1、左洛复对强迫及相关障碍的治疗,汕头大学精神卫生中心 许崇涛,2,DSM-5中的强迫及相关障碍Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders,强迫障碍(obsessive-compulsive disorder)躯体变形障碍(body dysmorphic disorder)储藏障碍(hoarding disorder)拔毛障碍(trichotillomania /hair-pulling disorder)揭皮障碍(excoriation /skin picking disorder)物质/药品导致的强迫及相关障碍(substance/medication
2、-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder)由其他躯体问题引起的强迫及相关障碍( obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition)其他特定的强迫及相关障碍(other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder)非特定的强迫及相关障碍(unspecified obsessive -compulsive and related disorder),3,强迫及相关障碍的基本特征,强
3、迫障碍强迫观念和/或行为躯体变形障碍和贮藏障碍认知症状:对外貌和物品需要的认知拔毛障碍和揭皮障碍指向躯体的重复行为与焦虑障碍关系密切分类上紧接于焦虑障碍之后,4,强迫障碍的治疗方法,药物治疗心理治疗认知行为治疗(CBT)暴露和反应预防(ERP)精神分析治疗家庭治疗森田治疗,其他治疗脑深部电刺激(DBS)电抽搐治疗经颅磁刺激(TMS)脑外科手术,5,强迫障碍的治疗药物,Can J Psychiatry, Vol 51, Suppl 2, July 2006,6,加拿大强迫障碍治疗指南药物推荐,Can J Psychiatry, Vol 51, Suppl 2, July 2006,7,WFSBP
4、强迫症循证治疗指南,The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2008; 9(4): 248312,8,SSRI为强迫障碍治疗一线用药,新英格兰医学杂志临床实践指南指出:SSRIs是治疗强迫症最有效的药物1,美国FDA批准推荐舍曲林为治疗强迫症药物之一3,世界生物精神病学联盟(WFSBP)药物治疗指南推荐:SSRIs是治疗强迫症的一线用药2舍曲林治疗强迫症具有A级证据,属一级推荐用药2,1.Jenike MA, et al. N Engl J Med. 2004 15(350)3:259-65.2.Borwin Bandelow, et al. T
5、he World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2008(9)4:248-312.3.Lorrin M, et al. Practice Guideline For The Treatment of Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 11,14,24.,9,舍曲林与氯丙咪嗪治疗强迫障碍的疗效,13,强迫障碍的规范治疗流程,From: APA Practice Guideline For The Treatment of Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorde
6、r,强迫障碍的治疗策略,治疗中的疗效评估足量足程治疗换药策略(Switching strategies)增效策略(Augmentation strategies),15,强迫障碍的疗效评估,The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)严重程度:极重(40-32),严重(31-24),中度(23-16),轻度(15-9),轻微症状(8-5)治疗反应标准:Y-BOCS减分25%CGI Improvement scale:1或2治愈标准Y-BOCS 8达不到OCD诊断标准,功能恢复,Can J Psychiatry, Vol 51, Suppl
7、 2, July 2006,16,强迫障碍的疗效评估,J Clin Pract, July 2007, 61, 7, 11881197,17,足量治疗:强迫障碍药物治疗的剂量,1. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2012:1-192. Journal of Psychopharmacology . 2005; 19(6) : 567596,18,强迫障碍药物治疗的剂量:加拿大指南,19,强迫障碍药物治疗:较高剂量与药代动力学特征,强迫障碍病程迁延,治疗困难,APA强迫障碍治疗指南指出强迫障碍的治疗常用较高剂量的SSRIs1具
8、有线性药代动力学特征的药物,有助于避免非线性药代药物的小剂量滴定和重复性的血药浓度监测,更方便在治疗早期调整剂量从而达到最大的治疗获益2线性药代动力学SSRIs:舍曲林(说明书剂量范围50-200mg/d)、西酞普兰(20-60mg/d)2非线性药代动力学SSRIs:氟西汀(20-80mg/d)、帕罗西汀(20-50mg/d)、氟伏沙明(100-300mg/d)2,Lorrin M, et al. Practice Guideline For The Treatment of Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.Goodnick PJ. Cl
9、in Pharmacokinet. 1994; 27(4): 307-330.,20,From: APA Practice Guideline For The Treatment of Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,SSRI治疗强迫障碍的线性量效关系,Bloch MH, et al. Molecular Psychiatry 2010; 15: 850-855.,21,大剂量舍曲林治疗强迫症疗效更佳,治疗期(周),Y-BOCS总分,Ninan PT, et al. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 15-22.,6
10、6名经16周一般剂量舍曲林治疗无效的OCD患者随机分为高剂量组(n=30)和一般剂量组(n=36)继续治疗12周,24,SSRI与认知功能损害,与TCA相比,SSRI对认知功能影响小,但可能影响记忆功能1,225名OCD患者接受舍曲林治疗3强迫症状改善(YBOCS评分下降),认知功能改善(反映额叶功能的神经心理学评分增加):两种改善之间无相关前者可能与舍曲林的5-HT系统活性有关,后者与舍曲林的多巴胺系统活性有关与帕罗西汀和西酞普兰比较,舍曲林对警觉性操作没有损害4,5,Wadsworth EJK, et al. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and E
11、xperimental. 2005Peretti S, et al. Acta Psychia Scand, 2000Borkowska A, et al. Psychiatr Pol. 2002Schmitt JA,et al.J Psychopharmacol. 2002(16)3: 207-214 Riedel, et al. J Psychopharmacol. 2005(19)1: 12-20,25,足程治疗:强迫障碍药物治疗的疗程,急性期多数患者4-6周起效,有些患者10-12周才起效维持期疗效满意,维持使用1-2年部分患者需终身药物治疗,尤其在缺乏心理治疗时停药维持期后每1-2个
12、月减用剂量的10%-25%,Lorrin M, et al. Practice Guideline For The Treatment of Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.Can J Psychiatry, Vol 51, Suppl 2, July 2006,26,换药与增效策略,替换原抗强迫作用的药物,包括同类内或不同类间的药物换用。优点:增加治疗的依从性,减少药物费用,减少药物相互作用。增效策略:在原抗强迫作用药物治疗的基础上,增加其他抗强迫作用和非抗强迫作用的药物,加强原抗强迫作用药物的抗强迫作用。优点:快速起效,不要求滴定,提
13、高原治疗效果。,27,APA指南的换药与增效策略,NO,28,SSRI之间换用仍然有效,From: APA Practice Guideline For The Treatment of Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,29,非典型抗精神病药对难治性OCD的增效作用,From: APA Practice Guideline For The Treatment of Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,30,OCD治疗中非典型抗精神病药的增效作用:安慰剂对照研究,JAMA. 2011;30
14、6(12):1359-1369,31,药物与心理治疗的联合:更好的疗效,Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Sertraline, and Their Combination for Children and Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS). JAMA, 2004:1969-1976N=112 (7-17yr)RCT:CBT alone, sertraline alone, combined CBT and sertraline,
15、 or pill placebo for 12 weeks.Outcome Measures: CY-BOCS score by an independent evaluator masked to treatment status. Remission defined as a CY-BOCS score 10.ResultsSignificant advantage for CBT alone (P=.003), sertraline alone (P=.007), and combined treatment (P=.001) compared with placeboCombined
16、treatment also proved superior to CBT alone (P=.008) and to sertraline alone (P=.006), which did not differ from each otherClinical remission: combined treatment 53.6%; CBT alone 39.3%; sertraline alone 21.4%; placebo 3.6%. CBT alone did not differ from sertraline alone (P=.24),32,囤积障碍的治疗:按强迫障碍治疗?,P
17、ertusa A, et al. Am J Psychiatry, 2008,33,囤积障碍的治疗方法,心理治疗:认知行为治疗有效率(CGI-I)1:62%(治疗结束),79%(12个月后随访)药物治疗:传统观点2:对抗强迫障碍药物反应差SSRIs3:有效,至少与CBT疗效相似;与CBT联合治疗更有效。文拉法新3:可能有效需更多的临床研究,Muroff, J et al. Depression and Anxiety, 2013 APA Practice Guideline For The Treatment of Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Diso
18、rder. Saxena S. J Clin Psychology. 2011,34,躯体变形障碍的治疗,缺乏药物的RCT研究资料,基本为个案和小样本研究现有资料显示SSRI和行为治疗均疗效不佳抗抑郁药的疗效SSRI:20-23%(具有或不具有妄想性信念)对治疗抵抗的加用丁螺环酮增效:46%(n=6)MAOI:57%(n=17)抗精神病药:无论是否具有妄想性信念,疗效都差。,Penzel FI. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Recognition and Treatment. 2002,35,拔毛障碍的治疗,缺乏系统的药物研究资料,没有任何一种药物有肯定疗效抗抑郁药氯丙
19、米嗪对部分患者有效SSRI:舍曲林、氟伏沙明、帕罗西汀有改善作用,氟西汀(40-80mg)未见效果抗精神病药奥氮平、氟哌啶醇、哌米清:作为SSRI增效药物阿立哌唑:个案报道治疗难治性拔毛障碍其他药物: n-乙酰半胱氨酸,Rothbart R, et al. Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania. The Cochrane Library, 2013Sah DE,et al. Trichotillomania. Dermatologic Therapy, 2008Don Jefferys AM, et al. Reversal of trichotilloma
20、nia with aripiprazole. Depression and Anxiety. 2008,36,揭皮障碍的治疗,药物研究资料很少,基本为个案研究氯丙米嗪,多虑平,氟伏沙明氟哌啶醇增效氟伏沙明“焦虑手”,Weintraub E, et al. South Med J. 2000Luca M, et al. J Med Case Reports. 2012,37,结语,SSRI和CBT是强迫障碍治疗的一线选择;遵循基于循证医学证据制定的治疗指南是强迫障碍治疗取得疗效最大化的基础;强迫障碍的药物治疗需较高剂量,具有线性药代动力学特征的药物更利于治疗实施;舍曲林治疗强迫障碍的疗效明确、肯定;良好的安全性,尤其是对认知功能的改善,有助于高剂量和长期使用;其他强迫相关障碍的治疗缺乏系统研究,需在今后临床实践中探索。,谢 谢,