1、well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act ac
2、cording to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essen
3、tially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a persons energy, mobilizing peoples enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system i
4、s still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. “Three emphasis on“ to take advantage of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both “recor
5、d“ and “potential performance“; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both “pragmatic“ enough, take another look at the “retreat“ level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the m
6、asses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of eval
7、uation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation cant take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels shoul
8、d take the findings as on the cadres bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding “infidelity“. People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and
9、still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from t
10、he development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people orie
11、nted and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never bepeople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabaos Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last years 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development i
12、n the first place . Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return
13、to this, see things but not peoples old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting po
14、int, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adap
15、t to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here
16、in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat busi
17、ness. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations,
18、exciting “energy“ conservation “disposition“ to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordina
19、ting system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. “In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.“ This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is
20、competent. Leaders need to “it is an official term for the benefit of“ mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, “p
21、lug in own responsibility“, effectively enhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality蒙古至元时期的宗教研究综述在蒙元时期，各类宗教文化的发展和传播，是其文化的一大特色。这一时期，宗教包括蒙古早期信仰的萨满教、佛教、道教、吐蕃的密宗喇嘛教，同时还有外来的基督教和伊斯兰教。下面我就蒙古统治
22、者对其的态度政策与各个宗教派系之间的发展及关系做一阐述。一、元代的宗教政策李干的元代宗教政策简论认为，元代的宗教政策具有容许各教存在，提倡宗教信仰自由，保护寺院教堂财产，免除僧侣差役赋税等特点。同时，元统治者还采取了提高宗教首领的政治地位，给予特殊的法律待遇和物质赏赐等庇护宗教的措施。这种政策对巩固蒙古贵族的政治统治，在初期有一定效果。特别是在某些少数民族地区，上述政策一定程度上缓和了民族矛盾。但庇护政策骄纵豢养了一大批僧侣寄生虫，他们为非作歹，耗费国财，增加了社会不稳定因素，还直接影响国赋收入。总之，元统治者利用的宗教武器也是双面刃：一面借以巩固统治，一面也伤害了他自己 1。杨绍猷的蒙古族的
23、早期宗教信仰和成吉思汗的宗教政策指出，成吉思汗从他事业的开始就把宗教作为维护自己统治的一种工具，这是成吉思汗对待宗教的根本态度和政策。在对外征服中，成吉思汗的宗教政策又有所发展。不仅容许各种宗教合法存在，还允许各族包括本民族有信教自由和是对宗教职业者进行优待。成吉思汗的继承者也沿袭了这项政策，譬如，在成吉思汗之后的黄金家族中，各族宗王都皈依自己喜欢的宗教，甚至不一而足，同时信奉两种宗教。拖雷的妻子唆鲁禾帖尼就是一个基督教徒。有元一代，对于宗教的宽容是前朝各个朝代所不能比的，佛教和道教曾在忽必烈时期举行了数次辩论，结果全真道屡次遭挫，从此一蹶不振，再也没有丘处机西行归来后的的繁盛，但是蒙古统治者
24、并不借此大力弹压，而是通过辩论的结果，使优者先而已。二、各教派的发展及联系（一）萨满教在蒙古萨满教的研究里边，较早的是学者姚从吾的成吉思汗时代的沙曼教 2。札奇斯钦说，萨满教是一种对自然崇拜的泛灵论的原始宗教的总称。德国学者海西希认为，蒙古人信奉的萨满教的基本特征是：表演如痴如狂的神态，1 中南民族学院院报1983 年第一期.2 治史杂志1937 年第一卷第一期.well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. T
25、o achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be
26、 good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a persons energy,
27、 mobilizing peoples enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. “Three emphasis on“ to take advantage of. Is
28、 a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both “record“ and “potential performance“; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both “pragmati
29、c“ enough, take another look at the “retreat“ level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the
30、 main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing
31、a banner. Evaluation cant take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint
32、effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding “infidelity“. People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the sc
33、ientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to peopl
34、e-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never bepeople-oriented in the name of red
35、ucing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabaos Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last years 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place . Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, hum
36、an needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not peoples old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue
37、 debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Te
38、rms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the abil
39、ity to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-co
40、ne type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of en
41、joyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting “energy“ conservation “disposition“ to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. c
42、learly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. “In its plac
43、e, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.“ This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to “it is an official term for the benefit of“ mission, consciously assume responsibility for
44、 implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, “plug in own responsibility“, effectively enhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to r
45、evitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality通过附身的鬼神之助，宣传抗暴制抑，预测未来的能力。萨满教的最高权力者是“长生天” 。而萨满(巫师)是鬼神世界和自然实体之间的中介斡旋者，常由部族首领担任。后来，蒙古皇帝和上层人物虽与景教、基督教、道教，佛教、儒教等都有了接触，但萨满并没有失去它的统治地位。在中国的蒙古宫廷内，萨满的活动到 14 世纪尚有记载。迄元亡为止，萨满教一直是蒙古族广大民众信奉的主要宗教形式。 1萨满做法时，也有一套祝祷之词，在内容上虽谈不上什么宗教的哲理，却
46、是优美的民间文学。 2鸟兰察夫也指出，日月星辰、风霜雪雨、雷鸣闪电、山川土地、火等自然崇拜，苍琅、白鹿，白鸿、鹰等图腾崇拜，鬼魂与祖先崇拜等。都是蒙古族原始宗教萨满教的主要内容。重 213 世纪初，蒙古社会急剧变化，萨满教的内容、形式和作用都发生了很大变化：从多神的崇拜向一神的崇拜过渡，对腾格里(长生天)的崇拜和天命观念占统治地位。随着蒙古阶级社会的形成，萨满教逐渐具有了浓厚的阶级色彩。萨满教的祭司(萨满)和统治者结合在一起，使萨满教成为统治阶级的精神工具。 3蒙力克的儿子阔阔出是全蒙古有名的大巫师，他在选汗大会上假托长生天之词帮助成吉思汗登上汗位，出了大力，此为一例。（二）佛教有元一代的佛教
47、，包括汉地佛教和藏传佛教(即喇嘛教)两部分。法尊的元明间与中国有关的西藏佛教 ，详细地探讨了元代吐蕃佛教萨迦派、迦贡派的由来及与元廷的关系等问题，还较早指出，萨迦班积达与阔端，八思巴与忽必烈间结成的福田与施主的关系，对萨迦派在吐蕃取得统治地位和吐蕃佛教向内地的扩张，具有决定性意义。 4另外，陈高华的元代佛教与元代社会描述了元代佛教内部派别的势力消长、僧尼户籍、僧官教阶制度，寺院内阶层等级和寺院经济等情况。认为蒙古统治者对佛教内部派别的态度是先后不同的，前期倾向于中土禅宗，在忽必烈时期，则更倾向于吐蕃密宗。在关于元代的佛道之争问题上，台湾学者札奇斯钦的十三世纪蒙古君长与汉地佛道两教 ，考察了蒙古
48、统治者进入汉地后与佛道两教的频繁接触和逐渐疏远道教及皈依吐蕃佛教的过程和原因。指出，蒙古统治者在对外征服过程中对各种宗教都保持平等待遇和尊敬，是基于漠北固有的萨满教泛神观念的。他1 蒙古学资料与情报1984 年第二期.2 蒙古的宗教台湾学海出版社，1980.3 哲学研究1984.4 文史杂志1944 年第四卷.well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical re
49、sults, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can s
