1、句子成分及基本结构1一、句子成分(Members of a Sentence)英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 （可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语” 、 “同位语”和“独立成分”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。独立成分与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系，能用作独立成分的有：感叹词、呼语和插入语。1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构有：名词 代词 数词 名词化的形容词（如 the r
2、ich）不定式 动名词 主语从句等表示。例如：Tom is a clever boy.（专有名词人名作主语）画出句子的主语，并说明其构成方式：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class.One-third of the students in this class are girls.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.Smoking does harm to the health
3、.The rich should help the poor.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.It is necessary to master a foreign language.That he isnt at home is not true.正确运用主语的各种形式句子成分及基本结构22.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：（1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：He practises running every morning
4、.（动词 practise 作谓语）We usually listen to the music on weekends.（动词短语 listen to 作谓语）（2）复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。例如：We are students. Your idea sounds great.画出句子的谓语，并说明其构成方式：My sister is crying over there.I ha
5、ve been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.正确运用主语的各种形式3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如 be, keep, stay, remain, seem, appear, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, become, get, grow, go, turn, prove 等）之后。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：名词 代词 数词 分词不定式 动名词 介词短语副词表语从句等表示。例如：She is very beautiful
6、 .（形容词作表语）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：句子成分及基本结构3Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours? The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one.His job is to teach English.His hobby is playing football. The machine must be under repair. The truth is that he has never be
7、en abroad.正确运用主语的各种形式4.宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：名词 代词 数词 名词化的分词 不定式 动名词 宾语从句等表示。例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词作动宾）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：They planted many trees yesterday. - How many dictionaries do you have? -I have five. 句子成分及基本结
8、构4They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. He pretended not to see me.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that ）he is fit for his office.正确运用主语的各种形式5.补语：（1）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：
9、某些及物动词（如 make 等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：名词 形容词 可作表语的副词 不定式 分词 介词短语 从句等表示。例如：Disney called it Mickey Mouse.（专有名词作宾补）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw h
10、er entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.句子成分及基本结构5I want your homework done on time.正确运用主语的各种形式（2）主语补足语：对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。例如：He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was adv
11、ised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.6.定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：形容词 名词 代词 数词 副词 不定式 动名词 分词 介词短语 从句。例如：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词作定语）在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。例如：形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。例如：The
12、next man is a scientist.（下一个） The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）副词用作定语一般要后置。例如： People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们) He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）介词短语作定语时要后置。例如：The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）句子成分及基本结构6The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词
13、不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）口头翻译下列句子，用下画线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明其构成方式The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.We need a place twice larger t
14、han this one.She carried a basket full of eggs.Its a book worth no more than one dollar.Its a city far from the coast.He has money enough to buy a car.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals fee
15、d on meat.A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.There are many clothes to be washed. 句子成分及基本结构7Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.Lif
16、e here is really comfortable.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.正确运用主语的各种形式7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，
17、叫作状语。例如：He writes carefully. He walks slowly. （认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语）This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词 slowly, 因此 very 是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）*一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worked hard at his lessons last
18、 year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.*频度副词 often, always, usually, sometimes, never 等在句中的位置：位于情态动词、系动词、助句子成分及基本结构8动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do. He is often late.He is always helping others. He often cam
19、e late.*语按意义分类：在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。How about meeting again at six? Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. She put the eggs into the basket with great
20、 care. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. The boy needs a pen very much. The boy really needs a pen. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. She works very
21、 hard though she is old. I am taller than he is. 句子成分及基本结构9I shall go there if it doesnt rain. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 正确运用主语的各种形式8.同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。例如： We students should study hard. (students 是 w
22、e 的同位语，都是指同一批“学生” ）Its good to us students. (students 是 us 的同位语，都是指同一批 “学生” ）选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。The young man, _, works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs. D. of him _, some railw
23、ay workers, are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs正确运用主语的各种形式9.独立成分：句子成分及基本结构10二、简单句的五种基本结构1.英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。2.英语五种基本句型结构如下：主语 + 谓语3.用符号表示为： （主谓） （主谓宾） （主谓间宾直宾） （主谓宾宾补） （主系表）主语（subject ） 谓语（predicate）宾语（object） 定语（attribute ）状语 (adverbial) 补语（complement）表语（predicative）基本句型一： （主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。*尝试划分下列句子的成分：It is raining now. Weve worked for 5 hours.The meeting lasted half an hour. Time flies. 基本句型二： （主谓宾）此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+ 宾语”构成。
