1、Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2.
2、Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules
3、 in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us ar
4、e not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and so forth/and otherwise.3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goe
5、s back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV. Translation化学是三种
6、基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是：（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生） ， （II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成） ；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展） 。V. Solution:（1）The relative mass of 1H and 12C atoms can be calculated from their absolute masses in grams. 12423.6750.8969If the mass o
7、f a 12C atom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a 1H atom to five significant figures must be 1.0078 amu.12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu（2） First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.40434.6931.20/57log.1.21/l7.30l96.01/yryrAktyrtt yrrThe bone was tossed away (more precisely, the
8、 animal whose bone was died) about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was in existence at that place at that time.Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic SubstancesI. Comprehension1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.BII. Give the systematic name for the followingammonium ion ; copper(I
9、I) ion ; strontium ion;Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion;hydrogen ion; lead(II) ion; aluminum;silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion;Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion;calcium ion; mercury(II) ion; chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion. carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide; carbon dioxide; d
10、iphosphorus pentoxide;sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxidearsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion;arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion;phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion;phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion;carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion;chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide
11、ion;dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.III. Complete the table.Formula Old name Systematic nameFeO iron (II) oxide Fe2O3 iron (III) oxideSn(OH)
12、2 tin(II) hydroxideSn(OH)4 tin(IV) hydroxideHg2SO4 mercury (I) sulfateHgSO4 mercury (II) sulfateNaCLO sodium hypochloriteK2Cr2O7 potassium dichromateCu3(AsO4)2 copper(II) arsenateCr(C2H3O2)3 chromium(IV) acetateIV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the aci
13、d ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid.Formula of acid Old name Name of acidH2CO3 carbonic acidHClO2 chlorous acidHClO4 perchloric acidHCN hydrocyanic acidHBr hydrobromic acidH4SiO4 silicic acidH3AsO4 arsenic acidV. Complete the sentences with the proper form of th
14、e word given at the end of the sentence.1.is altered; 2.To illustrate 3.indicates 4.should expect 5.would cancel 6. are pulled 7.depend on 8.are; referred 9.formed 10.have discussedVI. Translation1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.2. It is necessary that a scientist must kn
15、ow how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.3. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.4. The experiment was successful. Its results was the same as what we had expected.5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.VII. Write equations for the fol
16、lowing acid-base reactions. Use the information in inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products. (Partially Solved)Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from formic acid:C O HHO+ C N C OHOC NH+formicacidstronger
17、 acid cyanidestronger base formateweaker base weaker acidReading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (pKa=3.76) is a stronger acid than HCN (pKa=9.22), and cyanide is a stronger base than formate. The products (weaker acid and base) are favored.VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occu
18、r when the following materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution.Answer: (1) 2CH3GeH3 + 2eam- H 2 + 2CH3GeH2-(2) I2 + 2eam- 2I -(3) (C2H5)2S + 2eam- + NH3 C 2H5S- + C2H6 + NH2-Unit 10 Nomenclature of HydrocarbonsI. Comprehension1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.BII. Name the following compounds by the IUPA
19、C system1 CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane, octane2 (CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 2-methylpentane3 (CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane4 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(CH3)25-isopropyl-2-methyloctane5 CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)2 4-isopropyl-4-pro
20、pylheptane6 -CH2-CH(CH3)2isobutylcyclobutane7 CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2) 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene8 CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH3 2-chloro-3-hexene9 CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-CC-CH 34-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne10 CH2=CH-CCH1-buten-3-yne11 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH3 4-methyl-2-pentanol12 CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH3 3-hexen-2-ol13 (
21、CH3)3C-OH 2-methyl-2-propanol14 (CH3)3C-OCH2H5 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane15 (CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H5 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane16 (CH2OH)2 1,2-ethanediol17 CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2-proanediol18 CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2,3-propanetriol19 CH3CH2NH2 aminoethane20 CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3 N-methyl-1-amino-2-meth
22、ylpentaneIII. Draw structures for the following compounds.1 3-octene C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C2 3-methy-2-heptene3 cyclohexene4 2-pentyne C-CC-C-C5 3,3-dimethylhexyne6 3-bromotoluene CH3Br7 vinyl chloride C=C-Cl8 acetylene CC9 para-dichlorobenzene Cl Cl10 m-chlorobromobenzene ClBr11 toluene CH312 chlorobenzen
23、e Cl13 1,2-dibromobenzene BrBr14 naphthalene15 anthracene16 phenanthrene17 2-methyl-1-propanol COH18 Cyclohexanol OH19 Methoxyethene COC20 trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol HOC2H5IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.1.A 2.A 3.B 4.CV. Each of the following names is incorrect. Draw t
24、he structure represented by the incorrect name (or a consistent structure if the name is ambiguous), and give your drawing the correct name.()Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their DerivativesI. Comprehension1.B 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.CII. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.1.brought out 2.dozen
25、 or so; put together 3.are made of ;divided by 4.are different from 5.on the contrary; consist of 6.summed up 7.stand for 8.such as 9.are; dependent on 10.break down intoIII. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.1.with; as 2.to 3.about 4.from 5.into IV. Translation1. Similarly, solv
26、ent also may not be liquid matter but the others2. A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve.( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.)3. Air is mixture of gases , the
27、most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules).4. The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.5. Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.V. Trans
28、lation玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比 Bohr 提出的模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性） 。因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如 Bohr 所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。Unit 13 Ultraviolet and Visible Molecular SpectroscopyI. Comprehension1.C 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B II. Fill in the blanks of; as; in; out; In; for; for ; o
29、f; in; then; to; for;since(for) ; into.III. Fill the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrase in its proper form.1. account for 2.take part in 3.think of .as 4.As compared with 5. is attached to 6.on the contrary 7.As in the case of 8.in contrast with as against 9. owing to 10.Except for.Un
30、it 17 CrystallisationI. Comprehension1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.A II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below.Stage; interna; symmetrical; basis; physical; Furthermore; composed; responsible; reasonable; overall.III. Choose the item from (1) (6) that best matches the item in(a) (f) to make a corr
31、ect sentence.1a; 2b; 3c; 4d; 5e; 6fVI.Translate the following into Chinese 共沸物；类质同晶；过饱和；砷酸盐；晶核；异丙基；醇；钠；硫酸盐；间甲酚；糖膏；十水合物；结晶质的；同系物；衍生物；结晶；四硼酸盐；盐析；乙基乙酰苯胺；矿物油。Uint18 DistillationI. Comprehension1.B 2.D 3.A 4. A II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.1.In order to 2.in relation to 3. in the c
32、ase of 4.in the end 5. in a number of 6.lead to 7.a messy way掌握以下词汇:flashdistillation 闪蒸 ;exit stream 出流 ;equilibrium curve 平衡曲线; weir 堰; redistillation 重蒸; apparatus 设备; overhead product 塔顶产物; enthalpy 焓; intersection 交点; auxiliary 辅助装置; rectifying section 精馏段 ;reflux 回流; reboller 再沸器 ; stripping s
33、ection 汽提（提馏）段;bottom product 塔底产物Unit 21 catalysisI. Comprehension1.A 2.D 3.D 4. B 5.CIV. Translate the following sentences into English(1) We define activity as size (measure) of catalysis of catalyst(2) catalytic reaction may be carried out in different phases, of which mechanisms are generally c
34、onsistent(3) Enzymes are the most efficient proteins in the human body which accelerate the metabolism of the human body.V. Translate the following into Englishreaction equilibrium; repetitiveness; elementary reaction step; stability; catalytic cycle; activity; quantitative analysis; selectivity; me
35、tabolic reaction; chemical energy; reaction mechanism; polymer nylon（or nylon）;qualitative analysis; molecular-sieve; tubular reactor; inhibitor; stoichiometry.Unit 22 Cosmetics introductionI. Comprehension1.D 2.A 3.D 4. D 5. (1)True; (2)True; (3) False.II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word gi
36、ven below.Focused on; considerations; particular; boosting; price; affect; commitment;different; proposed.III. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.1. for, of; 2. to; 3. for 4. for(to) 5. of ,about.V、Translate the following into English.对亚苯基二胺，降解，丙烯，头皮屑，洗剂， N-亚硝基二乙醇胺，致癌的， 未成熟（or 早熟）
37、 ，香波（or 洗发剂） ， 激素（荷尔蒙） ， 防汗剂， 诱变性，脱臭剂（芳香剂） ， 推论（必然结果） ， 甘油VI、Translate the following sentences into Englishsurfactant； environmental pollution；emulsifier；side-effect；dirt ；detergent； perspiration；preservative.PART TWO THE FUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRYUnit7Chemical Bonds化学键There are approximately 100 chemi
38、cal elements. 世界上大概有 100 种元素。There are millions of chemical compound, and about 600000 new compounds are prepared every year. 现有数百万种化合物，而且每年有 60 万种新化合物被合成出来。To form these compounds, atoms of different elements must be held together in specific combinations. be held togetherin specific combinations 以
39、特定的方式为了合成这些化合物，不同种类的原子必须以特定方式结合在一起。Chemical bonds are the forces that maintain these arrangements. That 引导定语从句，修饰 forces化学键是保持这种结合状态的力。Chemical bonding also plays a role in determining the state of matter. plays a role 起作用化学键同时在决定物质状态方面也起作用。At room temperature, water is a liquid, carbon dioxide is a gas, and table salt is a solid because of differences in chemical bonding.在室温下，水是液体，二氧化碳是气体，晶体盐是固体，是由于化学键的不同。As scientists developed an understanding of the nature of
