1、1过去完成时一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ） ”。-|- |-|-那时以前 那时 现在 构成：主 语 +had+过 去 分 词 （ p.p） ，其中 had 通用于各种人称。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ： 00 this morning. 肯 定 句 ： 主 语 +had+过 去
2、分 词 . 否 定 句 ： 主 语 +had+not+过 去 分 词 . 一 般 疑 问 句 ： Had+主 语 +过 去 分 词 ? 肯 定 回 答 ： Yes,主 语 +had 否 定 回 答 ： No,主 语 +hadnt 特 殊 疑 问 句 ： 特 殊 疑 问 词 或 词 组 +一 般 疑 问 句 （ Had+主 语 +过 去 分 词 ） ？ 被 动 语 态 ： 主 语 +had（ hadnt)+been+过 去 分 词二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如： I ha
3、d finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“ 过去的过去 ”，是指过去某一动作之前 已经发生或完成的动作，即动
4、作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中 2在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had a
5、lready left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, me
6、an, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能“We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。 （主句
7、的动作发生在“过去的过去” ） 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, G
8、race had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续
9、进行下去的可能）5. 过 去 完 成 时 还 可 用 在 hardlywhen, no soonerthan(刚 就 ), It was the first (second, etc) time (that)等 固 定 句 型 中 。 e.g： Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他 刚 开 始 演 讲 ， 听 众 就 打 断 了 他 。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他 刚 到 就 又 走 了 。 It was the third
10、time that he had been out of work that year. 3这 是 他 那 一 年 第 三 次 失 业 了四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词” ；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去” ，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learn
11、ed 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。 （“等” 的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“ 过去的过去
12、”）练习 一 单项选择1He asked me _ during the summer holidays.A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone 2. What _ Jane _ by the time he was sever?A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done3. I _ 900 English words by the time I was ten。A. learned B. was learning C.
13、had learned D. learnt4. She _ lived here for _ years.A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _ the dinner already.A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked6. She said she _ the principle alreadyA .has seen B.
14、 saw C. will see D. had seen7. She said her family_ themselves _ the army during the war.A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with8. By the time he was ten years old, he _.A. has completed university B. has completed the universityB. had completed an university
15、D. had completed university9. She had written a number of books _ the end of last year.4A. for B. in C. by D. at 10. He _ to play _ before he was 11 years old.A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano. 11. What _ Annie _ by the time he was ten?A. did,
16、do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done 12 .He _ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work13. By the end of last week, they _ the bridge.A. has completed B. Completed C. will complete D. had completed14. Ben hates playing _ violin, but
17、 he likes playing _ football.A. athe B. the the C. / the D. the/15. By the time he was 4, he _ a lot of German words.A. had learned B. has learned C. learned D. learns 16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _ the classroom.A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left 17.They _ in Guangzhou since 2000
18、.A. lived B. had lived C. have lived D. were living18. The train from Beijing_ ten minutes ago.A. has arrived B. was arriving C. arrived D. had arrived19. The students _ their classroom when the visitors arrived. A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned20. Fergie _ the pro
19、ject in one hour.A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished21. The man _ his coat and went out.A. put on B. had put on C. will put on D. was putting on二用动词的适当形式填空1. We _ (paint) the house before we _ (move) in.2. That rich old man _ (make) a will before he _ (die).3. They _ (study)
20、the map of the country before they _ (leave).4. The robbers _ (run away ) before the policemen_ (arrive).5. I _ (turn off) all the lights before I _ (go) to bed.6. Paul _ (go) out with Jane after he _ (make) a phone call.7. Tom _ (say) he _ (read) the book twice.8. Our plan _ (fail ) because we _ (m
21、ake) a bad mistake.9. When the chairman _ (finish) speaking, he _ (leave)the hall.10.The Reads _ _ (have) lunch when I _ (get) to their house.11.When I _ (arrive) at the station, he _ (leave).12.We _ (learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.13. I waited until he _ (finish) his homewo
22、rk.14. We were surprised at what she _already _(do)15.She _ (not go) to Qingdao because she _ (be) there before.5三句型转换1I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句）2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句）3.They began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.（否定）4.
23、By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑问）5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.（改一般疑问）6.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. （改一般疑问）7.He had broken his arm when I saw him.（对划线部分提问）8.When he had read the note, he ate it. （对划线部分提问）9.Jack didnt go to the cin
24、ema because he had seen the film. （对划线部分提问）10.We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. （对划线部分提问）11.She had written the book by the end of 1960. （对划线部分提问）12.We cooked the dumplings. We ate them up. （用过去完成时连接两句）13.Jims father mended the car. It was broken. （用过去完成时连接两句）14.We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用过去完成时连接两句)After we _, we _ 15.He showed us the picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用过去完成时连接两句)Before he _, he_.
