1、这是剑 7 TEST 3 As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual wellbeing. What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? Give reasons for your answer and include an
2、y relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Nowadays many adults have full-time jobs and the proportion of their lives spent doing such jobs is very high. So feelings about ones job must reflect how an individual feels about his or her life as a whole, and because of this, job satisfa
3、ction is indeed very important for the wellbeing of that person. Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways. Firstly, a person needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback from superior is very important in his respect. A sense of fulfillment is also encou
4、raged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a whole. Secondly, when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, for example, then there is a sense of progress and purpose that rewards a worker.
5、 The sense of belonging to a team or a working community also contributes to job satisfaction because colleagues help each other to enjoy their working lives. Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for the loyal to a team. Of course not everyone enjoys their work. Hard economic
6、realities mean that many people have little choice in the kind of job they can get. In some cases an employee is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality. Some jobs are repetitive and boring, and labour relations may be poor and lead to resentment and insecurity rather
7、than to job satisfaction. However, even though it is unlikely that all workers do feel happy in their work, I think it is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job. If the factors identified above implemented, then any job can be improved and more workers can feel greater degrees o
8、f job satisfaction 试题 As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual wellbeing. What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? 看到这个题目就知道 考试想让我们分析一种现象，谈谈看法，不是通常意义
9、上的对有争议性问题的讨论。最后一句 “对所有工人而言，工作满意度的期望具有多大实际意义？ ”，how old, how often, how long 中的 how做 adv，表示 “多大程度 ”，后面接 adj, adv。 第一段 Nowadays many adults have full-time jobs and the proportion of their lives spent doing such jobs is very high. 中规中矩的开头，介绍背景 their lives spent doing such jobs, spent过去分词修饰 lives, 正常语序为
10、 spend their lives doing such jobs. 众所周知，动名词的词性为名词，而过去分词或现在分词词性为形容词，切记 The proportion of time/money spent doing a thing is high/small. 可以常用来表示时间、金钱或精力在某事上的消耗程度，如 The proportion of our spare time spent surfing on the Internet is very high。 So feelings about ones job must reflect how an individual fee
11、ls about his or her life as a whole, 一句表达因果关系中的结果， so+结果 ，其中 so 为 conj, adv， 此处为 adv, 若为 conj, so 前面则为逗号。 Must 表示 “必定 ”，表推断，很多情态动词都有这种用法， can 可能， cannot 不可能， must 必定 His or her life指代前面 an individual 用了 his or her，这是表示两性平等，是一种政治正确（ political correctness）的表现，同样的还有 he or she and because of this, job s
12、atisfaction is indeed very important for the wellbeing of that person. Because of this 指代因果关系中的原因， this 指代前面那句话 Wellbing/ well-being u 表示幸福，健康的一种状态，这个词经常用到，类似的还有welfare u, 也是表示幸福，健康的一种状态 第二段 Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways. 典型的主旨句， in a number of ways 提示下面将详细描述。 Firstly, a person
13、needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback from superiors is very important in his respect. firstly 引导时间顺序或逻辑顺序的副词，根本就不存在同学们所说的 “模板词 ” so+结果， 这里 so 是副词 Superior c 上级 subordinate c 下级 employer c 老板 employee c 员工 in his respect, in respect of sth 表某个方面，其中 respect
14、c 方面；类似的还有 in terms of sth A sense of fulfillment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a whole. 还是因果关系， because conj, 引导原因状语从句 A sense of fulfillment 成就感，类似的有 a sense of humour 幽默感 a sense of justice 正义感 a sense of direct
15、ion 方向感 好好品味一下作者用词造句多样化的能力 Need to feel, feel感到，谓语动词； a sense of fulfillment, sense 感觉，名词作主语 Valued and valuable work; the job is worth doing Secondly, when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, for example, then there is a sense of progress and
16、purpose that rewards a worker. Secondly, 接第二个方面的理由 When conj, 此处明表时间，实际表原因， a sense of progress 进步感 a sense of purpose 目的性 They are improving or developing their skills 作者运用现在进行时态增加了时态多样性，说明一点， 很多情况下，一个句子可以从用多种时态都没有错，只是表意上有略微差别，如此处改为 they improve or develop their skills 也对 There be 表存在一种物体或现象，英语中应用广
17、泛 The sense of belonging to a team or a working community also contributes to job satisfaction because colleagues help each other to enjoy their working lives. Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for and the loyal to a team. 用两个 also, also 来说明了第三，四条道理， the sense of belonging
18、归属感， a sense of responsibility 责任感 体会句型多样性 Sth contributes to job satisfaction Satisfaction is increased by sth 第三段 Of course not everyone enjoys their work. 主旨句， “并非每个人都喜欢他么的工作 ” Of course 这种成分称为 句子附加状语 ，也有人叫做评注性状语，表明作者的评价和态度，这种成分很重要，如常见的 personally, certainly, perhaps, fortunately 等等，范文出现很多此类成分，我会
19、一一点明，这个肯定用得到，而且一学就会，特别提醒 Not everyone, 部分否定 ，语法题必考内容， All is not gold that glitters, 闪光的并非都是金子，莎士比亚的这句名言是部分否定的经典示例，又如网络名言 “有翅膀的并非都是天使，也可能是鸟人 ”，也可作为部分否定的范例 Hard economic realities mean that many people have little choice in the kind of job they can get. Mean 意味着，其实可视为表达结果，如改为 “Hard economic realities
20、 lead to the fact that” hard economic realities, economic downtown (crisis, tsunami) 在现在的全球经济状况下，这些词想必大家不会陌生，虽然 CCTV 天天唱 “风景这边独好 ”也改变不了现实的残酷。 In some cases an employee is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality. Some jobs are repetitive and boring, and labour relations
21、 may be poor and lead to resentment and insecurity rather than to job satisfaction. In some cases 举例说明内因（ skill, personality）外因 （工作性质和工作环境） an employee; their skills, their personality. 单数的 an employee 怎么变成复数的 their？这也是政治正确的表现，有些人认为这种用法不规范，坚持用 her or his，看来雅思认可了这种用法 Some jobs are repetitive and bori
22、ng, 如指人： typist (打字员 )， cashier (收银员 )， office worker (办公室文员 )，大家记住几个，以后好举例 Rather than conj, 而不是，类似的 instead of prep 第四段 However, even though it is unlikely that all workers do feel happy in their work, I think it is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job. However adv, 逻辑副词，表转折
23、，此处表段落之间的意思转折 看看主从句之间对于关系 unlikely 对应 not unrealistic; feel happy 对应 promote more job satisfaction, in their work 对应 in any job If the factors identified above are implemented, then any job can be improved and more workers can feel greater degrees of job satisfaction. 这句很巧妙， if 条件句中一个 factor 对应了题目的第
24、一问（影响因素），主句中 an job can be improved and more workers can feel greater degrees of 指出具有现实意义，问答了第二问（ how realistic） 还原作者写作流程 审题： job satisfaction 好抽象啊，俺从来没想过， factors 影响因素，这个好说，到时候一二三四就行了，再继续看， How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? 呵呵，卡壳了，想想，得分两步走，首先说明 job satisfaction o
25、f all workers 所有工人工作满意度的状况，再来回答 how realistic is the expectation of 框架 第一段：从介绍背景入手， 点 出 job satisfaction 很重要 第二段：影响因素： 第一点 firstly开头， a sense of fulfillment 满足感来源于因为工作有价值 (valued and valuable work)，所以上司表扬；由于工作对社会或经济有利，所以觉得工作有价值 (the job is worth is worth doing)。工作有价值一个是上司表扬的原因，同时又是对社会或经济有利的结果，真是有点绕了
26、。 第二点 secondly 开头， a sense of progress and purpose 进步感和达到目的的感觉。 第三点 also 作标志， the sense of belonging 归属感。 第四点 also 作标志， a sense of responsibility 责任感和 loyalty 忠诚 第三段：介绍所有工人的 satisfaction 状况 ，举例 in some cases 说明内因（ skill, personality）外因 （工作性质 boring and repetitive 和工作环境 labour relations）使satisfaction
27、 不高 第四段： 以 however 作转折， even though 承上， I think 启下，表明自己立场 , 回到 how realistic 的问题，这个 I think很重要，作为表明作者态度的标志性词，类似的还有 in my opinion, personally, my view is that等等 . 文章最后一句将 factors 和 how realistic联系起来。 遣词造句： 大作文主体就是讲道理，讲道理其实也就是 因果关系 （ cause and effect） ,文章展示了丰富的句式 so+结果； because of this 替代上句的原 因； becau
28、se+原因； by+原因；mean+结果； lead to+结 如果是我？ 作者太有才了，满足感、进步感、归属感和责任感，从哪儿整出来这么多名词，大哥简直是个哲学家。要问我 job satisfaction，我就会果断的说，没有，工作就是一个谋生的手段，凑合着活着。这个题要写，这么多感我都转不过弯来。要么我就这么写，工作性质影响我的满足感（适合就是最好的吗？）；工作回报影响我的满足感（我很差钱啊？）；工作环境影响我的满足感（勾心斗角谁喜欢啊）；工作发展影响我的满足感（没前途，没进步能快乐吗）。 写上四条就够了吧。 谈中年危机 看完这篇范文，想起了一个词： 中年危机（ midlife crisi
29、s） ,指人到了中年事业上小有成就，经济上也比较稳定了，但是事业发展会停滞不前，甚至开始走下坡路，因此 工作满意度（ job satisfaction） 也开始下降了。但记得以前从哈佛商业评论看到一篇谈论管理人员（ executives）的中年危机，文章指出，中年不应成为危机，而应当成为 中年机遇（ midlife opportunity） , 他说，人在中年以前，人的进步是基于 缺乏性能动（ deficiency motivation） ,即年轻时什么都缺，要钱置房、购车、安家，职业上经验不足，缺乏人脉等等，所以人必须进步来获取这些东西。而中年以后，这些都有一定基础了，人就可以摆脱以往的束缚
30、，倾听你自己的内心追求，实现人生的完整，他给起了个新名词叫 成长能动（ growth motivation） 。 这两天网上浏览新闻，听说谷歌中国总裁 李开复先生 离开谷歌，自己去创业了，我想这应当就是基于成长能动（ growth motivation）吧，开复先生自己的解释是 “想用自己的主动性做一个掌控全局的工作。我已经到了这个人生阶段，再不去做，我 真的很怕来不及了 ”，一个美籍华人，成为一名语音识别方面的世界权威，曾在苹果、微软和谷歌等世界顶级公司任高管，业余时间投身教育公益事业，几封给中国学生的信使其成为青年学子的精神偶像，该有的都有了，但 48岁的他没有将中年看成危机，而是为了不给
31、生命留下遗憾，去创业，活生生的向我们解释了成长能动（ growth motivation）的含义。 这时剑 4 TEST2,因为与剑 7那篇均谈到 happiness和 satisfaction，所以放在一起谈 Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples f
32、rom your own knowledge or experience. Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people. While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. Yet others think that spiri
33、tual paths, rather than either the material world or relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness. Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. However, if there are different kinds of
34、happiness for different individuals that the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy. Of course, factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to e
35、arn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too. But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy. Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspective in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have
36、 a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.). Like self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think
37、these are the two factors that may be most important for achieving happiness. 第一段 Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people. 开门见山，一个 because 从句回答了第一个问题 “Why is it difficult to define?”,mean 对应 define While some people link happiness to wealt
38、h and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. While 作连词，引导状语从句，主要表时间、对照和让步三种，此处为对照，含义为 “而 ” 体会句型多样性 Link happiness to sth; happiness lies in sth Wealth and material 物质的； emotions and loving personal relationships 情感 Yet others think that spiritual paths,
39、 rather than either the material world or relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness. 一个 yet, 明表转折，实则为递进，把上面提的两点视为世俗的（ material world 物质的； relationships with people）和精神的（ the spiritual paths） ,关系还挺复杂的 句型多变， link happiness to sth, happiness lies in sth 变为 sth is the way to happines
40、s； while+从句 表对照换成 rather than 遣词造句能力之高，只能滔滔江水般的敬仰了 第二段 Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. 同义表达上段中的主旨第一句， Because it means 换成 because people interpret Happiness is difficult to define 换成 it is
41、difficult to give any definition 起到连接上段的作用，不过对语言基本功要求蛮高的 However, if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals that the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. However 转折，指出该段的主旨句， 回到题目第二问 what factors, first step是自知之明（ self-knowledge） If 从句明表条件
42、，是为因果 A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy. 进一步说明什么是 self-knowledge, 就是幸福对他代表什么（如金钱，美女，权利等等） 第三段 Of course, factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to
43、our happiness too. 一个 factors 把第一段的幸福含义又搬出来了，其实幸福定义在很多程度上和幸福影响因素是一码事，比如我认为有钱就幸福，那么金钱就是幸福的影响因素。 爱 loving relationships 健康 good health 谋生能力 the skills to earn a living 平和环境 a peaceful environment 四个因素没有严格的分类 影响因素 + contribute to + 影响结果 ，这个句型很重要，如 The IELTS score contributes to my application 雅思分数影响我的申
44、请，想必大家能共鸣吧。 But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy. 这句有哲 理，我就想不出来，健康等是幸福的既非充分又非必要条件 Cannot 必须这要写， can not是错误的，切记 第四段 Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspective in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. essential factor 继上一个 first step
45、之后，粉墨登场了。提醒一下，英文按逻辑重要性，是把最重要的放在最后，中文中叫 “压轴戏 ” overall 评注 性句子状语，大家还有印象吧 perspective c 观点，看法 view, opinion 这个词很常用，也有点高级，记住它 By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.)
46、 and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.). 继续解释 perspective, by that 把上下句联系起来， that 指代上句。 Welfare / wellbeing u 幸福 etc. 等等，拉丁文， 记住末尾那个点别给弄没了，近义词 and so on 第五段 Like self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these are the two factors tha
47、t may be most important for achieving happiness 这种写法叫做先抑后扬 Self-awareness 对应 self-knowledge Two factors 对应 self-knowledge 或 clear perspective 还原作者写作流程 审题 先看第一问 why is it very difficult to define?这好说，幸福难定义吗，就是一个人一个答案；再看下文 what factors are important in achieving happiness?转换成 how can you achieve happi
48、ness?就好理解了，至于到个人如何获得幸福，首先得有自知之名，最重要的是你怎么看待幸福，记得读者上有一句话： “认为自己最幸福的人，他就是幸福的人；认为自己最聪明的人，其实是最愚蠢的人。 ”（这句有点扯了，老外应该不看读者） 框架 第一段： 开门见山，第一段就是 “happiness is very difficult to define, because”,连背景都不介绍了， “Everyone, who spares nothing to pursue his or her own happy life, has yet to reach the consensus over the d
49、efinition of happiness.”也省去了，省得考官说我是模版。总分模式介绍为什么答案各异，幸福含义分为世俗（ secular world）和精神的（ spiritual world）；有将世俗的分为物质的 (material)和人际关系的 (relationships) 第二段： 指出 how to achieve happiness 第一步 first step 是 self-knowledge。与上段如何过渡得好好考虑考虑，那就说幸福对每个人而言是不同的，但单就某个人而言，他要获取幸福，就首先得有自知之明，然后再解释为什么需要自知之明。 第三段 ：我还打算谈获取信服最重要的是如何看待人生，这是个压箱底的好货，我得先卖个关子，那么这段就谈那些常见的影响幸福的因素是其中是既非充分又非必要条件。 第四段： 关子买完了，那就 “图穷匕首现 ”了，本段总分格式， overall 总体说来 ，如何看待人生才是获取幸
