1、大学英语四级语法精要一、动词(时态，语态，用法，省略，一致性等 )（一）时态1、主动形式过去 现在 将来 过去将来一般 did do will/shall do should/would do进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done用于虚拟语气完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / /2、被动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来一般 was/were
2、 given am/is/are given Will / shall be givenshould/would be given进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / /完成 was/were being given am/is/are being given / /完成进行 / / / / CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时 所有的过去用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成3、现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -i
3、ng 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. Ive been writing letters for an hour. Ive been sitting in the garden.4、过去完成进行时(由 had been + ing 分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.5、将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working h
4、ere for twenty years.6、将来完成时(由 shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch.Theyll have hit the years target by the end of October.（二）语态1、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词
5、通常都是表示“估计”， “相信” 等意义的动词，常见的有：assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand 等。 It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk.2、担当 be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义。 Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know
6、the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)3、双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态1）双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语。 He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.2） 宾补结构的被动语态: She was called Big Sister
7、by everybody.4、短语动词1）Vi. + adv.：The plane took off two hours late.2）Vi. + prep. ： They looked round the Cathedral.3）Vi. + prep. (有被动语态)：Shes looking after her sisters children.4）Vi. + adv. + prep. ：I began to look forward to their visits.5）Vt. + O + adv.：Some women choose to stay at home and bring u
8、p their children.The children were brought up by their mother.6） Vt. + adv. + O (无被动语态)：I am trying to give up smoking.7）Vt. + O + prep.：We talked Donald into agreement.（三）省略1、在以 as, than, when, if, unless 等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词 be,主语又和主句的主语一致 a),或者主语是 it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词 be)省略掉.
9、1）Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained ve
10、ry young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.2）If necessary Ill have the letter duplicated.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2、在以 than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.1）He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of the collective
11、than of ourselves.2）They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3、错误的省略1）His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.
12、2）While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.（四）一致1、主谓一致（与插入语无关） 1）主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。 2）定语从句中的主谓一致 3）随前一致： n. + together with；as well as；including；along with；with / of；accompanied with / by 4）就近原则 5）如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是 and 连接 的两个词
13、只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our country. The head master and mathematical teacher is coming. The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming. 类似的还有：law and order；bread and；butter black and white；To love and to be loved is ；A lawyer and a teacher are；A lawyer and
14、teacher is 6）随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与 B 一致) 7）百分比结构：most，half ，rest，some，majority，one + persent ；of+n1+v.（由 n1 决定）8）倒装结构的主谓一致： There be +n 由名词决定动词 Among , between 等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：Among / Between +系动词+n. （由名词决定动词） 9）The + adj.的主谓一致： 当表示“一类人” 当表示某一抽象概念时。例：The good is always attracti
15、ve. 10） To do/doing/主从+vs. 例： More than one + n.；many a +n.；a day or two 2、如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有 with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than 等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式. Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in t
16、his work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.3、代词作主语时一致1）each, either, neither 和由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词,作单数看待. Each of us has something to say. Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone.2） some, few, both, many 等作复数3） some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一。none 作复数看待时较多,但也有
17、时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但 none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数: None of the books are easy enough for us. None of us seem to have thought of it.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did. None of this worries me.4）all 和 most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词 (all of the, most of the ), 动词用单数.4、由 and 或 both and 连接名词词
18、组时, 后用复数; 由 not onlybut (also), eitheror, neithernor 或 or 连接的并列主语 , 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.1）Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.2）如果一个句子是由 there 或 here
19、引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致. There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.5、people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数 .1）Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.2）有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意
20、思来决定. His family isnt very large. The committee meets twice a month.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.3）有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数: This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now e
21、xtinct.6、表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词 , 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的 ): Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.7、其他问题1）书名, 国家名用单数: Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.2） 学科名, 如 mathematics, economics 用单数.3） many a
22、 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式: Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.4）a number of 后接复数, the number of 后接单数: A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.5）one of tho
23、se 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式： Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.6）当 one 之前与 the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据 one 而定，即采用单数形式： He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.二、非谓语动词（一）不定式1、形式主动形式
24、被动形式一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done进行式 to be doing完成进行式 to have been doing1） 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作 (状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作( 状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式 . I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to se
25、e you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.2） 进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式. You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively
26、.3） 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式. The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.4） 被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式. It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be ty
27、ped at once. This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done. She was too young to be assigned such work.2、不定式的常考形式：1）一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2）完成形式：He pretended n
28、ot to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前3、不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语-将要发生2）不定式做状语-目的3）不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe.4、不定式的省略1）感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性I s
29、aw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“ 我看见了“这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 （强调动作）2）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.3）使役动词：have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同 1)一样被动以后要还原 to Id like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. 4）hel
30、p；help sb do；help sb to do；help do help to do5、有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish ，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide， agree，expect，allow sb. to do，cause sb. to do，permit sb. to do，enable sb. to do，force sb. to do，be more likely to do，love to do，warn sb. to do，be able to do，be ambitious to do，
31、begin to do，start to do6、有的时候 to 后面要接-ing 形式accustom (oneself) to，be accustomed to，face up to，in addition to，look forward to， object to， be reduced to， resign oneself to， be resigned to， resort to， sink to， be used to， be alternative to， be close/closeness to， be dedication/dedicated to， be oppositi
32、on/opposed to， be similarity/similar to.7、功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from you.1）t
33、o 的不定式: 在 “动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的 see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice 等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let 等, 其后的不定式结构不带 to.John made her tell him everything. 这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带 to 的不定式一般还原为带 to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything. 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would ju
34、st as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后 , 动词不定式也不带 to。如 Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. They cannot but accept his term. 在 make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of 等固定搭配中, 用不带 to 的动词
35、不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me. 在动词 help(或 help +宾语)之后可用不带 to 的不定式, 也可用带 to 的不定式.Can I help (to) lift this heavy box? 在介词 except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词 do 的某种形式, 不定式一般不带 to, 反之带 to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choic
36、e but to wait till it stops raining. 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带 to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up. 出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带 to, 有时不带 to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new ma
37、chinery rather than to increase wages. 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”， “thing +关系分句”， “what 分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有 do 的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省 to，也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.2） 不定式的其他用法
38、tooto 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that. enoughto 结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that. not too, but too, all too, only too 等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:Hes only too pleased to help her. soas (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.3） 如果要说
39、明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个 for 引起的短语: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honor for us to be present at this rally.4）在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite 等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个 of 引起的短语, 来
40、说明不定式指的是谁的情况: Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.（二）need/want 后的-ing 形式具有被动的意思。其中，want 不太常用。如：He needs (a lot of) encouraging.（三）动名词：具有动作性特征的名词（是名词：seeing is believing；具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary
41、）1、动名词的形式:一般形式：I dont like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式：This question is far from being settled.2、动名词常考的点1）动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2）在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3）动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I would appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure call
42、ing（Key ：C your calling 也对）I regret not having taken your advice.4）有些词后只能接动名词admit， appreciate，avoid，celebrate，consider，contemplate，defer，delay，deny，detest， discontinue，dislike，dispute ，enjoy ，it entails，escape，excuse，explain ，fancy，feel like， finish，forgive ，cant help，hinder，imagine ，it involves，ke
43、ep，it means，mention，mind ， miss，it necessitates，pardon，postpone，practice ，prevent，recall，report，resent ，resist， risk，suggest，understand.另还有一些接-ing 形式的常用说法：its no good，its no/little/hardly any/ use， its not/hardly/scarcely use，its worthwhile，spend money/time，theres no，theres no point in，theres nothin
44、g worse than，whats the use/point.5）有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean 后面用不定式和-ing 形式，意义截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作 ) forgot 与 remember 的用法类似。I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你I regretted ha
45、ving left the firm after twenty years. 为了“二十年前的离开“而遗憾。 try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. try ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 打算、想 我想去，但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 prefer 的用法
46、：I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。 ）I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。 ） I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。 ）3、分词：现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态1）现在分词的形式: 一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) 完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) 完成被动形
47、式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect. (发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)2）过去分词 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. 过去分词的进行形式：Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) 这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。（四）V+ing 形式(现在分词及动名词)1
48、、形式1）完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式. He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice. 在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere. 现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy. 另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式 .The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.2） 被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,
