1、1反义疑问句反义疑问句(The Disjunctive Question) 即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。 反义疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致。主要形式:陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式 ;陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式 。1 简述 陈述部分和疑问部分要么前肯后否,要么前否后肯。这类反义疑问句有时带有感情色彩,表示惊奇,愤怒,讽刺,不服气等。例如:You call this a days work,dont you?你说这就叫一天的活儿,不是吗?2 句式 句子结构1陈述部分肯定句+疑问部分否定句(可记为
2、前肯后否).例:They work hard, dont they?2陈述部分否定句+疑问部分肯定句(可记为前否后肯).例:You didnt go, did you?句子类型一种是反义的附加疑问句;一种是非反义的附加疑问句。简单来说,就是“前肯后否”或“前否后肯”。3 读法规则 反义疑问句陈述部分用降调,问句部分可升可降。提问者对陈述部分把握较大时,问句部分用降调;反之用升调。4 速记方法 前肯后否,前否后肯,前 be 后 be,前情态后情态,前无 be 或情态后加助,并改为否定,时态一致。5 主语 一般词语附加疑问句中主语用和主句一致的主语,用主格。附加疑问句随从句。不定代词当陈述部分的主
3、语是(1)one 时,后面的疑问句可用 one/he.(2)no one 时,后面附加疑问句中主语用 they。(3)everything,anything,nothing,something 时,附加疑问句中主语用 it 不用 they(4)this, that,或 those, these 时,附加疑问句中主语用 it 或 they.(5)everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,anyone,nobody 等时,附加疑问句中主语一般用they(口头语,非正式文体)/he(正式文体)。(6)不定式时,动名词,其他短语,附加疑问句中主语一般用 it。(7)the
4、re be 句型时,附加疑问句中一般用 be/情态动词/助动词+there。6 否定意义的词 (1)当陈述部分有 never,seldom, hardly,few,little,barely, scarcely, nothing,none,rarely ,no, not, no one, nobody, neither 等否定意义的词汇时,后面的反意疑问句则为肯定形式:Therere few apples in the basket, are there?He can hardly swim, can he?They seldom come late, do they?2(2)当陈述部分的主语
5、为 everyone,someone,anyone,no one 等表示人的不定代词时,疑问部分的主语用they 或 he:Everyone in your family is a teacher, arent theyisnt he?(3)当陈述部分的主语为 everything,something,anything.nothing 等表示物的不定代词时,疑问部分的主语用 it:Something is wrong with your watch, isnt it?(4)当陈述部分含有否定意思的词是 unhappy,dislike,unfriendly,等含有否定词缀的派生词,也就是有un,
6、dis,no-前缀、-less 后缀等含有词缀而意思否定的词,当做肯定句处理,疑问部分要用否定形式。如:He looks unhappy,doesnt he? 他看上去不高兴,不是吗?The girl dislikes history,doesnt she? 这女孩不喜欢历史,不是吗?(5)当陈述部分有 less, fewer 等词视为肯定词,疑问部分用否定形式。There will be less pollution, wont there?表示主语的词含有 think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect 等动词后接宾语从句构成的主从复合句在构成反意疑问句时
7、,视情况不同有两种不同的构成方式。 (即当主句是 I think,I believe,I suppose,I imagine,I expect 时要反问从句,其余句式均反问主句。)(1)当主句的主语为第一人称时,其后的简短问句应与从句相一致。例如:I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, wont she/he?We suppose you have finished the project, havent you?值得注意的是,当这些动词后接的宾语从句的否定转移到主句时,其仍属否定句,故其后的简短问句应用肯定式,而非否定式
8、。例如:I dont believe that he can translate this book, can he?We dont imagine the twins have arrived, have they?此类句子的回答同“前否后肯“型反意疑问句一样,如上述后一个句子,若双胞胎已经到了,则回答为“Yes, they have.“;若尚未到达,使用“No, they havent.“。(2)当主句的主语为第二、三人称时,其后的简短问句则应与主句相一致(此时,否定只看主句,与从句无关)。例如:Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesnt
9、she?You thought they could have completed the project, didnt you?They dont believe shes an engineer, do they?She doesnt expect that we are coming so soon, does she?(3)但如果主句的时态是过去时等等,疑问句应和主句的人称时态保持一致。better陈述部分有 had better,或其中的 had 表示完成时态时,疑问句应用 hadnt 等开头:Youd better get up early, hadnt you?其他情况句中有 h
10、ave 时疑问句应用 dont 等开头如 have 表示“有”的时候,有两种形式:(have 表示有可用 do 或 have 来改写)-He has two sisters,doesnt he? =He has two sisters, hasnt he?-He doesnt have any sisters,does he?祈使句当陈述部分是祈使句时,疑问句要根据语气来表达,分三种情况:1)一般情况下用 will you 或 wont you。Give me a hand, will you?Leave all the things as they are, wont you?32)以 Le
11、ts(听者包括在内)开头的祈使句,前肯后可肯可否,疑问句必须用 shall we(shall 只用于第一人称);只有以 Let us(听话人不被包括在“us”里面)或 Let me 开头的祈使句,问句才用 will you。Let us know the time of your arrival, will you?Lets try again, shall we?Let me help you, will you?Lets have a look on your book,shall we?3)当陈述句是否定的祈使句时,问句可用 will you 或 can you 。e.g. dont m
12、ake much noise, will/can you?There be 句型There be 句型中,反义疑问部分必须为 be 动词 + thereThere are some apples in the basket, arent there?There isnt any milk left, is there?there used to be,反义疑问句有两种形式:didnt there 和 usednt there.There used to be some cities wall, usednt there? 或:There used to be some cities wall,
13、 didnt there?Must.当陈述部分有情态动词 must,问句有 4 种情况:(1)mustnt 表示“禁止,不可,不必”时,附加问句通常要用 must.You mustnt stop your car here, must you?你不能把车停在这地方,知道吗?(2)must 表示“有必要”时,附加问句通常要用 neednt.They must finish the work today, neednt they?他们今天要完成这项工作,是吗?(3)must be 表推测,用来表示对现 在的情况进行推测时,问句通常要根据 must 后面的动词采用相应的形式。He must be g
14、ood at English, isnt he? 他英语一定学得很好,是吗?She must be a good English teacher, isnt she? 她一定是位优秀的英语老师,是吗?(4)当 must have done 表示对过去的情况进行推测(一般句中有明确的过去时间状语),问句要根据陈述部分谓语的情况用“didnt+主语”或“wasnt/werent+主语”;如果强调动作的完成(一般没有明确的过去时间状语),问句要用“havent/hasnt+主语”。She must have read the novel last week, didnt she?她上星期一定读了这本
15、小说,不是吗?You must have told her about it, havent you?你一定把这事告诉她了,不是吗?回答 反意疑问句的回答:前肯后否,前否后肯,根据事实从后往前翻译。如:(1)They work hard,dont they?他们努力工作,不是吗?Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they dont.不,他们工作不努力(2)They dont work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作,是吗?Yes, they do. 不,他们工作努力。/No, they dont. 是的, 他们工作不努力否定反义疑问句的回答当陈述部分为肯定式
16、,反义疑问句为否定式时,其回答一般不会造成困难,一般只需照情况回答即可:“Its new, isnt it?“ “Yes, it is.“ “是新的,不是吗?”“是,是新的。”“He wants to go, doesnt he?“ “No, he doesnt.“ “他想去,不是吗?”“不,他不想去。”此时,“Yes“即是,对前面“Its new.“的肯定。4回答反义疑问句的原则回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定,如有人问你 You are asleep, arent you? 你应回答 No, Im not. 因为既然你能回答,肯定你还没有 asleep。但如果别人问你 You are
17、nt asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着,对吗),你也只能回答 No, Im not.(是的,还没有睡着),而不能回答为 Yes, Im not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am.“It is a beautiful flower,isnt it?” “It isnt a beautiful flower,is it?”上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes,it is.“否定为“No,it isnt.“由上述例子可知,反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联,只需注意事实,肯定即用 yes,否定用 no,无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。建议在答题时,先
18、按照实际写后面的答句,再根据前后一致原则写 Yes 或 No。7 口诀 反意疑问并不难,陈述疑问句中含。前后肯否恰相反,否定词缀不能算。主谓时态要一致,特殊情况记心田。实际情况来回答,再把 yes 和 no 练。综上所述,反义疑问句回答就是按实际情况回答。对反意疑问句的回答,无论问题的提法如何,如果事实是肯定的,就用 yes,事实是否定的,就要用no。但是,翻译成汉语意思刚好相反,这种回答的 yes 要译成“不”,no 要译成“是”。例:He likes playing football, doesnt he? 他喜欢踢足球,不是吗?Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.
19、 是的。/ 不是。His sister didnt attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议,是吗?Yes, she did. / No, she didnt. 不,她参加了。/ 是的,她没参加。简要总结反意疑问句 19 条:(1) 陈述部分的主语是 I,疑问部分要用 arent I.Im as tall as your sister,arent I?(2) 陈述部分的谓语是 wish,疑问部分要用 may +主语。I wish to have a word with you, may I?(3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, nev
20、er, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little 等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。The Swede made no answer, did he / she?Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?(4) 含有 ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用 shouldnt / oughtnt +主语。He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he?(5) 陈述部分有 have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用 dont
21、 +主语(didnt +主语)。We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we?(6) 陈述部分的谓语是 used to 时,疑问部分用 didnt +主语或 usednt +主语。He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he?(7) 陈述部分有 had better + v. 疑问句部分用 hadnt you?Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you?(8) 陈述部分有 would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldnt +主语
22、。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he?(9) 陈述部分有 Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用 wouldnt +主语。Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you?(10) 陈述部分有 must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。5He must be a doctor, isnt he?You must have studied English for three years, havent you? / didnt you?He must have finished
23、 it yesterday, didnt he?(11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用否定的助动词加 sb/sth?如:(1)What a fine day it is today!What a fine day it is today,isn“t it?(2)How fast he runs!How fast he runs,doesn”t he?(3)What a long time we have been waiting!What a long time we have been waiting ,haven“t we? 1(12) 陈述部分由 neither nor, either or 连
24、接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?(13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词 everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用 it。Everything is ready, isnt it?(14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, s
25、houldnt he?b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?He said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he?c. 上述部分主句谓语是 think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine 等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反义疑问句。I dont think he is bright, is he?We believe she can do it better, cant she?(15) 陈述
26、部分主语是不定代词 everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one 等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数 he。Everyone knows the answer, dont they? (does he?)Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)(16) 带情态动词 dare 或 need 的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。We need not do it again, need we ?He dare not say so, dare you?当 dare, need 为
27、实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词 do + 主语。She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she?(17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用 will you。Dont do that again, will you?Go with me, will you / wont you ?注意: Lets 开头的祈使句,后用 shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句,后用 will you?Lets go and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you in the reading-room,
28、will you ?(18) 陈述部分是“there be“结构的,疑问部分用 there 省略主语代词。There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there?There will not be any trouble, will there?6(19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。It is impossible, isnt it?He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?有些动词如:cost hurt hit put 等,它们的过去时与原型相同,在肯定句中一定要先弄清楚它们是
29、什么时态:2(0)The skirt made of silk cost you a lot of money,( )?A.didnt it B.didnt youC.doesnt it D.dont you句中主语是 the skirt,排除 B D,主语是三单,可断定 cost 是过去时,所以选 A 。8 重点归纳 快速记忆表陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分I/主语 arent I / are Ino,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little 等否定含义的词肯定含义含有 un-,in-.dis-,im-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语
30、时,视为肯定含义 否定含义ought to(肯定的) shouldnt/ oughtnt +主语have to+v.(had to+v.) dont +主语(didnt +主语)used to+v. didnt +主语或 usednt +主语had better + v. hadnt youwould rather + v. wouldnt +主语youd like to + v. wouldnt +主语must 根据实际情况而定感叹句 be +主语指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this主语用 it并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定定语从句,宾语从句主从
31、复合句 根据主句的谓语而定think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine 等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one 复数 they, 单数 he情态动词 dare 或 need need/neednt (dare/darent ) +主语dare, need 为实义动词 do/dont +主语省去主语的祈使句 will/wont you?Lets 开头的祈使句 Shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you?there be 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)否定前缀不能视为否
32、定词 仍用否定形式9 其他信息 7几乎各国语言中都有反义疑问句存在。在不同的语言中,由于语言习惯的差异,对反义疑问句的回答方法各有不同。其中不外乎两种:一、以中文为代表的反义疑问句以中文为代表的反义疑问句包括中文,俄语等。其特点是“是或不是表示我同意或不同意对方说的话”如中文:你难道不喜欢看电影么?当回答:不,我喜欢。此时,说话人认为对方说得不对,所以用“不”来首先回答。二、以英文为代表的反义疑问句以英文为代表的反义疑问句除英文外尚有德语,法语等。其特点是“是或不是表示说话人对事实的认识”如德语 Es regnet nicht?(外面没在下雨么?)回答:Nein,es regnet nicht
33、(是的,没在下雨)说话人本人认为没在下雨,所以用表示否定的 Nein 事先回答以上是各种语言中可能出现的反义疑问句的情况,在语言学习的过程中,应认真体会,确保不出现错误反义疑问句的回答对反意疑问句的回答,无论问题的提法如何,如果事实是肯定的,就用 yes,事实是否定的,就要用no。要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构,反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时,回答 yes 或 no 与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的 yes 要译成“不”,no 要译成“是”。例 -He likes playing football, doesnt he? 他喜欢踢足球,是吗? -Yes, he does. / No, he doe
34、snt. 是的。/ 不是。 -His sister didnt attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议,是吗? -Yes, she did. / No, she didnt. 不,她参加了。/ 是的,她没参加。简要总结反意疑问句 19 条:(1) 陈述部分的主语是 I,疑问部分要用 arent I. Im as tall as your sister,arent I?(2) 陈述部分的谓语是 wish,疑问部分要用 may +主语。 I wish to have a word with you, may I?(3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, n
35、obody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little 等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义 The Swede made no answer, did he / she? Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?(4) 含有 ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用 shouldnt / oughtnt +主语。 He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he?(5) 陈述部分有 have to +v. (had to + v.)
36、,疑问部分常用 dont +主语(didnt +主语)。 We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we?(6) 陈述部分的谓语是 used to 时,疑问部分用 didnt +主语或 usednt +主语。 He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he?(7) 陈述部分有 had better + v. 疑问句部分用 hadnt you? Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you?8) 陈述部分有 would rather +v.,疑问部分
37、多用 wouldnt +主语。 He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he?(9) 陈述部分有 Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用 wouldnt +主语。 Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you?(10) 陈述部分有 must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。 He must be a doctor, isnt he? You must have studied English for three years, havent you? / didnt you? He
38、must have finished it yesterday, didnt he?8(11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用 be +主语。 What colours, arent they? What a smell, isnt it?(12) 陈述部分由 neither nor, either or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?(13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词 everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用 it。 Everything is ready,
39、isnt it?(14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况: a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。 Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he? b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定: He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he? He said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he? c. 上述部分
40、主句谓语是 think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine 等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反义疑问句。 I dont think he is bright, is he? We believe she can do it better, cant she?(15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词 everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one 等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数 he。 Everyone knows the answer, dont they? (does he?) Nobody know
41、s about it, do they? (does he?)(16) 带情态动词 dare 或 need 的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。 We need not do it again, need we ? He dare not say so, dare you? 当 dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词 do + 主语。 She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she?(17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用 will you。 Dont do that again, will you? Go
42、 with me, will you / wont you ? 注意: Lets 开头的祈使句,后用 shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句,后用 will you? Lets go and listen to the music, shall we? Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?(18) 陈述部分是“there be“结构的,疑问部分用 there 省略主语代词。 There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there? There will not be any trouble, will there?(19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。 It is impossible, isnt it? He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?