1、一、语法专题 -形容词和副词的比较级 （一） 形容词的比较等级 (1)用法讲解 大多数的形容词都有三个级别：原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示 “更 ” ，用于两者之间的比较，用来说明 “前者比后者更 ” ，比较级前面一般用 much, even, a little 修饰，其中 even, much 只能修饰比较级。最高级表示 “最 ” ，用于三者及三者以上之间的比较，用来说明 “某人或某物在某个范围内最 ” 形容词的比较级 (-er)和最高级 (-est)的构成 a. 规则变化之口诀：直接加；去 e加；双写加；变着加 b. 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good / well bett
2、er best bad / ill worse worst many / much more most little less least far farther, further farther, further old older, elder oldest, eldest 形容词的比较级和最高级的构成及用法 比较级前的修饰语 still, even, any, quite(a bit), almost, nearly, just, rather； a little, a bit； much, a lot, far, many； twice, ten times, one fourth,
3、two pounds, three years 【 小试牛刀 】 1. I cant run any _(far). Shall we stop for a while? 2. It is not so (hot) today as it was yesterday, 3. _ (hard) you study, _ _ (good) you will be at English. 4.-Which do you like _ _ (well), English, Maths or Chinese? -English is my favorite subject. 5. Our country
4、 is becoming _ and _ (beautiful). （ 二 ） 形 容词的比较等级 (2) 常见句型 A=B A+ V + as + adj./adv. + as + B （与。一样） He is as tall as I/me. 他和我一样高。 He is as good a teacher as his father.他和他的父亲一样是个好教师。 A B A + V + not + as/so + adj./adv. + as + B （与。不一样） They didnt do as/so much work as you did. 他们干得事没有你多。 Ive never
5、 seen as/so old a car as this.我从来没有见过像这样旧的车。 A B 或 A 。） Tom is two years older than his brother. 汤姆比他的弟弟大两岁。 Our classroom is bigger than theirs. 我们的教室比他们的大。 表示倍数 A + V + twice/four times/ + as + adj./adv. + as + B（ A是 B 的两倍 /四倍 / ） This room is twice as large as that one. 整个房间是那房间的两倍大。 The earth is
6、 49 times as big as the moon.地球是月球 的 49 倍大。 表示程度的递增 主语 + V + 比较级 + and+比较级 ( 越来越 ) 主语 + V + more and more+ +adj./adv. ( 越来越 ) The days are getting shorter and shorter.白天变得越来越长了。 Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的国家变得越来越美了。 表示两种情况同时变化 The+ 比较级 + 主语 + V + ， the+ 比较级 + 主语 + V + ( 越 越 )
7、 The more we get together, the happier well be.=If we get together more, well be happier. 我们聚得越多，我们就会越高兴。 The harder you study, the better youll be at English.= If you study harder, youll be better at English. 你学习越努力，你的英语成绩越好。 主语 + be +one of the+ 最高级 + n.(pl.) + in/of ( 是最 之一 ) Beijing is one of th
8、e oldest cities in China.北京是中国最古老的城市之一。 主语 + V。 + the+ 最高级 + in/of ( 最 ) Ann studies hardest of all the girls in our class.安妮是我们班学习最用功的学生之一。 主语 + V。 + the+ 比较级 + of the two (较 的 ) Lily is the taller of the twins.莉莉是这两个双胞胎中较高的那个。 主语 + V。 + 比较级 + than + any other +n. (单数 ) + in ( 比任何其他的更 ) 主语 + V。 + 比
9、较级 + than + any of the other +n. (复数 ) + in( 比任何其他的更 ) He is taller than any other student in his class.他比他班级中其他的任何学生高。 = He is taller than any of the other students in his class. = He is the tallest students in his class. 【 小试牛刀 】 1. It is not so_ (beautiful) as the one back home. 2. Li Lin is not
10、as_ (active)as he used to be. 3. The air pollution is much_ (serious)in our city than in theirs. 4. This is one of the_(delicious)dishes in this restaurant. 5. Judy got the_(many)new ideas of all the students here . 三、祈使句 （一） 祈使句用法讲解 祈使句指的是表示命令、请求、建议或劝告的句子。其主语 you 常省略，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号或句号，读降调。 1. 肯定的祈使
11、句 （ 1）动词原形 +其他 Stand up, please. = Please stand up. 请起立。 （ 2） Be + n./adj. Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子 ! Be careful! = Look out! = Take care! 小心 / 当心！ （ 3） Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分 Let me help you. 让我来帮你。 Lets go to school together. 咱们一起上学去吧。 2. 否定的祈使句 (1) Dont + 动词原形 Dont stand up. 别站起来。 Dont be careless.
12、 别粗心。 Dont let them play with fire. 别让他们玩火。 (2) Let 型的否定式有两种 :“Dont + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分 ”和 “Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分 ”。 Dont let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。 Let them not play with fire. 别让他们玩火。 (3) no 开头 ,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。 No smoking! 禁止吸烟 !No fishing! 禁止钓鱼 ! 3. 祈使句的强调形式，通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词 Do。
13、例如： Do shut up! 快住口！ 4. 祈使句的回答 祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用 will或 wont。 在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点： 1) 形式一致 (即 Yes 与 will保持一致； No 与 wont 保持一致 ) 2) 意思相反 (即 Yes 是 “不 ”的意思； No 是 “是 ”的意思 )。 在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。 如： - Dont go out, please. Its raining heavily outside. 请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。 - Yes, I will. I have t
14、o meet my brother at the airport. 不行，我得去机场接我弟弟。 （ 二 ） 易错点讲解 1、放句首时，要注意 Dont 后面要用动词原形； 2、当人称后面有标点符号时，要注意 是用祈使句还是用三单。 如： Lucy, dont be late again. Lucy, a 17-year-old girl, is not late again. 3、祈使句与 or 的搭配， 如： Hands up, or well shoot. 【趁热打铁】 1. _ late again, Bill! A. Dont to be B. Dont be C. Not be D.
15、 Be not 2. _ cross the road until the traffic lights turn green. A. Not B. Wont C. Doesnt D. Dont 3. Kate, _ your homework here tomorrow. A. bring B. brings C. to bring D. bringing 4. _ me the truth, or Ill be angry. A. Telling B. To tell C. Told D. Tell 5 .Her doctor said: “ _ work so hard” A Stop
16、B Dont C Cant D No 6. Sindy, _ to be here at 8 oclock A is sure B is sure that C will be sure D be sure 7._ when you cross the road. A Do care B Care C Do be careful D To be careful 8. _ in bed. Its bad for your eyes. A Not to read B Dont read C Dont to read D Not read 9 _ tell a lie. A Hardly B Not
17、 C No D Never 四、 should和 had better （一） should 用法讲解 1. 用于第一人称疑问句，表征询意见。如： Should I open the window? 我可以开窗户吗？ 2. should 表义务，可用于各种句式，通常指将来。 如： You should do what your parents tell you. 你应该照你父母的话去做事。 He should do some work, but he doesnt want to.他应该做些工作，但是他不想做。 也可指现在。如： You shouldnt be sitting in the s
18、un. 你不应该坐在阳光下。 3. should 表推测，暗含很大的可能。如： Its 4:30. They should be in New York by now. 现在是四点半，他们应该到达纽约了。 （ 二 ） had better用法讲解 1. had better 的基本用法特点 其意为 “最好 ”、 “应该 ”，后接动词原形，与情态动词 should 用法相似，其中的 had 通常缩略为 d。如： Youd better get some sleep你最好去睡一 会儿。 We had better go before it rains. 我们最好在下雨前就去。 2. had bet
19、ter 如何构成否定式和疑问式 构成否定式时，通常将 not 置于 had better 之后 (而不是 had 之后 )；而构成疑问式时，则通常将 had(而不是 had better)置于主语之前。如： Id better not disturb him我最好别去打扰他。 What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办 ? 【注】在否定疑问句或反意疑问句中可将 not 与 had 连用。如： Hadnt we better go now? 我们是不是现在就去呢 ? 3. had better 后接进行式 有时后接动词的进行式，表示最好马上做某事如： I think Id be
20、tter be going我想我最好还是马上走。 Youd better be getting your clothes ready. 你最好马上把衣服准备好。 【趁热打铁】 句式转换： You should go to school on time.( 否定句 )_ You had better get here early.( 否定句 )_ You should dress neatly.( 同义句 ) _ Wed better put the rubbish in the bin.( 划线提问 )_ 单选 ( )1. This dictionary belongs to Rita. Yo
21、u _ it home without letting her know. A. had better not to take B. shouldnt take C. neednt take D. shouldnt be taking ( )2. This is a very important project， so you _ plan it very carefully. A. should B. will C. dare D. need ( )3. You had better _ football near the street， its very dangerous. A. not
22、 to play B. dont play C. not play D. to not play ( )4. Our money is very limited， so you _ so much money on so dear a skirt. A. shouldnt spent B. shouldnt be spending C. neednt spent D. wont spend 动词不定式 1、 动词不定式作宾语 一些动词，如 want, decide, hope, ask, agree, choose, learn, plan, need, teach, prepare,等，常接
23、动词不定式作宾语。当动词不定式作宾语时，如果后接宾语补足语，常用 it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。应注意有些动词后面可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，但所表达的意义不同。 常见的有：（ 1） stop to do sth.停止正在做的事，去做另一件事； stop doing sth. .停止正在做的事 （ 2） go on to do sth. 做完一件事后，继续做另一件事； go on doing sth.继续做同一件事 （ 3） remember/forget to do sth.记住忘记去做某事； remember/forget doing sth. 记得忘记做过
24、某事 有一些动词后面后面是省略 to的情况，如 see, watch, look at, hear, make, let, help 等。 常考词组： expect to do 期望做。 refuse to do 拒绝做。 plan to do 计划做。 decide to do 决定做。 agree to do 同意做。 learn to do 学会做。 hope to do 希望做。 prepare to do 准备做。 want to do 想做。 choose to do 选择做。 wait to do 等待做。 wish to do 希望做。 2、 动词不定式作状语 动词不定式作状语
25、主要用来修饰动词，表示目的，结果或原因。为了 强调目的，有时可以把动词不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加 in order 或 so as。常用结构有 too + adj./adv. + to dosth.等。 【趁热打铁】 1. It took half an hour _(get) to the World Park from Kittys school. 2. It was interesting _(see) so many places of interest from all over the world. 3. They want _(save) time by using shor
26、ter words and phrases. 4. Kittys classmate Daniel taught himself how _(make) a home page. 5. He put his photos on it for everyone _(look) at. 6. Help him _(put) the photos in the correct order. 7. He made the girl _(cry) yesterday. 8. Its time for class. Please stop _(talk). 9. Id like _(go) to the
27、Temple of Heaven. 英语的简单句有五种基本句型： 掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 主谓； 主谓宾； 主系表； 主谓间宾直宾； 主谓直宾宾补。 过去进行时 用法 1、过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情。常用的时间状语 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while 例如： （ 1） We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时
28、候我们在看电视。 （ 2） What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？ 2. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如： What was she doing at nine oclock yesterday? 昨天晚上九点她在做什么？ (介词短语表示时间点 ) When I saw him he was decorating his room. 当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when 从句表示时间点 ) 1) 掌握过去进行时 was / were + doing
29、表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，其肯定、否定和疑问形式如下： was/were(+not) ing form I was(+not) dancing. You/We/They were(+not) He/She/It was(+not) Was I dancing? Were you/we/they Was he/she/it Yes, I was. you/we/they were. he/she/it was. No, I was not/wasnt. you/we/they were not/werent. he/she/it was not/wasnt. while, when,as
30、when 和 as 既可以指某一点时间，也可以指某一段时间，其从句谓语动词表示的动作既可以是瞬间性的，也可以是延续性的； while 指一段时间，从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的。即：指一段时间时， when、 while和 as 都可用；指一点时间时，只能用 when 或 as，不能用 while。试比较： When / As he woke up, it was eight oclock. (/) While he woke up, it was eight oclock. (X) When/ While/As I was waiting for a bus, I met her. (/) w
31、hen 引导的从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生； while 和 as 引导的从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。 When he finished his homework, he played the computer games for a while. 当他完成作业后，他玩了会儿电脑游戏。（ finished 先发生） When I got to the museum, the door was closed. 当我赶到博物馆时，大门已经关上了。（ got to 后发生） While/ As I was sleeping, the telephone ran
32、g. 当我睡觉时，电话响了。（ was sleeping 和 rang 同时发生） 当主句、从句动作同时发生且从句动作为延续性动词时， when 、 while和 as 都可使用。 When/ While/ As she was making a phone call, I was writing an email. 当她在打电话时，我正在写一封电子邮件。（ make为延续性动词） When/while/As we were reading, a stranger came in. 当我们正在看书时，一位陌生人走了进来。（ read 为延续性动词） 强调两个动作同时进行，常用“过去进行时 +w
33、hile+过去进行时“结构。如： They were rowing boats while we were climbing the hill. 当我们在爬山时，他们在划船。 强调某 个动作发生的时候，另一个动作正在进行，常用“一般过去时 +while+ 过去进行时“结构。如： It began to rain heavily while we were having dinner. 我们在吃晚饭时，开始下起大雨。 例题巩固： (1). We were swimming in the lake _ the rain started yesterday. A. when B. while C.
34、until D. before (2).We are going to the post office. _ youre there, can you get me some stamps? A. As B. While C. Because D. If (3). Babies sleep l6 to l8 hours in every 24 hours, and they sleep less _ they grow older. A. while B. as C. when D. after 但是若强调某个动作正在进行中时，又发生 了别的动作，用 when 从句。 when 从句必用过去进
35、行时，主句用一般过去时。 (表示在 when 从句正进行期间又发生了主句的动作 ) 此时 , when= while，表时间段。 如 : 当学生们正在读书时，老师走进了教室。 When/While the students were reading, the teacher came into the classroom. 昨晚当爸爸和妈妈正在看电视时，我到家了。 While my parents were watching TV last night, I went home. 若主、 从句两个延续动作同时进行，用 while, 则主与从句都用进行时 , 此时， while 译为“而”“一边
36、 ,一边” , 如 : 1. 他正在读书而我正在学习。 He was reading the newspaper while I was studying. 2.贝贝正在唱歌 , 而萍萍正在跳舞。 Beibei was singing while Pingping was dancing. 3. 她一边听歌一边做作业。 She was doing her homework while she was listening to music. 4.当玻璃或砖块落下来时人们疯狂的跑了出来。 People were running wildly while pieces of glass and br
37、icks were falling down. 5. Suzy 正在堆雪人而 Kitty 在她旁边站着看。 Suzy was making a snowman while Kitty was standing beside her. Exercise 1 1. What _ your brother _ (do) at nine oclock last night? 2. They _ (listen) to music at that time. 3. When I saw him, he _ (search) the Internet. 4. They _ (discuss) a prob
38、lem in the meeting room at this time yesterday. 5. _ Amy _ (visit) the Science Museum from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. yesterday? Exercise 2 1. My wallet dropped on the ground _ I was running. 2. _ I was falling asleep, there was a loud knock on the door. 3. _ he was reading, an earthquake started. 4. W
39、ere the students listening to the teacher carefully _ the teacher was giving a lesson? 5. _ the telephone rang, I became nervous. 掌握 while 和 when 在过去进行时中的用法：表示两个持续性的动作在过去同时发生用while， when 后接一个短暂性的动作。 持续性的动作用过去进行时，短暂性的动作用一般过去时。 e.g.： I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV. The bell ra
40、ng while he was reading books. When the bell rang, he was reading books. (以上这两句主从句前后可以互换 ) 1、“主短从长”型：即主句是一个短暂性动作，而从句是一个持续性动作，此时三者都可用。如： Jim hurt his arm while when， as he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。 As When， While she was waiting for the train， she became very impatient. 她在等火车时，变得很不耐烦。 2、“主长从长
41、”型：即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态，且强调主句动作或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间，此时通常要用 while。 I always listen to the radio while I m driving. 我总是一边开车一边听收音机。 He didn t ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message. 他没有让我进去，他只顾看那张条子，让我站在门口等着。 但是，若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边一边”之意时，则习惯上要用 as。如： He swung his arms as
42、 he walked. 他走路时摆动着手臂。 3、“主长从短”型：即主句是 一个持续性动作，而从句是一个短暂性动作，此时可以用 as或 when，但不能用 while。如： It was raining hard when as we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。 When As he came in, I was listening to the radio. 他进来时，我在听收音机 【趁热打铁】 1. I _ a meal when you _ me. a. cooked, were ringing b. was cooking, rang c. was cooking, we
43、re ringing d. cooked, rang 2. He said he _ to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time. a. tries b. tried c. was trying d. will try 3. While she _ TV, she _ a sound outside the room. a. was watching, was hearing b. watched, was hearing c. watched, heard d. was watching, heard 4. They _ a football game from 7 to 9 last night. a. were watching b. watch c. watched d. are watching 5. What book _ you _ when I _ you at four yesterday afternoon? a. did, read, was seeing b. did, read, saw c. were, reading, saw d. were, reading, was seeing 6. It was Friday evening. Mr and Mrs. Green _ ready to fly
