in accordance with the law, making good use of educational resources and working to raise the overall efficiency of
26、 schools. To improve education we need to do a number of things. First, we should intensify reforms. We should continue to modify our concepts of education, reform the management system of education and make changes to course content and teaching methods. Following a scheme in involving joint admini
27、stration, adjustments, cooperation and mergers, we will further modify the system under which schools are run by specialized departments of the government. We will be speeding up the transition to a new system of management of institutions of higher learning under which they are operated at both the
28、 central and provincial levels, with most operated by provincial governments under the guidance of the states macro-control policy. We should deepen the reform of the system of internal management of institutions of higher learning and other kinds of schools and explore ways for non-governmental sec
29、tors to run schools. Second, more attention should be paid to the quality of education. We should work hard to improve the quality of education in all kinds of schools at all levels, especially in primary and secondary education. We should be strict with the standards for teachers, improve their pol
30、itical and professional quality and continue to improve their working and living conditions. Third, we should highly value ideological, political and moral education. We should educate students in Marxism-leninism, mao Zedong thought, and particularly deng Xiaoping theory to install them in socialis
31、t ideals and beliefs to improve the overall quality of the new genearation. 11-4 In an age when television is a vital entertainment medium, more and more people are using it as a study aid. In Britain, the open university, founded in 1969, encourages home-based students to study for bachelor of arts
32、 and bachelor of science degrees using a combination of television and radio programs and correspondence work, where students send in assignments to their tutors and have them returned after assessment. The open university has no formal entrance requirement for its students and is designed particula
33、rly - 4 - for people who have missed out on a formal tertiary education because of lack of mone y or opportunity in the past. The system works very well in Britain. Similar programs operate in many other countries. Educational television programs may include marketing, and business management. Busin
34、ess programs are very popular around the world. An increasing number of people in management and marketing are studying for business diplomas and choose the television open learning system as an alternative form of study. Students also include young mothers , shift workers and secondary school pupil
35、s . In Australia and new Zealand, the tv “open learning” Chinese program is also popular. Lessons involce a half-hour program on television followed up by at least 10 hours of study each week. The course is equivalent to a quarter of a years full-time study. Students get a huge resource pack which i
36、ncludes text and work books, audio tapes and a wide range of other materials .this method of study is very challenging and to be successful students need to be motivated. 11-5 Despite almost universal acknowledgement of t he vital importance of womens literacy, education remains an elusive dream for
37、 far tow many women in far two many countries of the world. Worldwide, about 950 million adults lack literacy skills-the vast majority, women. In the worlds two most populous countries, china and India 50% of adult females are illiterate. Womens education carries many economic as well as health-rela
38、ted benefits. In fact, a 1994 world bank report concluded that enrolling girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today. To further indicate its support for this idea, the world bank announced in late 1995 that it was earmarking up to $900 mi
39、llion each year for loans to promote the education of girls. While a number of countries have launched education and literacy programs that focus specifically on females ,others have general programs that include components that touch the lives of girls and women. A number of countries in asia and t
40、he pacific have participated in the UNESCO/UNDP project “educate to empower” learning materials produced in conjunction with this project provide examples of ways to help change the gender stereotyping that goes on in many developing countries. As education for girls and women is the “most urgent pr
41、iority” for the next decade, efforts must continue to be made in the following areas: first ,ensuring that the issue of education for girls and women remains high on the agenda of developing countries; second, seeking additional funding for projects aiming at promoting education for girls and women;
42、 third, continuing to try to change the attitudes and conditions that lead to gender stereotyping and educational inequities. 11v-1 The new Zealand government announced in October 1998 an increase of 3000 in its annual quota of fee-paying Chinese students, bringing the total quota to 4000. but , in
43、a world where many western countries compete for the foreign student dollar, this is but a drop in the ocean. by contrast, Australia is emerging as one of the market leaders. The Sydney campus of the university of new south wales has the atmosphere of a mutli-ethnic neighborhood in new york city. Ne
44、arly half of the 31000 students at the university in 1998 were born outside Australia. According to enrolment figures, this Australian tertiary institution has overtaken boston university to become the largest single provider of higher education for fee-paying foreign students in the English-speakin
45、g world. The university of new south wales stands as proof that Australia is succeeding in the foreign student - 5 - market in a way that few other countries can match. Indeed, while new Zealand was agreeing to a modest increase in its foreign student intake, the Australia government was already goi
46、ng a step further. In a dramatic review of its immigration laws, it decided to give foreign students completing degrees in Australia the automatic right to apply for permanent residency. Australia is now very close to matching the united kingdoms 11.7% foreign enrollment .in all, more than 60000 for
47、eign students most of them from the asia pacific region- at present bring in around aus $ 4.5 billion to Australian economy. The tertiary student business is a significant earner of overseas money. 11V-2 自费大学 由于中国传统的免学费体制，多数大学深受资金短缺之苦。虽然 1994 年试行交费改 革，一定程度上缓解了经费问题，但学生所缴学费并不足以交纳完成大学教育所需的费用。许多大学为获取额外收
48、入，面向社会开办培训班，这在一定程度上影响了教学质量。 当人们讨论如何使大学走出财政困境时，第一个念头便是增加政府的教育投资。但是由于政府有限的教育预算，这一方法显然是不现实的。我认为中国应该把一部分公费高等院校转变为公有私营的自费大学。这样一来，不仅能缓解经费短缺，还能帮助更多的人实现长久以来上大学的梦想。这种转变也有助于引进多种投资渠道以发展中国的教育事业。 有人也许会担心这种做法造成高昂的学费而使一些学 生辍学这种担心是多余的，因为国立公费大学仍将是高校主体。为帮助经济困难的学生，多数大学建立了包括奖学金，贷学金，困难补助，勤工助学，减免学费在内的综合体系。在一些重点大学，由企业和社团资
49、助的奖学金福泽半数学生。 然而，这种转变并非易事。一旦公费大学转为自费大学，它不再享有政府的优惠政策，否则转变就达不到应有的目标。私营自费大学也不应一味追求利润，招生时仍应以学生成绩为主，而非其家庭经济状况。 Private universities Because of chinas traditional tuition-free system, most colleges and universities are afflicted with a capital shortage. Although the trial tuition reform, which started in 1994, has somewhat succeeded in alleviation the funding shortage by charging students for tuition, it is not enough to cover the cost of a student completing a college education. In order to gain additional income, many colleges and universities open up training classes de
