1、12011 年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)“The Internet affords anonymity to its users a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also beh
2、ind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyberczar, offered the Obama government a 4 to make the Web a safer place a “voluntary ident
3、ify” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of pr
4、ivate online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among compa
5、nies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ec
6、osystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .“Still, the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that
7、 such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licen
8、sed to drive on public roads.1 A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2 A.for B.within C.while D.though3 A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D.helpless4 A.reason B.reminder C.compromise D.proposal5 A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6 A.by B.into C.from D.over7 A.linked B.directed C.c
9、hained D.compared8 A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9 A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10 A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11 A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12 A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13 A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving D.competing214 A.caution
10、B.delight C.confidence D.patience15 A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16 A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17 A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18 A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19 A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20 A.invited B.appoi
11、nted C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000:
12、 a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus pay
13、outs pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presu
14、mably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executives proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 fi
15、rms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the ag
16、e of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be
17、larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the re
18、searchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough
19、 times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromisesDleaving the b
20、oard in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .Agenerous investors3Bunbiased executivesCshare price forecastersDindependent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to
21、.Abecome more stableBreport increased earningsCdo less well in the stock marketDperform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustomed to stress
22、-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25. The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is .ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcriticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising an
23、d readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It
24、 will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date. In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but
25、often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers a
26、re paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of re
27、venues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interf
28、erence.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for gov
29、ernments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU.
30、It remains the worlds largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt
31、the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .A it has more or less lost faith in markets B even its supporters begin to feel concerned C some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD it intends to deny the possibility of devalua
32、tion37. The debate over the EUs single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .A are competing for the leading position B are busy handling their own crisesC fail to reach an agreement on harmonization D disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany propos
33、ed that .A EU funds for poor regions be increasedB stricter regulations be imposedC only core members be involved in economic co-ordination D voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that _ _.Apoor countries are more likely to get fundsBstri
34、ct monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesCloans will be readily available to rich countriesDrich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel _ _.ApessimisticBdesperateCconceitedDhopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and
35、answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Such a move could affect firms such as McDonalds, which sponsors
36、the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to 7lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If childre
37、n are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson sai
38、d: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new responsibility deal with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out ex
39、actly how we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.A “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonal
40、ds.41.Andrew Lansley held that B the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools42.Terence Stephenson agreed that C “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.43.Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that D cigarette-style warnings should be introduced
41、to children about the dangers of a poor diet.44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested thatE the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.45.A Department of HealthSpokesperson propsed thatF parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy di
42、et at home.G the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.46Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the
43、same volumes of greenhouse gases as the worlds airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver res
44、ults to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google a
45、nd other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a univers
46、ity. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.8You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B
47、48Directions:Write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and 2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2011 英语二参考答案1A 2C 3B 4D 5D 6B 7A 8C 9C 10B11D 12B 13A 14C 15A 16A 17D 18A 19C 20D21-25
48、 BDCAD 26-30 DBCAA31-35 CDCDB 36-40 BCBAD41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到 IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的 2%。许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏。根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌会排放 0.2 至 7 克的二氧化碳。为了迅速将结果传递给用户，谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时，也产生大量的能量。因此，这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温，这又会同时产生大量的能量。然而，谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步，但这仍任重道远，且不仅只由大公司来承担。小作文参考答案Dear friend,I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence and give you some suggestions a
