1、1英语常用修辞1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里 ,而不是事物的自然属性。或者说是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as 等. It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in c
2、ommon. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.例如:1.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2.I wandered lonely as c cloud.3.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out
3、 of a fairy tale.4.This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 5.He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 6.It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch
4、something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 7.Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成 。这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a sim
5、ile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.例如:1.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets. 德
6、国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 4.The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。 5.All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players.6.Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.7.Time is a river, of which memory is the wat
7、er. Oh my friend, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you.23.Metonymy 借喻,转喻3.借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称 。指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。就是借用甲来表示乙，但前提条件是甲必须与乙关系密切和本质上有相似之处 It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another
8、. 1.以容器代替内容,例如:The kettle boils. 水开了.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.2.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.3.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集4.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.5.Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself wa
9、s coming to inspect them. 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。 “word”在这里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息） 6.Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. 艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。 “说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。 7.A doctor mmust have the heart of a lion and the hand of a lady.8.She was to be sure a girl, who excited the emoions, but I was not the
10、 one to let my heart rule my head.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般一般代替特殊. 又称举隅法，举隅指举一反三之意，具有“牵一发而动全身”之功能。主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。它往往因微见著，在提到某人或某物时，不直呼其名，与其密不可分的东西来代替。It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part.例如: 1.There are about 100 h
11、ands working in his factory.他的厂里约有 100 名工人.2.He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿.3.The fox goes very well with your cap.这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.4.The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh andblood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“t
12、he great sacrifice”巨大的牺牲 35.“.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world” 他说这是世界上最美的语言。这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。 6.Many eyes turned to a tall,20year black girl on the U.S. team. 很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的 20 岁的黑姑娘.“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。 转喻、提喻、换称三种修辞手法的对比一转喻（Metonymy）的定义与用法：1. 定义：用某一
13、事物的名称代替另一事物的名称的修辞手法叫做转喻或借代。这两种事物之间有着密切相关的联系。(A metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.) 2. 用法：转喻通常用下列几种方式指代： 根据人名或商品品牌名：Uncle Sam 山姆大叔 Americans or the American government 美国人/ 美国政府John Bull
14、 约翰牛 the English nation or a typical Englishman（英国/地道英国人）He is reading Shakespeare.他在读莎士比亚作品。Ss works 用作者指代作品He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses. 他为了与邻里攀比而负债。neighbours（用“琼斯家”指代“邻里”）We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我们驾驶一辆福特牌小轿车到海德公园去。a car whose make is Ford（用品牌名指代实物） 根据实物名称：Finally she ma
15、rried money. 她最终嫁给了有钱人 a rich man 用钱指代“有钱人I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. 我住在飞机场附近，日夜可以听到过往的飞机声。the noise made by passing planes 用“过往的飞机”指代“噪音” 根据动植物名称：the big apple（大苹果） New York city（纽约市）Russian bear 俄国熊 Russians or the Russian government 俄国人/俄国政府British lion（
16、英国狮） England or the English government（英国/英国政府）The flower of the nation was sent off to war. 该国的壮小伙子都被送去打仗了。the strong young men（the flower 通常用来指代“精英”、“精华”等。在句中，它被用来指代“壮小伙子”。） 根据工具名：When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.arms writing 战争结束后，他放下武器，从事写作。The pen is mightier th
17、an the sword. 文章胜武力 books and writing armed force（用“笔” 指代“文章”，用“剑”指代“武力”。）Only the knife can save him 只有手术刀能挽救他 operation 用手术刀指代手术4 根据职业名：I could not hear the actors 我听不见演员的台词,演员指代台词Some students were talking loudly in class that I could not hear the teacher clearly. 一些学生在课堂上大声说话，我听不清老师的课。 the teach
18、ers lecture （用“老师”指代“老师的课”。） 根据装东西的容器或容器里所装的东西：He is too fond of the bottle. 他太喜欢喝酒了。wine 用容器瓶指代内含的物质酒The kettle is boiling. 水开了。the water in the kettle 用容器壶指代内含的物质水His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他钱包里的钱不允许他那么奢侈。the money in his purse（用 “钱包”指代它里面所装的“钱”。）Two beers, please. 请来两杯啤酒。 two glas
19、ses of beer （用内含的物质“啤酒”指代容器“杯”。） 根据身体的部位：Brain drain. 人才流失。talent（用“大脑”指代“人才”。）But I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 我可不是那种让感情驾驭理智的人。 feelings or emotions reason or good sense（用“心”指代 “感情”，用“头”指代“理智”。）Grey hairs should be respected. 老年人应该受到尊敬。old people （“头发”是人体的一部分，其前加了形容词“灰白的”之后，具有一种象征意义，
20、常用来指代“老年人”。） 根据典型实物借代职业：He decided to enter the bar after college. 他决定大学毕业后当律师。the legal profession（the bar 原意是法庭围栏，现常用来指代律师职业）Members of the press werent allowed into the combat zone. 新闻记者不准进入战斗区域。newspaper reporters the press 原意是印刷机，现用来指新闻记者He has been appointed to the bench. 他被委任为法官。position of j
21、udge （the bench 原意是法官的席位，现常用来指代法官。） 根据制作某东西的材料：He had only a few coppers in his pocket. 他口袋里只有几个铜币。 coins（copper 是制作 coin 的材料。）She was dressed in silks. 她穿丝绸衣服 silk clothes silk 是制作 clothes 的料子 根据政府、工商企业的所在地以及事物活动的场所：the White House（白宫） the U.S. government（美国政府）Wall Street（华尔街） U.S. financial circle
22、s（美国金融界）Capitol Hill（国会山） the United States Congress（美国国会）Foggy Bottom（雾谷） U.S. State Department（美国国务院）Hollywood（好莱坞） American film-making industry（美国电影业）5Madison Avenue 麦迪逊大街 American advertising industry 美国广告业Downing Street（唐宁街） the British government（英国政府）Fleet Street（舰队街） The British press（英国新闻界
23、）Down Under（对跖地） Australia or New Zealand（澳大利亚或新西兰）The field was won after two hours of bloody fighting. the battle 经过 2 小时的浴血奋战，战斗取得了胜利。（用“战斗场地”指代“战斗”。）二提喻（Synecdoche）的定义与用法： 1. 定义：用局部代替全体或全体代替局部，用属代替种或种代替属，用具体代替抽象或抽象代替具体的修辞手法叫做提喻。(A synecdoche is a figure of speech that involves the substitution o
24、f the part for the whole or the whole for the part, and the substitution of the species for the genus or the genus for the species, and also the substitution of the concrete for the abstract or the abstract for the concrete.)2. 用法： 以局部代全体：The poor man had six mouths to feed. 这可怜的人要养六口人 people （“口”只是
25、人体的一部分，在此用来指代“人”。）The poor man is now left without a roof. 这可怜的人落得个上无片瓦。 house （“屋顶”只是房子的一部分，在此用来指代“房屋”。）He cant ride a wheel. 他不会骑自行车。bicycle（“轮子”只是自行车的一个部件，在此用来指代“自行车”。） 以全体代局部：The birds sang to welcome the smiling year. 小鸟歌唱迎新春。the spring （“春季”只是“一年”中的一个季节，句中用“欢笑的年”指代“春天”。）He has gained a footing
26、 in the musical world. 他在音乐界站住了脚。field（“世界”包括一切，表示“领域”的“界”。） 以属代替种：Spring vanishes with the rose. 花谢春尽。flowers“玫瑰”属于“花”中的一种It will cost you a pretty penny 这恐怕会花你许多钱 money 便士属于钱中的一种 以种代替属：I dont like to eat meat. 我不想吃猪肉。pork 肉包括“猪肉”在内的任何一种肉What a lovely creature! 多么美丽的女人啊！a beautiful woman（“人”包括“女人”在
27、内的任何一种人。） 以具体代抽象：He earned his bread as a teacher. 他以教书为生 living 面包指代抽象名词生计6The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face. 他的脸上带着凶残和贪婪的神色。fierceness greediness（用“狼”指代其“凶残的”本性，用 “猪”指代其“贪婪的”本性。） 以抽象代具体：All the wit and learning of the world were assembled there. the wise and learned scholars 所有聪明博学
28、的人都聚集在那里。（“聪颖”和“学问”都是抽象名词，在此指代“学者”。）It was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit. patients poor people 她来探望的是病人和穷人。（“疾病”和“贫穷”都是抽象名词，在此分别用来指代“病人”和“穷人”。）三换称（Antonomasia）的定义与用法：1. 定义：用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓或用专有名词代替普通名词的修辞手法叫做换称。(An antonomasia is a figure of speech that involves the use of an
29、epithet or title in place of a name, and also the use of a proper name in place of a common noun.) Antonomasia（换称、代类名）指用形容词、头衔等代替专有名词，比如用 the Almighty 代指上帝，用 his Honour 指法官，用Father of lies（谎言之父）指 Satan。同时也可以用来表示用专有名词代替普通概念，Uncle Sam代替 USA，Hercules （赫格立斯）代 very strong person（力大无穷者）。换称中的专有名词通常有这几种来源：宗
30、教、古代及当代的历史和文学，这也是它和喻代的不同之处。2. 用法： 用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓：His Majesty（陛下） a king or the name of the king（国王或国王的姓名）His Honor（阁下） a judge or the name of the judge（法官或法官的姓名）Iron Chancellor（铁血宰相） Bismarck（俾斯麦） 用专有名词代替普通名词：a. 源于宗教或神话：Solomon（所罗门） a wise man（聪明人）Judas（犹大） a traitor（叛徒）Helen（海伦） a beautiful woma
31、n（美女）b. 源于历史：Hitler（希特勒） a tyrant（暴君）He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿。a great scientistMilton（弥尔顿） a poet（诗人）c. 源于文学作品：Romeo（罗米欧） a lover（情人）Holmes（福尔摩斯） a detective（侦探）7四转喻（metonymy ）与换称（antonomasia）的比较：metonymy 与 antonomasia 共同之处是它们都可以用人名或地名来借代人物或事物；它们的不同点在于：metonymy 中的借代物与被借代物之间通常具有等同关系
32、或密切相关的联系，而 antonomasia通常是利用人的头衔、绰号，或利用历史上的名人、名胜以及小说、典故中的典型人物的特点来借代。并且，它通常是用专有名词指代普通名词。试比较：例 1：The Wall Street definitely has more say in their policy making.American financial center 显然华尔街在他们的政策制定方面更有发言权。（美国的各大银行、证券公司等都坐落在华尔街，故而华尔街成了美国金融中心的代名词。“华尔街”与“美国金融中心”具有等同关系，所以该句所采用的修辞手法是 metonymy。）例 2：Shangha
33、i is the New York of China. 上海是中国的纽约。a big and flourishing city（纽约是美国的一个大城市，它具有 “繁华”的特点；上海是中国的一个大城市，也同样具有“繁华”的特点，故该句用“纽约”指代“上海”。然而“上海”不能与“纽约”等同，我们不能说“上海”就是“纽约”， 所以该句所采用的修辞手法是 antonomasia。）例 3：I have never read Li Bai. 我从未读过李白的诗。Li Bais poems（通过动词 read，可以联想到此句中的“李白”是指“李白的诗”。虽然“李白”是我国唐代著名诗人，但该句并没有利用他的
34、某个特点进行借代，所以它不是 antonomasia。而“李白”与“李白的诗”之间具有密切相关的联系，故该句所采用的修辞手法是 metonymy。）例 4：You Judas! 你这个叛徒！a traitor（根据圣经，犹大是耶稣十二个门徒之一，他为了三十枚纹银出卖了耶稣。根据这一典故，“犹大”便成了“出卖朋友的人”和“叛徒”的代名词。该句是利用典故中的典型人物的特点来借代，故它所采用的修辞手法是 antonomasia。）五转喻（metonymy ）与提喻（synecdoche ）的比较：metonymy 与 synecdoche 的共同点是它们都可以用人体的各个部位进行借代；它们的不同点在
35、于：metonymy 是利用人体部位指代其功能或特点，而 synecdoche 则是利用人体的部位指代整体。试比较：例 1：Her heart ruled her head. 她的感情控制了理智。emotions good sense（该句用“心”指代“感情”，用“头”指代“理智”。虽然“心”和“头”都是人体的部位，但说话者并没有用它们来借代“人”这个整体，而是指代根据其特点联想所产生的东西，故该句所采用的修辞手法是 metonymy。）例 2：No eye saw him, but a second later every ear heard a gunshot. man 没有人看见他。可是
36、，一秒钟以后每个人都听到一声枪响。（“眼睛”和“耳朵”都是人体的部位，在此用来借代其整体“人”。故该句所采用的修辞手法是 synecdoche。）例 3：We are all ears. 我们洗耳恭听。 listening attentively（“耳朵”是人体部位，在此用来指代其“听”的功能，故该句所采用的修辞手法是 metonymy。）8例 4：Two heads are better than one. 两个脑袋总比一个脑袋强。people（“头”是人体部位，在此指代整体“人”，故该句所采用的修辞手法是 synecdoche。）例 5：He has an old head on youn
37、g shoulders. 他年轻而有见识。 experiences young man（head 是人体部位，前面加了形容词 old 后，产生一种联想意义，即 “有见识的”；shoulders 也是人体部位，前面加了形容词 young 后，产生一种象征意义，即“年轻人”。该句没有用人体部位指代整体，而是用人体部位指代其特点，故该句所采用的修辞手法是 metonymy。）例 6：Never show your face again. 千万不要再露面。body （“脸”是人体部位，在此指代整个“人” ，故该句所采用的修辞手法是 synecdoche。） 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉 ,
38、移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物. 是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。例如:1.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.2.Taste the music of Mozart.品尝 Mozart 的音乐 .3.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞
39、下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。 6.Personification 拟人拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物. 是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.例如:1.The ni
40、ght gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.2.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.3.She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”)一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。 这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。 4.My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a j
41、ob again. 我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。 英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。7.Hyperbole 夸张9夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势 ,增加表达效果. 运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.例如:1.I beg a thousand pardons.2.L
42、ove you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.3.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.4.My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。 5.When I told our father about this,his heart burst. 当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。 6.My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughtersvoice on
43、 the phone. 从电话里一听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。 8.Parallelism 排比, 平行 prlelizm这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关, 语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.例如:1.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.2.In the days when all these
44、things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以避免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别
45、人或者造成令人窘迫的、沮丧的局面。婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶 ,避讳的话. It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to “die“ as “ pass away“.例如:1.He is out visiting the necessary.他出去方便一下.2.His relation with his wife has not
46、been fortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.3.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.4.He was both out of pocket and out of spirits by that catastrophe, failed in his health and prophesied the speedy ruin of the empire.5.senior citizens 代替 old people; low income brackets 代替 poor people; handicapped 代替crippled; washroom men
47、swomens room 代替 lavatory; emotionally disturbed 代替 mad; a slow learner an under achiever 代替 a stupid pupil.1010.Allegory 讽喻,比方这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为“换个方式的说法“.它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性, 表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.例如:1.Make the hay while the sun shines.2.Its time to turn plough into sword.11.Irony 反语反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.
48、错误时,用赞同过失的说法, 而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法. 是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
49、例如:1.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.2“Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. “the waiter said to the beggar.3.Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes. 啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。 店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。4.Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you
