1、P117-14 制药专英作业Unit111.The oral route of drug administration is the most important method of administering drugs for systemic effects Translations:口服给药是通过给药途径产生系统效应中最重要的方法。2.Except in cases of Insulin therapy,the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medication 除了胰岛素疗法之外，肠
2、外给药途径通常不适用于患者自主用药。3.The topic route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects , with two classes of marketed products : Nitroglycerin for the treatment of angina and scopolamine for the treatment of motion sickness.局部给药这种途径只是近年来才被用于把药物送到人体内从而
3、产生系统效应，采用这种给药方式的药物有两种已经上市：用于治疗心绞痛的硝酸甘油酯和治疗晕动症的莨岩胺。4.Other drugs are certain to follow , but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action.今后肯定还会有其他的药物相继出现，但是局部给药的途径在药物有效吸收从而产生药物系统效应方面仍有其局限性。5.原文：5The parenteral route of admi
4、nistration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject is comatose or cannot swallow,and inproviding various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized patients.在病人处于昏迷状态或病人不能吞咽的医疗急救处理中，肠外给药途径是很重要的，同时它也给住院的病人提供了各种不同类型的维持疗法。6.Nevertheless,it is probable that at least 90% of all
5、 drugs used to produce systemic effects are administered by the oral rote.然而，被用于产生系统效应的药物可能至少有 90%是通过口服的途径给药的。7 When a new drug is discovered , one of the first questions a pharmaceutical company asks is whether or not drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route. 当
6、发现一种新药时，首要问题中的一条是制药厂会询问药品是否通过口服途径有效地达到了预期的效果。当一种新的药物被研发出来的时候，制药公司问的第一个问题就是这种药物能否有效地通过口服给药途径来达到预期的效果。8. If it cannot, the drug is primarily relegated to administration in a hospital setting or physicians office.如果不能，药物主要被归入医院环境或医生办公室给药。如果不能口服给药，那么这种药物就要被医院或者医师放弃使用。9.IF patient self-administration can
7、not be achieved , the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise.如果不能实现病人自主给药，那么（这种）药物的销量相对于其他的药物来说就只占了市场的一小部分。10.Of drugs that are administered orally , solid oral dosage forms repre-sent the preferred class of product.在所有通过口服来给药的药物当中，固体口服制剂是（人们）偏爱的药物剂型
8、。11.The reasons for this preference are as follows.出现这种偏好的原因如下。12.原文：（117 页）Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately place.翻译:片剂和胶囊在平时代表哪一个单位剂型的剂量已经有准确的位置了。其原因如下：药片剂和胶囊剂代表着单元剂量的形式，胶囊剂是指胶囊里放置好一定剂量药物的剂型。13.原文：By comparison, liquid oral do
9、sage forms, such as syrups , suspensions, emulsions, solutions, and elixirs, are usually designed to contain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml.翻译：,液体口服剂型,如糖浆、悬浮液,乳剂,溶液剂,和酏剂,通常一个剂量的药物设计为 5 到 30 毫升。 相比之下，液体口服制剂，比如说糖浆、悬浮液、乳剂、溶液和酏剂，则通常被设计成在 5-30ml 范围内（液体中）包含一定剂量的药物。第 14 句：The patient is then asked to
10、 measure his or her own medication using a teaspoon , tablespoon , or other measuring device.翻译：病人又问衡量他（她）自己的药物是使用茶匙，大调羹或者其测量器具。这些剂型的药物要求病人用茶匙、调羹或其他测量方法来衡量自己的用药量。15.Such dosage measurements are typically in error by a factor ranging from 20% to 50% when the drug is self-administered by the patient.病
11、人自己服药时，采用这种服药方法是典型的，误差范围在 20%50%。病人自己用这种剂量测量方法服用这些药物时，产生的误差通常在 20%-50%。16.Liquid oral dosage forms have other disadvantages and limitations .when compared with tablets.翻译：口服液剂型和药片比起来还有其他的缺点和局限性。液体口服制剂和药片相比还有其他弊端和局限性。17、They are much more expensive to ship (one liquid dosage weighs 5g or more versus
12、0.25 to 0.4g fore the average tablet),and breakage or leakage during shipment is a more serious problem with liquids than with tablets. 译：液体制剂的运输成本更昂贵（一剂量液体制剂 5 g 重量相当于普通药片0.25g 到 0.4 g 的平均片重 ） ，而且对于液体制剂来说,在运输过程中液体制剂的破坏和泄漏是一个更为严重的问题18.原文：Taste masking of the drug is often a problem (if the drug is i
13、n solution even partially).翻译：药物味道的掩盖通常也是一个问题（如果药物溶解，甚至是部分溶解）药物味道的掩蔽通常也是个问题（如果说药物在溶液中溶解，甚至只是部分溶解） 。19.原文：In addition,liquids are less portable and require much more space per number of doses on the pharmacists shelf.翻译：另外，液体更不方便携带，而且在药架上摆放时，每支制剂需要的空间更多。 另外，液体也比较不易携带，而且同样数目的剂量，液体制剂在药架上占据的空间（比药片）要多得多。
14、20.Drugs are in general less stable(both chemically and physically) in liquid formthan in a dry state and expiration dates tend to be shorter.药物一般不太稳定(化学和物理)的液体形式比在干燥状态和到期日期往往是更短的。液体形式的药物通常比干燥状态的药片更不稳定（不仅在化学上，物理上也是） ，而且保质期也相对短。21.Careful attention is required to assure that the product will not allo
15、w a heavy microbiologic burden to develop on standing or under normal conditions of use once opened (preservation requirements)翻译:需要小心注意确保产品在存放和正常的拆封情况下，不会有微生物的压力负担。(保存要求)（人们）需要小心注意以确保药物在储存或正常的拆封使用情况下，不会有大量的的微生物生长。 （保存要求） 。22.There are basically three reasons for having liquid dosage forms of a drug
16、: (1) The liquid form is what the public has come to expect for certain types of products (e.g.cough medicines).翻译：出现液体剂型药物基本上有三种原因。第一种原因是液体形式是公众所期望的必然的产品形式（比如咳嗽药） 。液体剂型药物的产生有三个基本的原因：（1）对于某些类型的药物，液体剂型的出现是公众所期望的。 （例如：咳嗽药） 。23.the product is more effective in a liquid form( e.g., many adsorbents and a
17、ntacids).翻译：该产品在液体形式中更有效(例如，许多吸附剂和抗酸剂） 。24.原文：The drug(s) are used fairly commonly by young children or the elderly , who have trouble swallowing the solid oral dosage forms.翻译：液体制剂在小孩和老年人中使用相当普遍， 对他们而言，吞咽固体制剂比较困难。25.The objective of the design and manufacture of the compressed tablet is to de liver
18、 orally the correct amount of drug in the proper form at or over the proper time and in the desired location,and to have its chemical integrity protected to that point.压缩片剂的设计和制造的目的是在合适的时间和在适当的时间和在期望的位置口服适当形式的正确量的药物，并且使其化学完整性保护到该点。设计和制造压缩片剂的目的是要通过口服把正确数量的药物以适当的形式，在适当的时间送达期望的位置，在此之前还要保护药物的化学完整性（不受破坏）
19、 。26.原文：Aside from the physical and chemical properties of the medicinal agent(s) to be formulated into a tablet , the actual physical design , manufacturing process , and complete chemical makeup of the tablet can have a profound effect on the efficacy of the drug(s) being administered.翻译：除了药物制剂制成药
20、片的物理性质和化学性质，它实际的物理设计，制造过程，完成药片的化学组成，都可以对给药产生一个深远的影响。除了加进药片中的药物组分的物理和化学性质之外，药片实际的物理结构设计、制造工艺和完整的片剂的化学成分都对药物的功效有深远的影响。27. A tablet should be an elegant product having its own identity while being free of defects such as chins , cracks, discoloration, contamination, and the like;一个药片应该是有自己特性的产品，没有剥落，裂缝
21、，变色，沾污等缺点。药片应该是一种简洁的、有自身的特性的产品，同时不能有诸如缺损、裂隙、褪色、污染之类的缺陷；28.（2）should have the strength to withstand the rigors of mechanical shocks encountered in its production ,Packaging, shipping, and dispensing;(药片）应该经得住在生产，包装，运输和配制过程中遇到的机械撞击的考验 。（药片）应该能经得住机械碰撞的考验，这些碰撞在药片的生产、包装、运输和配制中都会有遇到；29.and (3) should have
22、 the chemical and physical stability to maintain its physical attribute over time.翻译：（3）随时间的推移，药片还应具有化学与物理的稳定性来保持其物理属性。还应该有化学和物理上的稳定性，使其在一段时间内能维持自身的物理性能。30. Pharmaceutical scientists now understand that various physical properties of tablets can undergo change under environmental or stress condition
23、s ，and that physical stability ，through its effect on bioavailability in particular，can be of more significance and concern in some tablet systems than chemical stability. 药剂学家们现在已经知道，片剂的很多种物理性质会在环境或压力条件下发生改变，而在一些片剂系统中，尤其是片剂对生物利用度的影响方面，片剂的物理稳定性比其化学稳定性更重要更受关注。31 原文:On the other hand,the tablet(1)must
24、 be able to ralease the medicinal agent(s) in the body in a predictable and reproducible mannerand (2) must have a suitable chemical stability over time so as not to allow alteration of the medicinal agent(s).另一方面，片剂还必须能以一种可预测的、可再生的方式把药物成分释放到体内，而且必须有适当的化学稳定性使其（有效）成分不会随时间而改变。32.（118 页）In many instanc
25、es ，these sets of objectives are competing译文：从许多例子里可以看出这些设定的目标是相互矛盾的在许多例子下，这些设定的目标都是相互矛盾的。33.the design a of table that emphasizes only the desired medicine effects may produce a physically inadequate product.药片设计若只强调药效的话，可能会产生物性不足的产物。药片的设计若只强调预期药效的话，可能会产生物理性能不足的药品。34.The design of a tablet emphasiz
26、ing only the physical aspects may produce tablets of limited and varying therapeutic effects.片剂的设计强调只有片剂物理方面可能产生有限的和不同的治疗的效果药片的设计若只强调物理方面的话，可能会生产出疗效有限并且参差不齐的药品。35. As one example of this point,Meyer and associates present information on14 Nitrofurantoin products, all of which passed the compendia physical requirements, but showed statistically,significant bioavailability differences.关于这一点的一个事例如下，和他的同事调查了 14 种营养品的信息，这些产品的物理特性大致都符合要求，但是在生物利用度方面表现出大量地差异。作为这一点的例子就是，梅耶和他的同事提供了 14 种硝化呋喃妥英产品的信息，这 14 种产品全都通过了概略的物理要求，但是，统计数据显示，它们在生物利用度上却表现出明显的差异。
