1、2016 年 12 月英语四级真题及答案卷二英语四级考试采取“多题多卷”模式，试题顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对！作文题目：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay. Suppose you have two options upon graduation: one is to take a job in a company and the other to go to a graduate school. You are to make a choice between the two. Write an essa
2、y to explain the reasons for your choice. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.参考范文：Upon graduation, virtually all college students will confront the problem of the career choice，which is truly a tough choice. Students opinions differ greatly on this issue. Some hold that p
3、riority should be given to take a job, but others take the attitude that going to a graduate school is the most critical factor influencing their future career choices.As to myself, I prefer the latter view. A higher educational background exerts a tremendous fascination on a great number of people,
4、 with no exception to me. This phenomenon that the graduates have difficulties in finding job after their graduation can easily be found anywhere in our daily life, especially on campus. On the one hand, with the improved high education of Chinese college students which directly brought the result t
5、hat there are more and more graduates every year. On the contrary, job vacancies dont increase that fast. More people, less food, which is the exact description of the hard condition. On the other hand, more and more people go on to pursue their master and doctor degree; more and more Chinese overse
6、a students come back to China to hunt better working chances. It is sure that the competition is more and more fierce.Therefore, it is high time that we took effective measures to improve our own competitiveness. That is the secret of success in the future employment market after our graduation.Part
7、 Reading Section A(卷二)The ocean is heating up. Thats the conclusion of a new study that finds that Earths oceans now (27)heat at twice the rate they did 18 years ago. Around half of ocean heat intake since 1865 has taken place since 1997, researchers report online in Nature Climate Change.Warming wa
8、ters are known to (28)to coral bleaching(珊瑚白化) and they take up more space than cooler waters, raising sea (29). While the top of the ocean is studied, its depths are more difficult to (30)The researchers gathered 150 years of ocean temperature data in order to get better (31)of heat absorption from
9、 surface to seabed. They gathered together temperature readings collected by everything from a 19th century (32)of British naval ships to modern automated ocean probes. The extensive data sources, (33)with computer simulations(计算机模拟), created a timeline of ocean temperature changes, including coolin
10、g from volcanic outbreaks and warming from fossil fuel (34).About 35 percent of the heat taken in by the oceans during the industrial era now residents at a (35)of more than 700 meters, the researchers found. They say theyre unsure(36)whether the deep-sea warming canceled out warming at the seas sur
11、face.A absorbB combinedC contributeD depthE emissionF.exploreG exploreH.floorI.heightsJ.indifferentK levelL.mixedM pictureN unsureO voyage参考答案：(26)A absorb(27)C contribute(28)K level(29)G explore(30)M picture(31)O voyage(32)B combined(33)E emission(34)D depth(35)N unsure参考解析文章第一句讲到海洋正在升温，不难推断出第 26 题
12、应该是选absorb，absorb 为吸收的意思。be known to do sth, 由此可知第 27 题应该选动词原形，再根据后面的to, 故将答案锁定为 contribute，contribute to意思为是的原因，有助于;为做贡献;为捐款;为撰稿。raising为结果状语从句，意为导致了海平面的上升，故此空的答案为levels。该句的前半句意思是海洋的表层(顶部)被研究得较为透彻，考生要谨记在做完形填空时，要做到上下文的对应，比对一下就可得知该空应该选择 study的近义词，通观所有的选项， 故选 explore。研究者搜集了 150 年的海洋温度数据， 目的是要清晰地比对现在与过
13、去的变化趋势， 故不难推测出要做图来进行比对， 因此该空的答案为 picture。31 空后面有 naval ships 这样的字眼，故能联想到该空应该与 ships 有关，因此该空的答案为 voyage。能与介词 with 搭配的形容词，通观所有的选项，只有combined，combined with 意为结合， 该短语在句中做插入语。Fossil fuel 为矿物燃料，燃烧矿物燃料排放出的废气会导致温室效应， 故该空应该选择 emissions。More than 700 meters 是一个长度，再看前文，亦有提示-its depths, 故该空的答案为 depth，at a depth
14、 of意为在的深度。35 空应填入一个形容词， 再结合后面的宾语从句的引导词 whether， 故将答案锁定为 unsure， 要注意 sure 和 unsure 的宾语从句的引导词是不同的，sure 的宾语从句引导词为 that， unsure 的宾语从句的引导词为 whether， 类似的词语还有 doubt，考生要注意区分。Part Reading Section B(卷二)The Secret to Raising Smart Kids37.The authors experiment shows that students with a fixed mind-set believe
15、having to work hard is an indication of low ability.【答案】F As predicted, the students with a growth mind-set felt that learning was more important goal than getting good grades. In addition, they held hard work in high regard, They understood that even geniuses have to work hard. Confronted by a setb
16、ack such as a disappointing test grade, students with a growth mind-set said they would study harder or try a different strategy. The students who held a fixed mind-set, however, were concerned about looking smart with less regard for learning. They had negative views of effort, believing that havin
17、g to work hard was a sign of low ability. They thought that a person with talent or intelligence did not need to work hard to do well. Attributing a bad grade to their own lack of ability, those with a fixed mind-set said that would study less in the future, try never to take that subject again and
18、consider cheating on future tests.38.Focusing on effort is effective in helping children overcome frustration and achieve success.【答案】C In particular, attributing poor performance to a lack of ability depresses motivation more than does the belief that lack of effort is to blame. When I told a group
19、 of school children who displayed helpless behavior that a lack of effort led to their mistakes in math, they learned to keep trying when the problems got tough. Another group of helpless children who were simply rewarded for their success on easier problems did not improve their ability to solve ha
20、rm math problems. These experiments indicated that a focus on effort can help resolve helplessness and generate success.39.We can cultivate a growth mind-set in children by telling success stories that emphasize hard work love of learning.【答案】I How do we transmit a growth mind-set to our children? O
21、ne way is by telling stories about achievements that result from hard work. For instance, talking about mathematical geniusesWho were more or less born that way puts students in a fixed mind-set, but mathematicians who fell in love with math and developed amazing skills produce a growth mind-set.40.
22、Students belief about the cause of their failure explains their attitude toward setbacks.【答案】FAs predicted, the students with a growth mind-set felt that learning was more important goal than getting good grades. In addition, they held hard work in high regard, They understood that even geniuses hav
23、e to work hard. Confronted by a setback such as a disappointing test grade, students with a growth mind-set said they would study harder or try a different strategy. The students who held a fixed mind-set, however, were concerned about looking smart with less regard for learning. They had negative v
24、iews of effort, believing that having to work hard was a sign of low ability. They thought that a person with talent or intelligence did not need to work hard to do well. Attributing a bad grade to their own lack of ability, those with a fixed mind-set said that would study less in the future, try n
25、ever to take that subject again and consider cheating on future tests.41.In the authors experiment, student with a growth mind-set showed greater perseverance in solving difficult math problems.【答案】G Such different outlook had a dramatic impact on performance. At the start of junior high, the math a
26、chievement test scores of the students with a growth mind-set were comparable to the those of students who displayed a fixed mind-set. But as the work became more difficult, the students with a growth mind-set showed greater persistence. As a result, their math grades overtook those of the other stu
27、dents by the end of the first semester-and the gap between the two groups continued to widen during the two years we followed them.42.The author conducted an experiment to find out about the influence of students mind-sets on math learning.【答案】E We validated these expectations in a study in which tw
28、o other psychologists and I monitored 373 student for two years during the transition to junior high school, when the work gets more difficult and the grading more strict, to determine how their mind-sets might affect their math grades. At the beginning of seventh grade, we assessed the students min
29、d-sets by asking them to agree or disagree with statements such as “Your intelligence is something very basic about you that you cant really change.“ We then assessed their beliefs about other aspects of learning and looked to see what happened to their grades.43.After failing again and again, most
30、animals give up hope.【答案】A I first began to investigate the basis of human motivation-and how people persevere after setbacks-as a psychology graduate student at Yale University in the 1960s. Animal experiments by psychologists at the University of Pennsylvania had shown that after repeated failures
31、, most animals conclude that a situation is hopeless and beyond their control. After such an experience an animal often remains passive even when it can effect change-a state they called learned helplessness.44.Informing students about the brain as a learning machine is a good strategy to enhance th
32、eir motivation for learning.【答案】J In addition, parents and teachers can help children by providing explicit instruction regarding the mind as a learning machine, I designed an eight-session workshop for 91 students whose math grades were declining in their first year of junior high. Forty-eight of t
33、he students received instruction in study skills only, whereas the others attended a combination of study skills sessions and classes in which they learned about the growth mind-set and how to apply it to schoolwork. In the growth mind-set classes, students read and discussed an article entitled “Yo
34、u Can Grow Your Brain.” They were taught that the brain is like a muscle that gets stronger with use and that learning prompts the brain to grow new connections. From such instruction, many students began to see themselves as agents of their own brain development. Despite being unaware that there we
35、re two types of instruction, teachers reported significant motivational changes in 27% of the children in the growth mind-set workshop as compared with only 9% of students in the control group.45.People with a fixed mind-set believe that ones intelligence is unchangeable.【答案】D Later, I developed a b
36、roader theory of what separates the two general classes of learners-helpless versus mastery-oriented. I realized these different types of students not only explain their failures differently, but they also hold different “theories” of intelligence. The helpless ones believe intelligence is a fixed c
37、haracteristic: you have only a certain amount, and thats that. I call this a “fixed mind-set(思维模式).“Mistakes crack their self-confidence because they attribute errors to a lack of ability, which they feel powerless to change. They avoid challenges because challenges make mistakes more likely. The ma
38、stery-orient children, on the other hand, think intelligence is not fixed and can be developed through education and hard work. Such children believe challenges are energizing rather than intimidating (令人生畏);they offer opportunities to learn. Students with such a growth mind-set were destined(注定)for
39、 great academic success and were quite likely to outperform their counterparts.46.In the workplace, feedback may not be so welcome to managers with a fixed mind-set.【答案】H A fixed mind-set can also hinder communication and progress in the workplace and discourage or ignore constructive criticism and
40、advice. Research shows that managers who have a fixed mind-set are less likely to seek or welcome feedback from their employees than are managers with a growth mind-set.Passage One“Sugar, alcohol and tobacco,“ economist Adam Smith once wrote, “are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, w
41、hich have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation.“Two and a half centuries on, most countries impose some sort of tax on alcohol and tobacco. With surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems, gove
42、rnments around the world have begun to toy with the idea of taxing sugar as well.Whether such taxes work is a matter of debate. A preliminary review of Mexicos taxation found a fall in purchases of taxed drinks as well as a rise in sales if untaxed and healthier drinks. By contrast, a Danish tax on
43、foods high in fats was abandoned a year after its introduction, amid claims that consumers were avoiding it by crossing the border to Germany to satisfy their desire for cheaper, fattier fare.The food industry has, in general, been firmly opposed to such direct government action. Nonetheless, the re
44、newed focus on waistlines means that industry groups are under pressure to demonstrate their products are healthy as well as tasty.Over the past three decades, the industry has made some efforts to improve the quality of its offerings. For example, some drink manufactures have cut the amount of suga
45、r in their beverages.Many of the reductions over the past 30 years have been achieved either by reducing the amount of sugar, salt or fat in a product, or by finding an alternative ingredient. More recently, however.Some companies have been investing money in a more ambitious undertaking: learning h
46、ow to adjust the fundamental make-up of the food they sell. For example, having salt on the outside, but none on the inside, reduces the salt content without changing the taste.While reformulating recipes(配方)is one way to improve public health, it should be part of a multi-sided approach. The key is
47、 to remember thatthere is not just one solution. To deal with obesity, a mixture of approaches-including reformulation, taxation and adjusting portion sizes-will be needed. There is no silver bullet.46.What did Adam Smith say about sugar, alcohol and tobacco.A.They were profitable to manufacture.B.T
48、hey were in ever-increasing demand.C.They were subject to taxation almost everywhere.D.They were no longer considered necessities of life.【答案】C47.Why have many countries started to consider taxing sugar?A.They are under growing pressures to balance their national budgets.B.They find it ever harder t
49、o cope with sugar-induced health problems.C.They practice of taxing alcohol and tobacco has proved both popular and profitable.D.The sugar industry is overtaking alcohol and tobacco business in generating profits.【答案】B48.What do we learn about Danish taxation on fat-rich foods?A.It did not work out as well as was expected.B.It gave rise to a lot of problems on the border.C.It could not succeed without German cooperation.D.It met with firm opposition from the food industry.【答案】A49.What is the more recent effort by food companies to make fo
