1、阅读 篇章 1 当前题号：第 1-10 题，总题数：50 题Line Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence of food reserves in the home, and a chronic shortage of cash. These conditions reduce the possibility of effective participation in the l
2、arger economic system. And as a response to these conditions we find in theculture of poverty a high incidence of pawning personal goods, borrowing from local money-lenders at higher rates of interest, spontaneous informal credit devices organized by neighbors, the use of secondhand clothing and fur
3、niture, and the pattern of frequent buying of small quantities of food many times a day as the need arises.People with a culture of poverty produce very little wealth and receive very little in return. They have a low level of literacy and education, usually do not belong to labor unions, are not me
4、mbers of political parties, generally do not participate in the national welfare agencies, and make very little use of banks, hospitals, department stores, museums or art galleries. They have a critical attitude toward some or the basic institutions of the dominant classes, hatred of the police,mist
5、rust of government, and a cynicism that extends even to the church.This gives the culture of poverty a high potential for protest and forBeing used in political movements aimed against the existing socialorder.People with a culture of poverty are aware of middle-class values,talk about them and even
6、 claim some of them as their own, but on thewhole they do not live by them. Thus it is important to distinguishbetweenwhat they say and what they do. For example, many will tellyou that marriage by law, by the church, or by both is the ideal form of marriage, but few will marry. To men who have no s
7、teady jobs or othersources of income, who do not own property and have no wealth to passon to their children, who are present-time oriented and who want toavoid the expense and legal difficulties involved in formal marriage anddivorce, free unions or consensual marriages make a lot of sense. Women w
8、ill often turn down offers of marriage because they feel it tiesthem down to men. Women feel that consensual union gives them abetter break; it gives them some of the freedom and flexibility that menhave. By not giving the fathers of their children legal status as husbands,the women have a stronger
9、claim on their children if they decide toleave their men. It also gives women exclusive rights to a house or anyother property they may own.1. According to the passage, a defining characteristic of poverty is that poor people _.A. are isolated from the mainstream of societyB. lack the skills to find
10、 decent jobsC. are responsible for their own poverty5101520253035D. are constantly in a state of crisis2. The author of the passage uses the phrase “culture of poverty” (Line 6) to suggest that _.A. there are several classifications of poor peopleB. poor people often take pride in their povertyC. po
11、or people share a common ethnicityD. poverty has become a prevailing way of life for some people3. The word “incidence” in Line 6 is closest in meaning to _.A. inflationB. introductionC. accidentD. occurrence4. The word “literacy” in Line 12 refers to the ability to _.A. go to schoolB. read and writ
12、eC. understand mathD. receive an education5. By asserting that the culture of poverty can be used by political movements (Line 19), the author is _.A. cautioning against an uprising by the poorB. showing how poverty may threaten social stabilityC. calling upon the middle class to fight against the p
13、oorD. justifying the motives of politicians6. Which of the following best describes people with a culture of poverty?A. They work hard but receive little in returnB. Theyre cynical to all but the churchC. They usually ignore the national welfare agenciesD. They are economically active7. According to
14、 the last paragraph, consensual union can provide poor women who refuse to get married legally with all of the following EXCEPT _.A. a free church wedding or civil ceremonyB. some of the freedom and flexibility that men haveC. a stronger claim on their children when they want to leave their menD. ri
15、ghts to a house or any other property8. A conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph that men and women in the culture of poverty _.A. consider themselves unworthy of legal marriageB. prefer not to be in relationshipC. avoid legalized marriages for practical and economic reasonsD. do not trust
16、each other to be faithful husbands and wives9. In the discussion of poverty, the author is most likely to agree that poverty _.A. is more widespread than most people thinkB. cannot be eliminatedC. weakens the fabric of societyD. means more than lack of money10. The word “it” in Line 37 refers to _.A
17、. a better breakB. legal statusC. consensual unionD. illegal marriage篇章 2 当前题号：第 11-20 题，总题数：50 题；Line Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half theurban pollution and one-fourth of the greenhouse gases. They take asimilar toll of resources in other industrial nations and in the
18、 cities of thedeveloping world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the comingdecade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issuesor else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. Itis unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or th
19、atother nations will accept a large and growing U.S. contribution to globalclimate change.Policymakers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use,increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventionalgasoline-powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find lesspolluting dri
20、ving systems. The last of these in particular theintroduction of vehicles powered by electricity is ultimately the onlysustainable option. The other alternatives are attractive in theory but inpractice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. Forexample, reduced vehicle use could
21、solve traffic problems and a host ofsocial and environmental problems, but evidence from around the worldsuggests that it is difficult to make people give up their cars to anysignificant extent. In the U.S., mass-transit ridership and carpoolinghave declined since World War II. Even in Western Europ
22、e, with fuelprices averaging more than1 a liter (about 4 a gallon) and with easilyaccessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80percent of all passenger travel.Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fueleconomy has barely made any progress in 10 years.
23、 Alternative fuelssuch as natural gas, burned in internal-combustion engines, could beintroduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginalreductions in pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (especiallybecause oil companies are already spending billions of dollars everyyear to dev
24、elop less polluting types of gasoline).11. It can be learned from the passage that the increased use of cars will _.A. consume half of the oil produced in the worldB. have serious consequences on the well-being of all nationsC. impose an economic burden on residents of large cities510152025D. widen
25、the gap between the developed and developing countries12. America has to solve the problems arising from vehicle use because _.A. few Americans are reluctant to switch to public transportationB. the present level of oil prices is considered unacceptableC. it should take the lead in conserving natura
26、l resourcesD. other countries are unsatisfied about its large greenhouse emissions13. According to the author, Americas contribution to global climate change is _.A. increasingB. decreasingC. fluctuatingD. stabilizing14. Which of the following is the best solution to the problems mentioned in the pa
27、ssage?A. The designing of highly efficient car enginesB. A reduction of vehicle use in citiesC. The use of less polluting fuelsD. The development of electric cars15. What does “host” in Line 17 mean?A. Person who serves people as guestsB. Anchor of a television program, etc.C. Large number of someth
28、ingD. Caretaker of an inn16. What is the meaning of “carpooling” in Line 20?A. People riding together in one carB. A number of cars used by a companys salesmenC. A person who owns many carsD. Cars owned by an organization for the use of its members17. According to the passage, after World War II man
29、y people in the U.S. _.A. only used railwaysB. preferred their own cars for travelC. always used public transportationD. insist on carpooling18. Which of the following is practical but only makes a small contribution to solving the problem of greenhouse emissions?A. Slowing down fuel economyB. The u
30、se of fuels other than gasolineC. Reducing car use by carpoolingD. The introduction of less polluting driving systems19. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. The decline of public transportation accounts for increased car use in Western EuropeB. Cars are popular in W
31、estern Europe even though fuel prices are fairly highC. Western Europe oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new-type fuelsD. The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option in densely populated Western Europe20. The word “they” in Line 28 refers to _.A. internal-combustion
32、 enginesB. marginal reductionsC. alternative fuelsD. greenhouse emissions篇章 3 当前题号：第 21-30 题，总题数：50 题；Line Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Itscare and management have differed over time and have its identity.visibility, and meaning. Pick up the thread of history at it
33、s most distantend and you have “cancer the crab”so named because its pain is likethe pinch of a crabs claw. Pre-modern cancer is a lump that sometimesbreaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smellingdischarges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had abad outcome, and the
34、Greeks made a distinction between benign tumorsand evil ones. In the second century A.D., Galen reckoned that the causewas systemic, an excess of sadness or black bile, one of the bodys four“humors” brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances.Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tu
35、mors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim.The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until moderntimes, its mark on culture has been light. In the past, fear came frominfectious and epidemic diseases, strokes, heart attacks, and tuberculosis.The agonizing manner of cancer death w
36、as dreaded, but that fear was notcentrally situated in the public mind as it now is. This is one reasonwhy the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the moderndiseasepar excellence”.At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease ofcivilization,” belonging to much the same causal
37、 domain as“neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed tobe brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a conditionproduced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies, some physicians attributed cancer to psychological andbehavioral caus
38、es. William Buchans wildly popular eighteenth-centurytextDomestic Medicine judged that cancers might be caused by“excessive fear, grief, and religious melancholy”. In the nineteenthcentury, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality”, and, insome versions, specifically to sexual repressi
39、on. As Susan Sontagobserved, cancer was considered shameful, even obscene. “It seemsunimaginable”, Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize” cancer.5101520253021. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians _.A. were able to tell benign tumors from evil onesB. knew about a lot of cancerous tumorsC. found
40、out the cause of cancerD. looked at cancer as the crab22. According to Galen, cancer is triggered by all of the following EXCEPT _.A. the excess of sadnessB. a poor dietC. sociological factorsD. environmental conditions23. The word “benign” in Line 8 refers to _.A. unharmfulB. badC. positiveD. bruta
41、l24. The word “grim” in Line 13 is closest in meaning to _.A. dirtyB. dreadfulC. strikingD. excellent25. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. Cancer death might be consi
42、dered a badge of refinementC. In the past, people did not fear cancer at allD. Some physicians believed behavioral characteristics could lead to cancer26. According to the passage, with which of the following would the author most likely agree?A. Today people understand cancer in fundamentally new w
43、aysB. Cancer would be totally eliminated in the 21st centuryC. Cancer care and management are very sophisticatedD. There is a dramatic rise in mortality in modern cancer world27. “Neurasthenia and diabetes” are mentioned in Paragraph 3 for the purpose of _.A. emphasizing that they are as fatal as ca
44、ncerB. illustrating that they are regarded as “diseases of civilization”C. explaining that they are brought about by the pressure of modern lifeD. showing that people dread them very much28. Sontags remark about cancer indicates that one time _.A. infectious and epidemic diseases were major causes o
45、f deathB. cancer ranked just below heart disease as a cause of deathC. cancer was viewed as a dirty disease related to human beings behaviorsD. the cancers of the past were visible on the bodys surface29. The authors attitude towards cancer can be described as _.A. criticalB. concernedC. helplessD.
46、objective30. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A. Cancers identity has never changedB. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifeC. The care and management of cancer have developed over timeD. The cultural significance of cancer has shifted over time篇章 4 当前题号：第 31-40 题，总题数：50 题；Line N
47、elson Mandela once said, “Education is the most powerful weapon that you can use to change the world”. Nearly everybody agrees: Its going to take a revolution to fix Americas public schools. Louis V. Gerstner Jr., one of the business leaders in education reform, proclaims the Noah principle: “No mor
48、e prizes for predicting rain. Prizes only for bilding arks. Weve got to change whole schools and whole schoolsystem.”But this isnt so. Firstly, nobody really wants a revolution. Revolution would mean removing the whole present structure of education overnight and inventing a new one from the beginni
49、ng, in the conviction thatanything must be an improvementno matter what it costs. What these folks really want isnt revolution but major reform, changing the system radically but in an orderly fashion. The changes are supposed to be tested in large-scale pilot programsGerstners “arks”and then installednationally.But even that is just a distant gleam in the eye and a
