1、1Competitiveness Comparison of International Trade in Creative Industries： China trends and featuresAbstract. This article first summarizes the concept systems and models of creative industries， then compares Chinas international competitiveness index， import and export value， sub-sector indicators
2、with developed countries and other world economics from 2002 to 2008， analyzes the present trends，features and problems， and discusses irrational structure of Chinas creativity goods and services export， imbalance value between import and export， insufficient generating and consuming of original cre
3、ativities through the international creative industries trade statistics at last. Key Words： Creative Industries； Competitiveness； International Comparison 1. DCMS Mode from Britain The term of “Creative Industries“ derived from . The report firstly definitely stated that creative industries are tho
4、se which originate from individual creation， skill as well as talents are developed and used by intellectual property rights 2and own the potential of creating wealth and employment， additionally， the report divided the creative industries into 13 core sectors （ Table 1）. Although the concept and th
5、e system were adjusted a little bit during the practice and development of British creative industries， the policy concept hardly caused tremendous responses as well as intense discussions throughout the world when it had been released out. And later， the concept has been approved and followed not o
6、nly among lots of traditional English-speaking countries as well as Commonwealth nations but also by Shanghai in our country. J.Howkins （2002） ，well-known as the father of world creative industries， came up with that the grand sum of copyright， patent， trademark and design compose the creative indus
7、try and creative economy from the perspective of the intellectual property. This is a broader concept which includes R&D activities in the field of all sciences and engineering technology on the basis of sharing almost the same DCMS system. When the creative economy is calculated， the two sectors ar
8、e added which are R&D， toys and games. 2. WIPO Mode from the United States Relying on their dominance in intellectual property， the Americans are used to name creative industry and its related 3industry as copyright industry. R.Caves （2002） raised the point from the perspective of culture economics
9、that creative industry supplies products and services that are broad connected with the value of culture， art or only recreation. The assessment report released by the United States Missouri Economic Research and Information Center defined the creative industry from the perspective of the employed a
10、s an industry employing huge amounts of arts， media and sports practitioners. As far back as 1959， the United States published the research report of .From the tenth report released out in 2004， the United States divided copyright industry into four kinds in accordance with the classification standa
11、rd of WIPO and brought into the developed North American Industry Classification System （ Table 2 ）. As a result， this sort of classification has been adopted among NAFTA countries. 3.“E-Content“ Mode from European Union and Japan It is at the G7 Information Conference in 1995 that the concept of “C
12、ontent Industry“ was been first officially put forward. The connotation of content industry was been further clarified in 2000 Plan of Information Societypublished by European Union 1996 that included manufacture， R&D， packaging and information sales as well as industries it served. The 4range of pr
13、oducts of content industry includes prints of different kinds of media （ books， newspaper， magazines， etc.） ，E-journal （ online database， audio and video service， disc service as well as game software， etc.） and audio and video products （ film and television， video and broadcast， etc.） Such sort of
14、concept is a blend of creative and information industry and has been adopted among Japan， Korea and other nations as well as China Taiwan. 4. UNCTAD Mode from The United States Currently， there is also an authoritative concept of creative industry which was raised by UNCTAD.The creative industry inc
15、ludes a series of knowledge activity centering around art and creative potential value from trade and intellectual property. Covering with tangible products and intellectual and art service with creative content， economic value as well as market target， the creative industry is at the juncture of cr
16、afts， service and industries， shaping a vigorous area in global trade. 5. The Competitiveness and International Trade of Creative Industry in Our Country 5.1. International Competitiveness of Creative Industries The TC index could be used to inspect the international 5competitiveness of creative ind
17、ustry in our nation. And its computing formula is TC=（Ei-Ii）/（Ei+Ii ）.As a persuasive tool analyzing industry structure of international competitiveness， TC index can show the comparative advantage of computing object in the mass. The Ei in the formula refers to the exports of product i and the Ii r
18、efers to the imports of the product. The export competitiveness of product i is powerful when TC is above 0 and it tends to be weak when TC is below 0. And if TC is equal to 0， it shows that the competitiveness of product i reaches the international level. This paper chooses developed countries like
19、 the United States， Germany， Britain as well as Japan whose total imports and exports ranks Top 10 all over the world and developing countries such as China （China Hongkong） as well as India whose creative industry is booming in order to inspect creative products in several typical economics.we can
20、see that though the total imports and exports of creative products in U.S.A， Britain and Japan ranks first in the world， their TC index is all between -0.6 to 0， which demonstrates their overall international competiveness is fairly weak. Here we compare the international competition of whole creati
21、ve industries. As what mentioned before， creative industries 6consist of products and services in accordance with the research and practice. The exports of creative products is added to the exports of creative services to get the exports of creative industries in this article. And the imports of cre
22、ative industries is achieved in the same way. Then TC index is used to inspect overall international competitiveness of creative industries in typical countries or regions.（Table 4） Trade competitiveness of creative industries is comparatively weak in U.S.A， Britain and Japan that are powerful natio
23、ns in tradition. We can also see that Italy， Germany， India and China Hongkong are quite competitive in international creative industries. It is obvious that China has a strong competitive advantage in the field of entire international trade of creative industries. 5.2. International Trade of Creati
24、ve Goods According to the creative economy report published by UNCTAD 2010， exports of creative goods of our country increased from $32.348 billion in 2002 to $84.807 billion in 2008， annual growth rate of which was 16.92%. And the imports rose from $2.941 billion in 2002 to $6.078 billion in 2008，
25、which led to an annual growth rate of 13.54% . As the report showed， the gross export of other product related to creative 7industries increased from $35.823 billion in 2002 to $196.231 billion in 2008， annual growth rate of which reached 26.15%. The total imports rose from $12.683 billion to $36.81
26、7 billion， which brought about an annual growth rate of 14.43%. 5.3. International Trade of Creative Service During the same period， though the exports of creative service increased from $1.687 billion to $2.620 billion， the imports decreased from $3.121 billion to $2.195 billion.Because of their in
27、complete figures， the exports of structure service as well as research and development service cannot be calculated. 5.4. International Comparison The gross exports of our nation， occupying a fifth of the global market， has ranked first since 2002 and maintained a higher growth rate. Contributing o
28、the substantial increase in exports， the trade surplus of Chinese creative goods rose from $29 billion in 2002 to $79 billion in 2008. And also， the export trade of creative products of China Hongkong is active. Although its overall rank decreased compared with that in 2002， the gross output of crea
29、tive goods in Hongkong is similar with that in the United States， Germany as well as other advanced countries， ranking fourth in export of global 8creative industries. The United States， however， whose total exports was $35 billion plays a role of leading character among developed countries. In cont
30、rast to China， the trade gap of American creative goods is always as high as more than $50 billion （ Table6 ）. As for the creation of arts and crafts， taking exports of crafts in creative products as an example， UNCTAD mainly surveyed handicrafts with decorated， functional cultural and religious con
31、nation as well as social symbolic significance， such as carpets， paper art， celebrative decorations， rattan weave， weft knitting and etc. Asia leads the worldwide market in such kind of industry in that countries or regions whose exports rank Top 10 throughout the world all come from Asia. Neverthel
32、ess， Asia only occupies the leadership in crafts among entire global trade of creative products and services . For our country， although the developed of tourism and recreation have resulted in the increase of overseas sales of crafts， relevant policy of creative industries should be carried out in
33、order to guarantee the growth of advanced industries and new export growth poles are should be developed from national and macroscopic prospective. We can find that average global exports of creative 9services take 45 per cent of creative products and such proportion of developed economies， Germany
34、as well as developing economies are respectively 67%， 104% and 12%. Whereas， in the aspect of Chinese exports regarding creative industries， creative services and products are only in the ratio of 3%. From the perspective of international share of creative industries， domestic creative products hold
35、 the proportion of 20%， which is pretty ahead of other nations. Nevertheless， the share of international market of creative services during the same period is only 1.4%， which is fairly incompatible with the status of our nation in creative industries exports. 6. Conclusions and Thoughts 6.1. Strong
36、 Competitiveness of Chinese Creative Industries The creative industries of our nation have developed rapidly. On one hand， the imports and exports of creative products and services are increasing annually and the exports of creative goods take over one fifth of market share. On the other hand， TC in
37、dex also reflects that Chinese creative industries possess more powerful competitiveness as well as more apparent advance than the industries of the United States， Britain and Japan which are traditionally considered 10to be developed countries and bellwethers in such industries. 6.2.Imbalance of Th
38、e Import and Export of Creative Industries of China Although the creative industries of China have been in an overall promising development and have a powerful competitiveness， exaggerated trade surplus reflects significant imbalance of the import and export which could be described as “ Only Export
39、 “ or “More Export than Import “. China， a majesty economy possessing the population of 1.3 billion and ranking second in the world， only takes over 1 per cent of global consumption upon creative goods and services. The huge amounts of creative goods export cannot conceal the basic national conditio
40、ns of low creative consumption awareness， consumption standard as well as opening extend and apathetic awareness of intellectual property. What makes things worse， the population generally lack courage， respect and purchasing consumption of creative goods and services， resulting in common phenomenon of pirate as well as crossing the border and blocking the improvements on Chinese core creative original ability and formation regarding overall creative atmosphere. 6.3. Defects Existing in Developing Structure of Creative Industries of China
